Transcript T &T The structure of the industry

The structure of the industry is complex for the
following reasons:
It consists of a wide range of interrelated
commercial and non- commercial
organisations.
Most of these organizations are in the private
sector and are small and medium sized.
COMMERCIAL ORGANISATIONS
These include private sector organisations such
as:
1) Mystic Mountain
2) Outameni
3) Sandals group of hotels
4) Iberostars
VALUES AND ATTITUDES OF COMMERCIAL
ORGANISATIONS
A good way to determine their values and
attitudes would be to look in detail at the
organisations previously listed as examples and
then:
1) define their objectives
2) define their source of funding and methods
of income
3) define how they meet stakeholder or
shareholder expectations.
NON-COMMERCIAL ORGANISATIONS
These include public and voluntary sectors such
as:
1) The Tourism Product Development
Company (TPDCO)
2) Jamaica Environmental Trust
3) The Jamaica Tourist Board (JTB)
VALUES AND ATTITUDES OF NON-COMMERCIAL
ORGANISATIONS
It is possible to determine the values and
attitudes of these organizations by observing:
1) their objectives
2) their source of funding and methods of
income
3) their stakeholder or shareholder expectations
AGENCIES DELIVERING TRAVEL AND TOURISM
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
For this section of the syllabus the countries to
be investigated are:
Jamaica
Panama
Paris
The agencies are as follow:
1) tourist attractions- built; natural
tourist attractions- events as attractions and the
facilities which these take place in
2) accommodation and catering- to include
accommodation grading scheme
3) tourism development promotion- locally,
regionally, and internationally
4) transportation by air; by land; by water
5) travel agencies
6) Tour operators and the components of a
package holiday
Note that all of these individual component
depend on each other, and that no single
component exists on its own.
Destinations are places where there is tourism.
Social, cultural, environmental and political
conditions influence tourist destinations.
The people who are responsible for destination
management must try and ensure that tourism
integrate with other social and economic
activities of the particular area so that it can
sustain future development.
OBJECTIVES OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
Tourism occurs in the more economically-developed countries (MEDCs) and less
economically- developed countries (LEDCs). “Many developing countries of the world
are engaged in tourism as a means of earning foreign exchange and to redress
balance of payment ills” . Mathews, (1997) : Nettekoven (1976) , cited in Daye
(p.24,1997)
OBJECTIVES OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
Organisations may get involved in tourism
development for the following reasons:
Economic- examples include:
• employment creation both direct and
indirect
• increasing foreign currency earnings to
contribute to the balance of payment and
GDP
•
brining in tourists who spend locally and
contribute to the multiplier effect
• increasing income for the commercial
operators
• economic development and regeneration to
develop the infrastructure and improve the
local area and conditions for people.
OBJECTIVES OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
Environmental examples include:
•
habitat preservation for wild life in an area
• regeneration and conservation of the built and
natural environment
•
environmental education of the local people and or
tourists visiting the area
• stimulating environmental improvements of benefit
to local people and wildlife as well as tourists
OBJECTIVES OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
Socio-cultural- examples include:
• promoting understanding
• improving quality of life for the local
population
• providing community facilities, as well as
facilities for tourists
• revival of traditional activities, festivals and
ceremonies to celebrate culture and develop
a sense of pride in one’s own identity
OBJECTIVES OF TOURISM
Political –examples include:
• enhancing the image of an area is particular
important to LEDCs or for countries that
may be perceived in a negative way due to
war or natural disasters
• creating a regional or national identity to
boost domestic morale and encourage visitor
numbers
TYPES OF IMPACT
Economic- positive effects:
• increased incomes
• increase foreign exchange
• Increase employment
• improved infrastructure
• multiplier effect
TYPES OF IMPACT
Economic- negative effects:
• decline of traditional employment
opportunities
• seasonality of employment
• increased living costs
• increased taxes
TYPES OF IMPACT
Socio-cultural – positive effects:
• preservation of customs and crafts
• provision of community facilities and public
services
• aiding of international understanding
• encouraging travel, mobility and social
integration
TYPES OF IMPACT
Socio-cultural –negative effects:
• conflicts with the host community
• crime
• loss of cultural identity
• the demonstration effect
TYPES OF IMPACT
Socio-cultural – negative effects:
• changes to family structure
• social problems such as begging and
prostitution
TYPES OF IMPACT
Environmental – positive effects:
• improved assets
• landscaping
• conservation
• regeneration
• building regulations
TYPES OF IMPACT
Environmental – negative effects:
• traffic congestion
• erosion of natural resources
• pollution of air and water
• litter
• increase in noise levels
TYPES OF IMPACT
Environmental –negative effects:
• panoramic view damage
• destruction of different wild life systems and
breeding patterns
The principles of successful tourism
management include:
1) maximising the retention of visitor spending
at the destination
2) investing tourism income in public and
social projects for local communities
3) widening access to facilities and assets
4) staff training and development
5) training and employment of local people in
tourism and related activities
6) tourism education
Note that current issues and consumer trends
such as those mentioned above can impact on
tourism development.
Destination management can minimise
tourism’s negative impacts through:
• planning and control
• using the principle of sustainable
development
• visitor and traffic management
• assessing environmental impact
According to Butler (1980), all destinations
follow a cycle of evolution and pass through
stages similar to youth, maturity and old age.
The consequence of which a particular
destination will decline unless it can re-invent
itself through a process called “rejuvenation”.
This cycle of evolution compared to the product
life cycle (theory) by Butler reflects the
following stages:
• exploration
• involvement
• development
• consolidation
• stagnation
• decline or rejuvenation
These factors include - key features of the
destination:
1) weather and climate
2) scenery and landscape
3) vegetation and wild life
4) historical and cultural attractions
5) modern built attractions
6) indoor/outdoor activities
7) accommodation options
8) events and festivals
9) food /drink and entertainment
10) accessibility and gateways
CHARACTERISTICS OF DESTINATIONS THAT
INFLUENCE THEIR EVOLUTION
Tourist appeal by visitor type:
1) young people
2) singles
3) families
4) DINKY
5) grey market
6) special needs
7) business tourists
CHARACTERISTICS OF DESTINATIONS THAT
INFLUENCE THEIR EVOLUTION
Visitor statistics:
1) recent trend
2) projection for future
3) stage in evolution using life cycle model
CHARACTERISTICS OF DESTINATIONS THAT
INFLUENCE THEIR EVOLUTION
Factors influencing popularity:
1) cost of accommodation
2) cost of transport
3) costs at destination
4) tour operator promotional activity
5) over commercialization
6) crime and social problems
7) political instability and unrest
8) terrorism
9) positive / negative media coverage
10) positive / negative tourism management
11) growth in independent travel
12) growth in short breaks
13) exclusivity
14) increased accessibility
15) water / air/ noise hazard
16) natural disasters