Transcript Geography of Hungary

Geography of Hungary
Geology of Hungary
I. Main regions of Hungary
Kisalföld, Alföld, Alpokalja, Transdanubian Hills, Transdanubian Mountains, Northern
Mountains
II. Relief
67% is plain, the rest are hills and low mountains; lowest altitude 78m, highest altitude
1014 m; 93.030 km² (110.); extension of East-West 520km, of North-South 320
km
III. Use your map to fill in the gaps (the bold peaks and the related mountains are part
of the paper)!
Mountain
Peak
Altitude
Mountain
Peak
Kékes-tető
Naszály
Istállós-kő
Nagy-Kopasz
Csóványos
Magas-bérc
Nagy-Milic
Szanda
Írott-kő
Nagy-Csákány
Pilis
Szársomlyó
Karancs
Ezüst-hegy
Kőris-hegy
Meleg-hegy
Dobogókő
Hoportyó
Zengő
Ólom-hegy
Altitude
IV. Geological history of Hungary
Era
Period
Epoch
Geological events
Main types of rocks
Example for occurance
Energy resources and
ores
Cenozoic
67 Ma
Quaternary
2.6 Ma
Holocene
formation of present
relief
sand, pebbles, loess,
fluvial sediment
Alföld, Kisalföld
peat
Pleistocene
ice age
Pliocene
formation of the
Pacific and Eurasian
mountain range
Tertiary
67 Ma
basalt, sandstone, sand,
clay
Tapolcai-basin, depths of
Kisalföld, Alföld
lignite, oil, natural gas
andesite, rhyolite
Visegrádi-mt, Zempléni-mt,
Börzsöny, Cserhát, Mátra
oil, natural gas, brown
coal – Nógrád,
lead, zinc, copper - Mátra
Oligocene
clay, limestone
Budai-mt.
oil – Bükkalja
Eocene
andesite, limestone
Mátra,
Transd. Mt.
brown coal – Tatabánya,
Oroszlány; copper – Recsk
Cretaceous
limestone
Transd. Mt.
brown coal -Ajka, bauxite
– Bakony, Vértes
Jurassic (Liassic)
slaty rocks, limestone,
dolomite
Kőszegi-mt, Mecsek, Transd.
Mt.
black coal - Mecsek,
manganese – Úrkút
Miocene
Mesozoic
250 Ma
Paleozoic
540 Ma
Alföld, Kisalföld, Transd. Hills
Triassic
fragmentation of
Pangea starts
limestone, dolomite
Transd. Mt., Mecsek, Bükk
irone ore
Rudabánya
Permian
formation of the
Variscan mountain
range: Pangea and
Panthalassa
red sandstone
Mecsek, Balaton-uplands
uranium Kővágószőlős
granite, mica
Velencei-, Soproni- mt.
Devonian
limestone, dolomite
Upponyi-mountain
Silurian
shale
Kisalföld, Balaton-felvidék
mica (900 Ma)
Zempléni- mt. (Vilyvitány
nugget)
Carboniferous
Ordovician
Cambrian
formation of the
Caledonian mountain
range
Proterozoic
2500 Ma
formation of cratons
Archean
4600 Ma
genesis of life,
formation of
hydrosphere,
atmosphere and
lithosphere
Vocabulary - Geology
geology
relief
surface
landscape
plain
hills
mountain
altitude
extension
era
epoch
period
archean
proterozoic
paleozoic
mesozoic
cenozoic
tertiary
quaternary
hydrosphere
atmosphere
lithosphere
földtan
domborzat
felszín
táj
síkság
dombság
hegység
tengerszint feletti mag.
