Transcript PowerPoint-presentatie

Environmental Impact
Assessment
Frank van Gemert
NRG, Radiation & Environment
The Netherlands
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
2
Contents
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Why ?
How ?
Who ?
When ?
€, £, $ ?
Conclusions
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
3
Introduction
Environmental Impact Assessment
=
EIA
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
4
Why ?
• Regulatory requirements
• Public Involvement
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
5
Regulatory requirements
• COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 97/11/EC of 3 March 1997
amending DIRECTIVE 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985
on the assessment of the effects of certain public and
private projects on the environment.
• …
• See Chapter 5
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
6
Public involvement
• Takes a lot of time
• Creates additional burdens
• Environmental issues are for experts
But:
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
7
Public involvement
• Brings additional expertise in the
decision making process
• Results in better implemented and
respected decisions
• Makes environmental legislation more
effective
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
8
How ?
• A phased process
Screening
Scoping
Impact Evaluation
Impact Statement
Review and decision
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
9
How ?
• A phased process
Screening
Scoping
Impact Evaluation
Impact Statement
Review and decision
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
10
Screening
• Determine if an EIA is required
• EU guidance to facilitate the screening
process
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
11
Steps in screening
Annex I
or II ?
yes
no
yes
Natura 2000;
sign. effect ?
no
Mandatory
list ?
no
Exclusion
list ?
Case-by-case;
sign. effect ?
no
yes
no
X
X
yes
Record the decision
X
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
12
yes
Selection criteria
case by case screening
• Characteristics of projects
• Location of Projects
• Characteristics of the potential impact
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
13
Screening tools
• Screening checklist
• Checklist of criteria for evaluating the
significance of environmental effects
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
14
Screening checklist
• Characteristics of projects
• Location of Projects
• Characteristics of the potential impact
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
15
Characteristics of projects
•
•
•
•
•
•
Size of the project
Cumulation with other projects
Use of natural resources
Production of waste
Pollution and nuisances
Risk of accidents
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
16
Location of projects
• Existing land use
• Relative abundance, quality and
regenerative capacity if natural
resources in the area
• Absorption capacity of the natural
environment
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
17
Characteristics of the
potential impact
•
•
•
•
•
Extent of the impact (area, size of population)
Transfrontier nature of the impact
Magnitude and complexity of the impact
Probability of the impact
Duration, frequency and reversibility of the
impact
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
18
How ?
• A phased process
Screening
Scoping
Impact Evaluation
Impact Statement
Review and decision
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
19
Scoping
Must ensure that the environmental studies
provide all the relevant information on:
• The (most important) impacts
• The alternatives to the project
• Any other matter to be included
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
20
Scoping
• On request of the developer
or
• Mandatory (in some member states)
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
21
Requested scoping
• Only when requested by the EIA developer
• Is undertaken by the Competent Authority
• Requires consulting of environmental
authorities
• May involve consultation of other interested
parties and the general public
• Results in a “Scoping Opinion” which forms
the terms of reference for the EIA
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
22
Mandatory scoping
Is undertaken by:
(a) the Competent Authority
or
(b) the EIA developer
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
23
Mandatory scoping
by developer
• A draft “Scoping Report” is prepared
• Requires consulting of environmental
authorities
• May involve consultation of other
interested parties and the general public
• Results in a “Scoping Report” which
forms the terms of reference for the EIA
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
24
Mandatory scoping by CA
• Undertaken by the Competent authority or by
an independent body on behalf of the CA
• Requires consulting of environmental
authorities by the CA
• May involve consultation of other interested
parties and the general public
• Results in a “Scoping Opinion” which forms
the terms of reference for the EIA
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
25
Scoping Reports
and Opinions
• Identify the types of environmental impacts to be
investigated and reported
and may also cover:
• Alternatives to consider
• Baseline surveys & investigations to carry out
• Methods & criteria to be used for prediction &
evaluation of effects
• Mitigation measures to consider
• Organisations to consult
• Structure, content and length of the Environmental
Information (EIS)
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
26
but:
The provision of a Scoping Opinion does not
preclude the competent authority from
subsequently requiring the developer to
submit further information if the CA
considers that it is necessary.
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
27
Good scoping:
Will involve the CA and the
developer in a dialogue
about the project and the
issues it raises.
Does not end with the
delivery of the Scoping
Report or Opinion.
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
28
Information for scoping
• Preliminary data collection and field
work;
• Checklists;
– Scoping checklist part 1 & 2;
– Criteria for evaluation the significance of
impacts;
– Potential alternatives and mitigation
measures.
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
29
Scoping checklist
part 1 – project characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Physical changes in the locality;
Use of natural resources;
Harmful materials or substances;
Produce of wastes;
Emissions to air;
Noise, light, electromagnetic radiation etc.;
Contamination of land or ground or surface water;
Risk of accidents;
Social changes;
Other factors.
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
30
Scoping checklist
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
31
Include:
•
•
•
•
•
Secondary or higher order effects
Indirect effects
Cumulative effects
Temporary or intermittent effects
Effects resulting from abnormal events
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
32
Scoping checklist
part 2 – characteristics of the environment
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Protected or sensitive species or fauna;
Routes or facilities used by the public;
Location to extreme climatic conditions;
Employment;
Community cohesion;
Plans for future land use around the location;
….
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
33
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
34
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
35
Consultation
• Environmental authorities
– Regional, local
– Pollution control
– Health & safety……..
