Transcript Slide 1

G-Governance in India: Search for a
Suitable Framework and Research
Directions
Pramod K. Singh
Associate Professor
Institute of Rural Management (IRMA)
Anand - 388 001, India
Email: [email protected]
GSDI 11 World Conference, June 15-19, 2009, Rotterdam
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Birds Eye View
Key De-Enablers
Understanding
Governance &
G-Governance
Strategies
(Strategic
Management
Model)
• Technical
Key
Enablers
• Organisational
• Programme/Project management
• Institutional
G-Governance
Framework
Research
Directions
What is Governance?
The exercise of economic, political and administrative authority
to manage a country’s affairs at all levels. It comprises
mechanisms, processes and institutions through which
citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their
legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their
differences (UNDP 1997)
Governance is a process of multi-stakeholder involvement, of
multiple interest resolution, of compromise rather than
confrontation, . of negotiation rather than administrative fiat
(Stewart 2003)
Emphasis is on participation, decentralisation, accountability,
responsiveness and concerns for equity, sustainability and social
justice.
Emphasis is also on exercise of legitimate authority.
Envisages the roles of all the stakeholders: the state, private sector,
civil society, and the citizens at large
Governance Framework
Legal and Policy
Environment
Macro Environment
Infrastructure
Development
Goals
Strategies
Guiding Principles
Stakeholders
Implementation
Challenges
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What is G-Governance?
G-governance involves the use of geoinformation and communication
technologies (geo-ICTs) in the process
of governance
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Legal and Policy Environment
Regulatory Bodies
Ministry of Science & Technology
Ministry of Defence
Department of Space
Department of Information Technology
Macro Environment
Right to Information Act
National e-Governance Plan
New Map Policy
Remote Sensing Data Policy
Macro-Environmental context
Socio-cultural
Political
Liberalization
Privatization
Globalization
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Core Infrastructure: The Enabler
NSDI- National Spatial Data Infrastructure
National e-government intranet (NICNET and ERNET)
State Wide Area Networks
State Data Centers
Common Service Centres
Security Infrastructure
Language Resource Centers
Supporting factors –service delivery infrastructure at
state, district, block and village levels including wireless
infrastructure for the last mile connectivity
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GIS Infrastructure Development Initiatives in
Public Sector: The Enabler
Natural Resource Data Base (NRDB) – at 1:50k– NRIS (25 layers
for 17 states), Wastelands, Wetlands & many more by DOS
Natural Resources Data Management System (NRDMS)
National GIS by NIC– dissemination by web
Large Scale Mapping (LSM) project of NNRMS
Space- enabled Village Resource Centre (VRC)
National Urban Information System (NUIS)
Many Sectoral databases by various Ministries/Departments
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Programme Delivery Framework for
G-Governance
Spatial data
Producer
(National, State,
and Local
Agencies)
Core Infrastructure
Users Interfaces
Government PCs
NSDI
NICNET
ERNET
SWANs
State Data Centres
Common Service
Centres
Security Infrastructure
Language Resource
Centres
Service
Providers
Value Adders
Government
Public Sector
Mobile phones
Home PCs
Citizens
Integrated
Service Centres
PRIs
NGOs
Collectives
Cyber Cafes
Business
Payment Gateway
Kiosks
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Stakeholders for G-Governance in India
Policy Makers
Producers
Politicians
and
Political
Groups
NGOs
ISRO,
NSDC,
DST, MoD,
SOI, MIT
Industries, PC
Government line
departments,
District
Administration,
Academia, R&D
Institutions,
NGOs
ISRO, NRSC, NIC,
CoI, SRSAC, SOI,
CGWB, IMD, FSI,
GSI, MoUD,
NBSSLUP, MoEF,
NATMO, Geospatial
Industries,
Academia
Geospatial
Industries
(Not yet
active)
Citizens,
CBOs, Media
End Users
Value
Added
Resellers
Implementation Challenges: Key De-enabler
Technical challenges - system components, system
design, standards and technical expertise
Organizational challenges – how the organization
adapts to new sources and types of information
Institutional / Macro-environmental challenges factors external to an organization that influence the
organization's ability to adopt or use Geo-ICT
Programme / Project management and process reengineering related challenges
Socio-cultural challenges
Financial challenges
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Technical Issues– The Meaning
User friendliness– users’ centricity
Database approach – design standards, quality
standards (acurrency, currency etc.)
Information systems approach – beyond
hardware, software and dataware– emphasis on
usage and socio-technical network
Should facilitate users to work as per their usual
work-flow
Scope for innovations by users
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Key Technical Priority Areas
National policy on open standards for g-governance;
Interoperability framework for data access, presentation
including data preservation, publication, archival, etc. for
both spatial and non-spatial data;
Network and information security standards;
Enterprise architecture framework for NeGP and
g-governance;
Indian languages related issues with respect to storage,
browser, fonts, keyboard, data dictionary, etc.;
Visualisation issues of spatial data; and
Interoperability of spatial and non-spatial data.