kiterjedés
(földtörténeti) idő
(földtörténeti) időszak
(földtörténeti) kor
ősidő
előidő
óidő
középidő
újidő
harmadidőszak
negyedidőszak
vízburok
légkör
kőzetburok
genesis
craton
mica
shale
slaty
limestone
dolomite
sandstone
clay
sand
pebbles
fluvial sediment
loess
granite
rhyolite
andesite
basalt
ore
peat
lignite
oil
natural gas
keletkezés
ősföld
csillámpala
agyagpala
palás
mészkő
dolomit
homokkő
agyag
homok
kavics
folyami üledék
lösz
gránit
riolit
andezit
bazalt
érc
tőzeg
lignit
kőolaj
földgáz
Minerals of Hungary
I. Ores are rocks with high metallic content. The different types of metals
(heavy-, non-ferrous-, precious metals) develop mainly in and in the
neighbourhood of a blocked mass of magma in the crust. This way
accumulation of ores are mainly connected with volcanism. Bauxite is the
main exception because it forms through a sedimentary process
(denudation – transport – deposition).
II. Energy resources are sedimentary rocks accumulated in oceanic or maritime
basins, on shores.
1. Oil and natural gas are remnants of planktons transformed in anaerob
environment under great pressure over long periods of time. Oil and gas
usually migrates form the place of origin to traps sealed up by watertight
rocks. Most oil reserves are geologically young formed in the Tertiary epoch.
Available stock in the world will be exploited in the coming decades.
2. Coal (peat – lignite – brown coal – hard coal – bituminious coal) forms when
large forests bury and timber gets under great pressure without oxygen for a
long peroid of time. The best and largest coal deposits developed in the
Paleozoic (Carboniferous period) and – at the present rate of extraction –
are enough for centuries.
V. Natural resources of Hungary. Fill in the gaps using your atlas (the bold minerals and the related
extraction sites are part of the paper)!
Region of extraction: Mecsek, Dél-Alföld, Nógrádi-medence, Mátra, Bakony, Rudabányai-hg., Mecsek, Mátraalja
Settlement of extraction: Algyő, Halimba, Rudabánya, Visonta, Kővágószőlős, Komló, Salgótarján, Recsk
Geological period of development: Paleozoic(1), Mesozoic(3), Tertiary(4)
Utilization: alum earth production, non-ferrous metallurgy, steel production, production of basic starting materials for
chemicals, supplying nuclear power stations, production of thermal power, metallurgy, fuel production
Mineral
Oil and natural gas
Hard coal
Brown coal
Lignite
Bauxite ore
Iron ore
Copper ore
Uranium ore
Region of
extraction
Settlement of
extraction
Geological period of
development
Utilization
Vocabulary - Minerals
natural resource
energy resource
raw material
mineral
extract
open pit mining
deep cultivation
deposit
heavy metal
iron
uranium
nickel
manganese
non-ferrous metal
copper
lead
zinc
tin
precious metal
gold
silver
bauxite
természeti erőforrás
energiahordozó
nyersanyag
ásványkincs
kitermel
külszíni fejtés
mélyművelés
telep
nehézfém
vas
urán
nikkel
mangán
színesfém
réz
ólom
cink
ón
nemesfém
arany
ezüst
bauxit
alum earth
crust
denudation
deposition
sedimentary rock
maritime
remnant
anaerob
watertight
exploit
decade
peat
lignite
hard coal
bituminious coal
timber
utilization
chemicals
nuclear power station
thermal power
fuel
timföld
földkéreg
lepusztulás
felhalmozás
üledékes kőzet
tengeri
maradvány
oxigénmentes
vízzáró
kiaknáz
évtized
tőzeg
lignit
feketekőszén
antracit
faanyag
hasznosítás
vegyipar
atomerőmű
hőenergia
üzemanyag
Climate of Hungary
1.
Hungary is situated in the temperate zone and has humid
continental climate.
2.
Prevailing winds are the westerlies, that bring about large amount
of water vapour from the Atlantic ocean in swirling cyclones
containing cold fronts and warm fronts. The cyclones are
responsible for the quick changes in our weather.
3.
In the neighbourhood of cyclones anticyclones form, that bring
about sunny, clear weather. In the summer anticyclones are
responsible for drought and in wintertime for very cold weather.
4.