• Interested parties
– Environmental & social interest groups
– Employees’ organisations (e.g. unions)
– Research institutes…
• General public
– Residents
– Local community groups….
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
36
Effective consultation
• Provide enough information;
• Make clear scoping is not about selling a
project, but about hearing and understanding
views;
• Provide sufficient time;
• The scoping stage does not preclude from
making comments in a later stage;
• Ensure that views expressed are taken into
account.
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
37
Scoping - key questions
• What effects could this project have on
the environment?
• Which effects need particular attention
in the environmental studies?
• Which alternatives and mitigating
measures ought to be considered?
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
38
How ?
• A phased process
Screening
Scoping
Impact Evaluation
Impact Statement
Review and decision
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
39
Environmental impact
evaluation
• Description of the environmental
baseline
• Impact identification
• Assessment of significance of impacts
• Mitigation measures
• Monitoring plan
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
40
Environmental baseline
• Describes the environment prior to
decommissioning:
– Natural environment (e.g. air and water
quality, flora and fauna)
– Socio-economic factors (e.g. land use,
infrastructure, economy)
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
41
Impact identification
• Actions in the decommissioning project
(with potential to cause impact)
• Environmental factors (potentially
affected by these impacts)
• Identification matrix
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
42
Impact identification matrix
(example)
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
43
Assessment of
significance of impacts
• Impact weighting schemes
• Take account of opinions of stakeholder
groups
• Risk perception
– Professionals: probabilistic approach
– Other stakeholders: consequences of
potential effects (even with very low
probability
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
44
Mitigation measures
• Determine potential effectiveness for
each scenario
• Demonstrate that further improvements
are not justified
• Re-assess the environmental impact of
the project
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
45
Development of a
monitoring plan
• Objective : Measure the impact of the
decommissioning project
– Real impact vs. estimated impact
– Effectiveness of mitigating measures
•
•
•
•
Parameters
Methods
Frequency
Expected values
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
46
How ?
• A phased process
Screening
Scoping
Impact Evaluation
Impact Statement
Review and decision
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
47
Environmental impact
statement (EIS)
Provide information to:
• Decision makers
• People potentially effected by the
project
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
48
EIS = tool to communicate
• Clear structure
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Description of procedure
Concise, comprehensive and objective
Consistent terminology, glossary
References to information sources
Description of methods used for studies
Clear discussion of alternatives
Non-technical summary
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
49
How ?
• A phased process
Screening
Scoping
Impact Evaluation
Impact Statement
Review and decision
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
50
Review before decision
making
• Mandatory or ‘only’ good practice
• By competent authority or by
independent organisation
• Aims:
– Information adequate for decision making?
– Complies with requirements of legislation?
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
51
Review checklist
•
Description of the project
–
–
–
–
–
–
Objectives and physical characteristics of
the project
Size of the project
Production processes and resources
used
Residues and emissions
Risks of accidents and hazards
Other questions
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
52
Review checklist
•
•
Consideration of alternatives
Description of the environment likely
to be affected
–
–
–
Aspects of the environment
Data collection and survey methods
Other questions
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
53
Review checklist
•
Description of the likely effects
–
–
–
–
–
–
Scoping of effects
Prediction of direct effects
Prediction of other effects
Evaluation of significance of effects
Impact assessment methods
Other questions
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
54
Review checklist
•
•
•
Description of mitigation
Non technical summary
Quality of presentation
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
55
Use of review checklist
1. Briefly overview the EIS
2. Decide which questions are relevant
for the project
3. Indicate special features not identified
in the checklist
4. Review the EIS for the relevant
questions
5. Specify missing information
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
56
EIS decision
Competent authority:
Are the environmental
implications of the
planned decommissioning
project acceptable?
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
57
input
X
X
X
X
X
stakeholders
& general
public
X
X
independent
organisation
project
developer
screening
scoping
impact evaluation
EIS
review
decision
competent
authority
Who ?
B
B
B
B
input
input
B = on behalf of CA or developer
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
58
When ?
• Typical duration of EIA preparation for
NPP decommissioning:
– Detailed assessment and preparation of EIS:
9-15 months
– Full EIA: 1-3 years
• To reduce the overall level of resources:
– Involvement of competent authorities as soon
as possible
– Initial feasibility studies as soon as possible
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
59
€, £, $ ?
• Depends on e.g.:
• Size and complexness of the installation
• Approach to scoping
– Number of options in detailed assessment
– Identification of key impacts
• Approach to public involvement
• Availability of existing data
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
60
€, £, $ ?
• EIA costs are typically 1 % of the total
project costs
• Range: 0.01 – 5 %
• Typical cost of an EIA for NPP
decommissioning:
M€ 1 – 1.5
• Up to M€ 5 if existing information is
inadequate or significant environmental
monitoring is required
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
61
Conclusions
• Why ?
– Regulatory requirements
– Public involvement
• How ?
– Phased process
•
•
•
•
Screening
Scoping
Impact evaluation and EI Statement
Review (and decision)
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
62
Conclusions
• Who ?
–
–
–
–
–
Competent authorities
Project developer
Independent organisation
Stakeholders
General public
Dialogue to reach consensus
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
63
Conclusions
• When ?
– Start dialogue early
– Typical duration for NPP 1-3 years
• Costs ?
– Depends on project scale, available
information, dialogue
– 1 % (0.01 – 5 %) of project costs
– Typical costs for NPP M€ 1 – 1.5
Eundetraf II - Environmental Impact Assessment
64
Frank van Gemert
NRG Radiation & Environment
[email protected]