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Organizational Challenges
Successful use of GIS infrastructure = f(ability,
capacity and willingness of an organization)
Bigger barriers than technical issues
Resistance to change is an inevitable response to
any major change
Incentives & barriers to change – real and
perceived costs & benefits, organizational
communication, training etc
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Framework for Change
Management
InterDepartmental
communication,
involvement,
facilitation and
Feed back
Fixing goal
When, why and
what measures to
be taken
Training
Culture
Enterprise
GIS
Effect
Cause
New
change
Planning for
appropriate,
achievable &
measurable
stages
Support from top
management &
building teams of
motivated
individuals
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Project Management
What is Project?
Existing
Situation
Project
Desired
Situation
Often difficult to visualize the two conditions
Project Management
Project management should be:
participatory
goal-focused
transparent
accountable
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What is Logical Framework Approach (LFA)?
A methodology for developing programmes /
projects
Provides a set of tools for planning, design,
implementation and evaluation of projects
Has a strong participatory component
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Monitoring
&
Evaluation
Steps of an LFA
Risk Analysis
Preparation of
LFA Matrix
Objective
Analysis
Problem
Analysis
Identification
of
Stakeholders
Specific to
project under
consideration
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Monitoring and Evaluation
Regular monitoring ensures that the plan goes in
the direction it has been envisaged
Evaluation ensures that the plan delivers the
desired results
Monitoring – internal or own team
Evaluation – external or by the top management
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Institutional Issues
India’s National Map Policy: a Misnomer
Revolves around the survey maps of SOI
Mentions mainly about SOI’s toposheets
Puts SOI on the driver’s seat and role of other
stakeholders are merely a value adder.
What about the huge amount of spatial information
developed over the years by various other government
departments and private sector?
NMP is nothing more than guidelines of dissemination for
SOI’s topo maps.
The name National Map Policy seems to be a misnomer
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Institutional / Macro-environmental Issues
India has a broad and powerful installed base for
spatial data
The institutional inertia has created lock-in effects
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Institutional Issues
Proclamation of the Grand Visions
Report of the task force on NSDI:
“Spatial information is a national resource
and citizens, society, private enterprises and
government organizations have a right to
access it appropriately”
Objective of NMP:
“to promote the use of geospatial knowledge
and intelligence through partnerships and
other mechanisms by all sections of the
society”
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Institutional Issues
The Reality: Missing Link
Both the policy and guidelines of NMP silent about
partnership process with the major stakeholders
Other spatial data creating organizations have to
abide by the instructions of SOI
NRSC is vested with the authority to acquire and
disseminate all satellite remote sensing data in
India – both from Indian and foreign satellites
Both NMP and NSDI silent about collective action
and cooperation
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Institutional Issues
The Reality: Missing Link
Aspirations of many stakeholders does not seem
to be fulfilling
Spatial resources seems to be controlled by the
government
Provisions of the NMP and NSDI not in
accordance with their objectives
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Strategic Management Model
Environmental
Analysis
Action Plans
Opportunities
Threats
Strategic
Direction
Strategic
Plans
SWOT matrix
Organizational
Assessment
Strengths
Weakness
Performance
Evaluation
Guiding Principles
Note: The base model is adapted from Morrision and Wilson, 1996
Transparency
Accountability
Efficiency
Effectiveness
Cost-effectiveness
Equity
Inclusiveness
Responsiveness
Fairness
•-Preparation of national
GIS foundation dataset
•Low cost GIS software with
vernacular interface
•G-literacy
•SWANs implementation at
a faster pace and WiMAX
for the last mile connectivity
•Power sources in remote
areas
•Functional NSDI portal
•Announcement of
integrated spatial
information policy
• National e-cadastre
•Enterprise-wide GI systems
•Regulatory/enabling
agency
SWOT Analysis: Strengths
Broad and powerful installed base for spatial data in the
country
Availability of a large base of skilled manpower
Several Indian enterprises have already proved their
capabilities of IT adoption and process re-engineering
Indian enterprises are developing innovative geospatial
products and services by harnessing various
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SWOT Analysis: Weaknesses
Lack of market orientation for geo-ICT products and
services
Inefficient sectoral flow of spatial data
Inadequate intra- and inter-organisational communication
Lack of proper attitudinal orientation to data usage
especially in public sector organisations
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SWOT Analysis: Opportunities
A range of policy initiatives by the government such ad
NeGP, NMP, RSDP, etc
Availability of base infrastructure such as 2-Mbps
connectivity up to taluka level under SWANs
Good cellular teledensity being developed in India
NSDI is taking shape, which could provide scope for
collaborative efforts in creation of geospatial products
and services
Convergence of technologies such as GIS, remote
sensing, GPS, broadband internet, and satellite and
mobile communication will help in diversifying the
products and services
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SWOT Analysis: Threats
Institutional inertia and lack of culture of sharing has created
lock-in effects for sharing of spatial information
Geospatial programme in India is top-down, data centric and
supply oriented, and adopts the ‘one size fits all’ kind of
approach
Both the policy and guidelines of NMP of India are silent
about partnership process with major stakeholders
contd...