The most important action centres influencing the climate of the
Carpathian basin are:
a, the oceanic effect from west which makes summers cool and winters
mild and brings about more precipitation
b, the continental effect from east which makes summers very hot and
winters very cold and both seasons very dry
c, the mediterranean effect from south that makes summers very hot
and winters more mild and wet
I. Main climatic figures
•
Duration of sunshine varies between 1800-2100 hour/year
1.
Annual mean temperature is around 10-11°C
2.
Warmest month is July, the coldest January
3.
The mean annual temperature range is 19°C
4.
Patterns in the change of temperature around the year
a, the ice saints (Pancras, Servatius, Boniface: 12-14.05.) bring a
break in spring warming caused by cold polar air masses
b, Medard day (08.06.) brings a drop of temperature and lasting
rainfall caused by a strong inflow of oceanic air masses
c, indian summer of late septembers and early octobers are
brought about by calming cyclone activity
6.
Winds are not strong, the usual direction is northwestern
7.
The mean annual precipitation is 600-700 mm/year
8.
The most wet regions are the Alpokalja, the Zalai-hills and the
peaks of mountainous regions, and the driest areas are the
Nagykunság, Jászság and Hortobágy
9.
The distribution of precipitation is uneven, the largest proportion
falling down at the end of spring and beginning of summer. There
is another peak in autumn due to the mediterranean cyclones.
Drought is frequent in August, but the most arid month is January.
Vocabulary - Climate
climate
weather
torrid zone
temperate zone
frigid zone
humid continental
prevail
trade winds
westerlies
polar winds
water vapour
swirling
cyclone
cold front
warm front
anticyclone
draught
cool
mild
precipitation
duration of sunshine
mean annual temperature
éghajlat
időjárás
trópusi öv
mérsékelt öv
hideg öv
nedves kontinentális
uralkodik, érvényesül
passzát szelek
nyugatias szelek
sarki szelek
vízgőz
örvénylő
ciklon
hidegfront
melegfront
anticiklon
aszály, szárazság
hűvös
enyhe
csapadék
napfénytartam
évi középhőmérséklet
mean annual temperature range
évi közepes hőingás
pattern
rendszer
the change of temperature around the year
a hőmérséklet évi járása
ice saints
fagyosszentek
lasting
tartós
rainfall
esőzés
inflow
beáramlás
indian summer
vénasszonyok nyara
calming
csendesedő
northwestern
északnyugati
distribution of precipitation csapadék eloszlása
uneven
egyenlőtlen
frequent
gyakori
insolation
besugárzás
radiation
kisugárzás
absorption
elnyelés
convection
feláramlás
condensation
kicsapódás
hail
jégeső
dew
harmat
frost
dér
rime
zúzmara
Hydrography of Hungary
I. Underground water
1. Ground water drained by wells was the most important source of drinking
water (contagion). It accumulates above the first impermeable layer
(e.g. clay). High level of ground water rots plants and has to be drained
by a system of drainage ditches, channels.
2. Confined water is the most important drinking water source today. Sand,
pebbles filter the water of rivers, lakes and precipitation. This water is
stored at great depths over a long period of time between two
watertight layer in a water-bearing one.
a, bank-filtered water is cleaned by sand and pebbles along the bed of
a river (drinking water of Budapest)
a, artesian water is brought to the surface by bed pressure through a
drilled hole in an artesian basin (Szolnok, Hódmezővásárhely, Szeged,
Margit-sziget, Városliget)
b, mineral water contains large amount of minerals dissolved from
rocks (Kékkút, Szentkirály, Visegrád)
c, thermal water is warmer than 20°C and it stems along fracture lines
in block-mountains (Zalakaros, Hévíz, Harkány)
3. Karst water springs are based on water percolated through cracks and
crevices in limestone. They supply populations of large hungarian
towns, like Pécs or Miskolc.
II. Rivers
1. The whole country belongs to the catchment area of the Danube that
is navigable throughout the year.
a, Most important affluents are Rába, Sió, Dráva on the right and Vág,
Garam, Ipoly on the left.
b, Entering the Carpathian Basin it deposited sediments in the
Quaternary forming Szigetköz and Csallóköz. It accelerates and
deepens its valley in the Danube Bend. After the mountainous
region its flow slows down and builds Szentendrei-, Margit-, Csepeland Mohácsi-islands.
2. River Tisza meanders through the Alföld due to its small channel
gradient.
a, Notable affluents are Bodrog, Sajó, Zagyva on the right, and
Szamos, Körös, Maros on the left side.
b, Long and dense irrigation system belongs to the river.
c, Navigation is often hindered by extreme fluctuation of water level.
3. Floods are usual in the spring (snowbreak) and at the beginning of
the summer (precipitation maximum).
III. Lakes
1. The largest lake of Central-Europe is the Balaton (78km-15km-11km)
a, The water accumulated in a trench formed by faulting.
b, As a result of small mean depth it can warm up and freeze over
easily.
c, It’s territory shrinks as rivers (Zala) deposit their load in the basin.
d, Spits built by waves caused by föhn wind from the Bakony separate
groves on the southern shore.
2. Fertő lake is shallow and salty in the final state of uploading.
3. Velencei lake is shallow and large part of it is covered by reed.
4. The basin of Fehér lake next to Szeged was eroded by the wind.
5. There are many oxbow mort-lakes along the river Danube and Tisza
partly due to river regulation (Szelidi-tó).
6. Hévízi lake and Miskolctapolcai lake are spring lakes with warm
water.
7. Artificial lakes store water for irrigation, drinking and industrial aims,
e.g. Tisza lake.
Vocabulary - Hydrography
hydrography
underground water
ground water
soil moisture
well
contagion
impermeable
water-tight
water-bearing
aquifer
reservoir
clay
ditch
channel
confined water
pebble
bank-filtered water
artesian water
bed pressure
deep-drilling
mineral water
thermal water
fracture line
vízrajz
felszín alatti víz
talajvíz
talajnedvesség
kút
fertőzés
vízzáró
vízzáró
víztartó
víztartó
víztározó
agyag
árok
csatorna
rétegvíz
kavics
parti-szűrésű víz
artézi víz
rétegnyomás
mélyfúrás
ásványvíz
termálvíz
törésvonal
tributary
water network
percolate
crack
crevice
catchment area
watershed
affluent
flood
water level
fluctuating
meander
navigable
snowbreak
trench
faulting
load
spit
grove
reed
erosion
oxbow mort-lake
river regulation
mellékfolyó
vízhálózat
beszivárog
repedés
hasadék
vízgyűjtő terület
vízválasztó vonal
mellékfolyó
áradás
vízállás
ingadozó
kanyarog
hajózható
hóolvadás
árok
vetődés
hordalék
turzás
berek
nád
lepusztulás
lefűződött morotva tó
folyószabályozás
Demography of Hungary
I. Demography describes the number and composition of the
population. The difference between the crude death rate and birth
rate gives natural increase and decrease. The population pyramid is
the figure describing the population by age groups and sex.
II. Decisive factors behind natural decrease in Hungary
- declining number of births
- high grade of infant mortality
- low life expectancy of men (cardiovascular diseases, cancer,
suicide, high proportion of smokers and alcoholics)
III. The composition of the population is unfavourable as the number of
young people declines and the rate of elders (above 50) exceeds
33%.
IV. Migration can influence the number of population. In Hungary emigration
drains the young and educated groups (engineers, doctors) striving for
higher salary and better research possibilities. The level of immigration
raised since the late eighties. Immigrants are mainly Hungarians coming
from the neighbouring countries.
V. The Hungarian minority is the largest in Europe, 2.5 million Hungarians live
in the neighbouring countries: Romania 1.4 million, Slovakia 540 000,
Serbia 340 000, Ukraine 150 000, Croatia 16 000, Slovenia 8000, Austria
7000
In Hungary 99% of the population speaks Hungarian but 3.2% belongs to
one of the national minorities: germans 62 000, slovaks 18 000, romanians
8000 and the gypsies as an ethnic minority 300 000 – 500 000.