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SWOT Analysis: Threats
Increasing pressure for change management at
organisational level for adopting the fast changing
geospatial technologies
Copyright issues and pricing policy for spatial data
products and services not yet clear
Socio-cultural factors hinders use of spatial information
High resolution data is populated by international
players such as Google, Microsoft, and others
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Strategic Direction
Stakeholder’s involvement–participation
Co-production
Improving inter-organisational collaboration,
cooperation and coordination
Decentralization
Pricing strategies
Education & information dissemination
User orientation
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Strategic Plans:
Strengths-Opportunities Strategies
Improve inter- and intra-departmental communication,
involvement, facilitation and feedback
Operationalise data/ metadata servers
Respond to niche markets
Address interoperability issues
Use reflexive standardisation process
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Strategic Plans:
Weaknesses -Opportunities Strategies
Improve inter-organisational collaboration-cooperationcoordination
Understand users workflow and provide quality data
according to users’ need
Develop enterprise-wide geo-ICT infrastructure
Use multiple sources of energy to power geo-ICT
installations in remote areas
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Strategic Plans:
Strengths-Threats Strategies
Announce integrated spatial information policy covering all
spatial data products and services
Establish fully functional NSDI portal for all spatial
products and services
Adopt process-oriented management techniques
Make foundation dataset available in the public domain
free of cost
Create innovative products and services by exploiting the
convergence and fusion of various geo-ICT technologies
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Strategic Plans:
Weaknesses -Threats Strategies
Aware with the users/ customers demand
Understand users’ workflow and create
spatial products according to their needs
Be user and customer-centric
Populate images, maps, models, and value
added products through GeoPortal
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Performance Evaluation
Network Readiness Framework for G-Readiness
G-Readiness
e-Readiness
Environment
• Market environment
 Political and regulatory
environment
 Infrastructure
environment
Adopted from MIT–NCAER (2006)
GIS Infrastructure
• Spatial database
 GIS software and hardware
Readiness
• Individual
readiness
 Business
readiness
 Government
readiness
Usage
• Individual usage
 Business usage
 Government
usage
G-Readiness
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Action Plans
Preparation of national GIS foundation dataset
Low cost GIS software with vernacular interface
G-literacy
SWANs implementation at a faster pace and WiMAX for
the last mile connectivity
Power sources in remote areas
Functional NSDI portal
Announcement of integrated spatial information policy
National e-cadastre
Enterprise-wide GI systems
Regulatory/enabling agency
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G-Governance Framework
Infrastructure
NSDI
NICNET
ERNET
SWAN
State data centres
Common service centres
Security infrastructure
Language resource
centres
Stakeholders
Government
Public Sector
Private Institutions
PRIs
NGOs
Collectives
Citizens
Legal and Policy Environment
Right to Information Act
National e-Governance Plan
National Map Policy
Remote Sensing Data Policy
Development Goals
Human Development
Alleviation of poverty
Food and livelihood security
Equitable and inclusive growth
Health for all
Universal primary education
Empowerment of marginalised
Women’s empowerment
Ecological security
Macro
Environment
Socio-cultural
Political
Liberalisation
Privatisation
Globalisation
Strategies
Guiding Principles
Transparency
Accountability
Efficiency
Cost-effectiveness
Equity
Inclusiveness
Responsiveness
Fairness
Implementation Challenges
Technical
Organisational
Programme/ project management
Institutional/ macro-environmental
Socio-cultural
Financial
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Future Research Directions
Technical (knowledge base good)
Architecture
Standards
Interoperability
Integration strategies
Spatial search engines
Data Security
Managerial (knowledge base poor)
Project management- using LFA
Change management
Understanding users work flow
GIS alignment with other process models (MIS, ERP, CRM, etc.)
Assessment framework for G-readiness
Geo-ICT adoption and socio-cultural issues
Institutionalisation of Geo-ICT at grassroots level
Prof. Pramod K. Singh
Institute of Rural Management (IRMA)
Anand - 388 001, India
Email: [email protected]