V. Number of population: 9 938 000 (10. 2012.)
Unemployment rate: 10%
Structure of occupation: agriculture 4%, industry 27%, service industry 69%
Inflation: 6%
GDP-change: -1%
Vocabulary - Demography
demography
crude death rate
crude birth rate
natural increase
natural decrease
population pyramid
figure
age group
sex
decisive
factor
infant mortality
life expentancy
disease
infectious
cancer
cardiovascular
suicide
smoker
alcoholic
unhealthy
minority
demográfia
halálozások száma
születések száma
természetes szaporodás
természetes fogyás
korfa
ábra
korcsoport
nem
döntő
tényező
csecsemőhalandóság
várható élettartam
betegség
fertőző
rák
szív- és érrendszeri
öngyilkosság
dohányos
alkoholista
egészségtelen
kisebbség
migration
vándorlás
emigration
kivándorlás
immigration
bevándorlás
engineer
mérnök
unemployment
munkanélküliség
employee
munkavállaló
qualification
képzettség
structure of occupation
foglalkoztatási szerkezet
agriculture
mezőgazdaság
industry
ipar
service industry
szolgáltatások
research and development kutatás, fejlesztés
primary
elsődleges, primer
secondary
másodlagos, szekunder
tertiary
harmadlagos, tercier
quaternary
negyedleges, kvaterner
branch of the economy
gazdasági ágazat
sector of the economy
gazdasági ág
Catholic
katolikus
Calvinistic
református
Lutheran
evangélikus
non-believer
vallástalan
Settlements of Hungary
I. A settlement is a locality where people live and/or work. The settlements
interact whith each other, the national system of them is the network of
settlements. Settlements meeting more demands develop catchment area
around them.
II. Development of settlements is determined by two factors:
1. Natural conditions: fertile soil, favourable climate, plain landscape, natural
protection, river valley, source of drinking water, ford, minerals
2. Social conditions: technology for processing raw materials, qualification,
strength, lack or surplus of manpower, infrastructure
Infrastructure is all the institutions securing the operation of the economy. Hard
infrastructure includes all material facilities (network of roads and railways,
utility lines, relay stations, buildings and equipments of financial, medical,
educational, cultural, scientific and sports institutions, means of public
transport, airports, harbours, telecommunication network). Soft
infrastructure includes all intellectual conditions (monetary system,
education, healthcare, cultural and scientific activities, administration, other
services) available for economic development.
III. The network of settlements in Hungary contains:
a capital Budapest
24 county cities centres for the counties + Dunaújváros, Érd,
Hódmezővásárhely, Nagykanizsa, Sopron
other cities
303
municipalities
2824
The largest unit of administration is the county (19) estabilished by István I. and
the county cities (cities with a population above 50 000 people) operate
independently as well.
IV. The most common and oldest type of settlements is the village, but as
agriculture becomes mechanized villagers commute to cities to work and
abandone the rural way of life.
Types of villages by floor plan
1. The irregular street construction of a cluster village was formed by
organic expansion.
2. The single street village is usual in the valleys of hilly and
mountainous regions
3. The checkerboard floor plan village was constructed according to
a design, streets are rectangular.
Vocabulary – Settlements
locality
interact
national system
network of settlements
meet demand
catchment area
natural condition
social condition
fertile
favourable
landscape
ford
mineral
process
raw material
qualification
strength
lack of
surplus of
manpower
infrastructure
institution
hely
kölcsönhatásban lenni
országos rendszer
településhálózat
szükségletet kielégít
vonzáskörzet
természeti adottság
társadalmi feltétel
termékeny
kedvező
táj
gázló
ásványkincs
feldolgoz
nyersanyag
szakképzettség
létszám
hiány vmiből
többlet vmiből
munkaerő
infrastruktúra
intézmény
hard infrstructure
material facilities
utility line
electrical transmission line
pipeline
sewer system
relay station
public transport
administration
municipality
mechanize
commute
floor plan
cluster village
single street village
checkerboard floor plan
rectangular
organic
expansion
homestead
scattered settlements
anyagi infrastruktúra
anyagi létesítmény
közművezeték
elektromos távvezeték
csővezeték
csatornahálózat
átjátszó állomás
tömegközlekedés
közigazgatás
község
gépesít
ingázik
alaprajz
halmazfalu
egyutcás falu
sakktábla alaprajzú falu
derékszög
szerves
terjeszkedés
tanya
szórványtelepülés
The structure of Budapest
I. Central business district
- governmental, jurisdictional and cultural institutions,
monuments, banks, luxurious hotels and shops, currency
exchanges, office buildings
- Parliament, ministries, Prime Minister’s Office, Curia
(Supreme Court), Constitutional Court, National Office
for the Judiciary, Prosecutor General’s Office,
Metropolitan Court, Hungarian State Treasury,
Hungarian National Bank, Budapest Stock Exchange,
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, National Archives of
Hungary, National Széchényi Library, Saint Stephen’s
Basilica, Buda Castle, Fisherman’s Bastion, Matthias
temple, headquarters of banks and international
organizations, Intercontinental, Hilton, Kempinski,
Gresham, Astoria
- I., V. districts
II. Central residential area
- multi-storeyed blocks of flats, markets, halls, small
specialised shops (second hand book-, antique-, do-ityourself-, gift-, flowershops, greengrocer’s, jewelry, shoe
store), non-stop shops, groceries, workshops (glazier, cobbler,
tailor, carpenter), nightclubs, pubs, bars discotheques, post
and bank outlets, shopping malls, small public parks,
educational and health institutions, libraries, cinemas,
theaters, cabarets, hotels, busiest public transportation lines
- Lehel square, Hunyadi square, Rákóczi square, Garay
square, Király street, Baross street, Szondi street, Kazinczy
street, Hungarian National Museum, Comedy, Opera House,
MÜPA, Millenáris, A38, Szóda, Szimpla, Moulin Rouge, Süss
Fel Nap, Cha-Cha-Cha, Bahnhof, Fészek, Dürer-garden,
Kertem, Kiadó, West End, Aréna, Mammut, Allee, Récsey
Center, ELTE, SOTE, Károli, Pázmány, Szabó Ervin, Kino,
Puskin, Művész, Corvin, Uránia, Vörösmarty, Cirko-Gejzír,
Bem, Radnóti, Thália, Bábszínház, Karinthy, Katona, József
Attila, Magyar
- VI., VII., VIII., IX. districts (Terézváros, Erzsébetváros,
Józsefváros, Ferencváros)
Vocabulary - The structure of
Budapest I
central business district
belső munkahelyöv
central residential area
belső lakóöv
outer business district
külső munkahelyöv
outer residential area
külső lakóöv
monument
műemlék
currency exchange
pénzváltó hely
office building
irodaház
Supreme Court
Legfelsőbb Bíróság
Curia
Kúria
Constitutional Court
Alkotmánybíróság
National Office for the Judiciary
Országos Bírósági Hivatal
Prosecutor General’s Office Legfőbb Ügyészség
Metropolitan Court
Fővárosi Törvényszék
Hungarian State Treasury Magyar Államkincstár
Budapest Stock Exchange Budapesti Értéktőzsde
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Magyar Tudományos Akadémia
National Archives of Hungary Magyar Országos Levéltár
National Széchényi Library
Országos Széchényi Könyvtár
cinema
mozi
theater
színház
library
könyvtár
Buda Castle
Fisherman’s Bastion
headquarter
international organization
block of flats
multi-storeyed
hall
second hand book shop
antique shop
do-it-yourself shop (DIY)
greengrocer’s
jewelry
shoe store
workshop
glazier
cobbler
tailor
carpenter
post outlet
bank outlet
cabaret
public transport
Budai Vár
Halászbástya
székhely
nemzetközi szervezet
bérház
többemeletes
vásárcsarnok
antikvárium
régiség bolt
barkácsbolt
zöldséges
ékszerbolt
cipőbolt
műhely
üveges
suszter
szabó
asztalos
postahivatal
bankfiók
kabaré
tömegközlekedés
III. Outer business district
- industrial firms, office buildings, warehouses, railway and
bus stations, vehicle depots, specialised shopping centres,
exhibition halls, public parks, sports fields, large health
institutions, cemeteries, prisons, barracks
- Continental, RG, Dreher, Chinoin, GE-Tungsram, Csepel
Works, Public Slaughterhouse, Police Palace, Duna Tower,
Infopark, Graphisoft Park, Angyalföld, KÖKI, Zugló,
Rákosrendező, Stadionok, Népliget, Mexikói street,
Angyalföld, Praktiker, OBI, Baumax, Budapest Expo,
Városliget, Népliget, Városmajor, FTC, BVSC, Honvéd,
Kispest, Vasas, Kincsem Park, Szent István -, Szent László -,
Szent Margit -, Szent János -, Heim Pál kórházak, Fiumei úti
sírkert, Újköztemető, Farkasréti cemetery, Kozma street,
MAglódi street, Petőfi Sándor barrack, Zrínyi Miklós barrack,
Dózsa György street
- X., XIII., XIV., XIX.,districts
IV. Outer residential area
- modern housing estates, garden city, airports, industrial
parks, logistic centres, large markets
- Békásmegyer, Káposztásmegyer, Újpalota,
Rákosplalota, Kispest, Havanna úti housing,
Pestszentimre, Pestszentlőrinc, Mátyásföld, Csepel,
Liszt Ferenc airport, Tököl airport, Budaörsi airport,
BILK, M3 logistic centre, Waberer’s, wholesale vegetable
and flower market, car market
- IV., XV., XVI., XVII. districts
V. Satellite settlements
- detached houses
- commuting population
- Pomáz, Pilisvörösvár, Érd, Dunakeszi, Pécel, Vecsés,
Gyál
Vocabulary – The structure of
Budapest II
office building
warehouse
vehicle depot
exhibition hall
brewery
paper mill
pharmaceuticals
engineering
chemicals
metallurgy
non-ferrous metallurgy
automotive industry
armament industry
tyre manufactoring
public park
playing-field
soccer field
tennis court
swimming pool
athletic field
hippodrom
irodaház
raktár
remiz
kiállítási csarnok
sörgyár
papírgyár
gyógyszergyártás
gépgyártás
vegyipar
vaskohászat
színesfém-kohászat
autógyártás
fegyvergyártás
gumiabroncs gyártás
közpark
sportpálya
focipálya
teniszpálya
uszoda
atlétikai pálya
lóversenypálya
hospital
internal medicine
surgery
throat specialist
obstetrics
gynecology
emergency room
bedlam
cemetery
prison
barrack
housing estate
garden city
airport
industrial park
logistic centre
satellite settlements
detached house
semi-detached house
commute
catchment area
kórház
belgyógyászat
sebészet
fül-orr-gégészet
szülészet
nőgyógyászat
intenzív
tébolyda
temető
börtön
kaszárnya
lakótelep
kertváros
repülőtér
ipari park
logisztikai központ
agglomeráció
családi ház
ikerház
ingázik
vonzáskörzet
Transport of Hungary
I. Transport with passenger transport and freight links dwellings and
working places, settlements, our country and the world. Transport
delivers raw materials for processing or finished goods for
consumption.
II. Hard infrastructure includes all material facilities (network of roads
and railways, utility lines, relay stations, buildings and equipments of
financial, medical, educational, cultural, scientific and sports
institutions, means of public transport, airports, harbours,
telecommunication network).
III. The strucutre and quality of infrastructure reflects and influences the
level of economic development of a country.
IV. Regarding transport the location of Hungary is favourable as it lies in
a less indented basin-like area where roads connecting Western and
Eastern Europe and Southern and Northern Europe meet.
IV. The network of roads
1. The advantage of transport by road is being quick and door-to-door, it is
most economic by rapidly deteriorating or by small and valuable goods. It is
expensive and endangers the environment.
2. The structure is strongly centralized and radially organized. The links
connecting the highways in the countryside are not finished yet.
3. The main roads of the country are numbered starting with the most important
one connecting the capitol with Western Europe from 1 to 8 and measured
from Buda Castle
4. The number of the bridges over the Danube has risen recently (19 bridges:
Vámosszabadi, Komárom – Erzsébet híd, Esztergom – Mária Valéria híd,
Budapest – Megyeri híd, Újpesti vasúti híd, Árpád-híd, Margit-híd,
Széchenyi lánchíd, Erzsébet híd, Szabadság híd, Petőfi híd, Rákóczi híd,
Összekötő vasúti híd, Deák Ferenc híd, Dunaújváros – Pentele híd,
Dunaföldvár – Beszédes József híd, Szekszárd – Szent László híd, Baja –
Türr István híd).
5. The national network of roads is connected with international transport lines
through frontier stations (Hegyeshalom-1, Rajka, Komárom, Esztergom,
Parassapuszta-2, Balassagyarmat, Salgótarján, Bánréve, Tornyosnémeti-3,
Záhony-4, Csengersima, Ártánd, Nagylak, Röszke-5, Tompa, Barcs-6,
Letenye-7, Rédics, Rábafüzes-8, Sopron).
V. The network of railways
1. Transport of people and bulk goods is most economic by railway, it is cheap
and environmentally friendly but is tightly connected with the railway line.
2. The structure is strongly centralized and radially organized. The links
connecting the radial main lines are abroad as a result of the peace treaty of
Trianon.
3. The technical standard of the railway network, the wagons and locomotives
is out-of-date
VI. Air transport
1. Air transport bridges large distances, it is important in transporting
passengers and small, valuable goods.
2. International airports of Hungary are Liszt Ferenc airport receiving freight,
small airplanes and passenger traffic, Sármellék and Debrecen.
VII. Water transport
1. It’s clean and energy saving but very slow.
2. Navigable rivers are: Danube, Tisza, Sió, Dráva, Maros, Körös, Bodrog,
Keleti-főcsatorna, Balaton, Velencei-tó
2. Water regime in Hungary is fluctuating, water depth at many sections is
unsatisfactory for larger vessels and the number and standard of
international harbours is low (Győr-Gönyű, Komárom, Budapest,
Dunaújváros, Baja, Mohács).
Vocabulary - Transport
passanger transport
személyszállítás
dwelling
lakóhely
raw material
nyersanyag
process
feldolgoz
finished good
késztermék
consumption
fogyasztás
hard infrastructure
anyagi infrastruktúra
material facility
anyagi létesítmény
utility line
közművezeték
relay station
átjátszó állomás
public transport
tömegközlekedés
telecommunication network távközlési hálózat
reflect
tükröz, kifejez
influence
befolyásol
indented
tagolt (domborzatilag)
door-to-door
háztól-házig
narrow gauge line
keskeny nyomtávú vonal
freight
teheráru, árut szállít, fuvaroz
flight
repülőjárat
canal
csatorna
cargo
rakomány
deteriorate
perishable
valuable
endanger
centralized
radially
countryside
frontier station
environmentally friendly
energy saving
air pollutants
wagon
locomotive
water regime
fluctuate
inland navigation
marine navigation
navigable river
bulk carrier
freighter
icebreaker
truck, lorry
goods traffic
romlik
romlandó
értékes
veszélyeztet
központosított
sugarasan
vidék
határállomás
környezetbarát
energiatakarékos
légszennyező anyagok
vasúti kocsi
mozdony
vízjárás
ingadozik
folyami hajózás
tengeri hajózás
hajózható folyó
uszály
teherhajó
jégtörő
teherautó
árufuvarozás
VIII. Exercise. Put the settlements on the
railwayline and on motorway M5 in the
right sequence!
Budapest, Paks, Érd, Dunaújváros,
Sárbogárd, Dombóvár, Szekszárd, Komló,
Szentlőrinc, Pécs
Cegléd, Szolnok, Lajosmizse, Dunaújváros,
Kecskemét, Hódmezővásárhely, Szentes,
Kiskunfélegyháza, Szeged, Röszke