Doppler Echocardiography
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Transcript Doppler Echocardiography
Doppler Echocardiography
Joyce Meng M.D.
7/16/2008
Doppler vs. B-mode Echocomplementary roles
Primary target is the
Primary target are the
red blood cell
myocardium and the
heart valves
Examine the
direction, velocity, and Provides information
pattern of blood flow
about the shape and
through the heart and
movement of cardiac
the great vessels.
structures.
Outline
Doppler Effect
Continuous wave Doppler
Pulse wave Doppler
Color Doppler
Tissue Doppler
Christian Doppler
Australian
mathematician and
physicist
Published his notable
work on the Doppler
effect at the age of 39
Was Gregory
Mendel’s physics
professor in the
University of Vienna.
Doppler Effect
The pitch of sound
was affected by
motion toward or
away from the listener
Sound moves toward
the listener, frequency
increases, pitch rises.
Sound moves away
from the listener,
frequency decreases,
pitch falls.
Doppler effect applied to
Echocardiography
Transducer emits
ultrasound reflected from
RBC.
If RBC (flow of blood)
moves toward transducer,
frequency of the reflected
sound’s wavelength
increases
If RBC (flow of blood)
moves away from the
transducer, frequency of
the reflected sound’s
wavelength decreases
Mathematical relationship
Fd: Doppler shift= F[r] (received frequency)- F[t] (transmitted
frequency)
F0: Transmitted frequency of ultrasound
V: velocity of blood.
q: intercept angle between the interrogation beam and the target
Can solve for V=Fd(C)/2f0(cos q)
Why do we care about the velocity of
blood flow?
Modified Bernoulli’s equation:
DP= 4v2
Gives us the ability to estimate pressure
differences between
two chambers (i.e, TR)
Stenotic valves (i.e. AS)
Angle of the Doppler beam
Fd= 2f0(V)(cos q)/C
Fd d V(cos q)
Misalignment of the
interrogation beam
will lead to
underestimation of
the true velocity
Becomes significant
when q is >20°
cos
cos
cos
cos
cos
cos
(0°)= 1
(10°)= 0.98
(20°)= 0.94
(30°)= 0.87
(60°)= 0.5
(90°)= 0
Carrier frequency
V=Fd(C)/2f0(cos q)
If Fd stays the same, the lower the f0 (carrier frequency),
the higher the velocity of the jet that can be resolved.
Unlike B-mode imaging where higher frequency
transducer gives better resolution, here lower frequency
transducers gives better resolution.
Spectral analysis
The difference in waveform
between the transmitted and
backscattered signal is
compared.
A process called fast Fourier
transform (FFT) displays this
information into a “spectral
analysis” (spectral display of
entire range of velocities)
Time- x axis
Velocity- y axis
Toward the transducer is
positive, away from transducer
negative.
Amplitude is displayed as
“brightness” of the signal.
Continuous wave doppler
Two dedicated crystals- one for transmitting and
one for listening
Receives a continuous signal along the entire
length of the ultrasound beam
Disadvantage- don’t know where the signal
comes from.
Advantage- can measure very high Doppler
shift/velocities.
Most useful when trying to discern maximal
velocity along a certain path (AS, TR…etc).
Clinical example- AS
The position of the
doppler beam is 2-D
guided.
In the GE system, it’s
indicated by a single
line
Profile is usually filled
in- velocity along the
path that is below the
maximal velocity also
represented.
Problematic cases
Don’t know where the maximal velocity comes
from
Serial stenosis- LVOT obstruction or AS?
Problematic cases
AS or MR?
Pulse wave doppler
Short intermittent busts of ultrasound are transmitted.
Only “listens” at a brief time interval
Permits returning signal from one specific distance to be
selectively analyzed- “range resolution”
Sample volume
Clinical Examples
position of doppler beam
2-D guided
In GE system, the sample
volume is indicated by
double lines
Spectral envelope not
filled in
Common use- mitral
inflow velocity and LVOT
velocity
Aliasing
Sampling rate is inadequate to resolve the direction of
flow
PRF (pulse repetition frequency)- number of pulse
transmitted from the transducer/second
Nyquist limit= PRF/2
Cannot resolve higher frequency (velocity) sound waves
Aliasing
Tends to happen at higher velocity jets
Doppler shift is has higher frequency- needs
higher PRF to resolve the direction of the wave.
Aliasing
Tends to happen in at
greater depth
Sample volume at a
shallow site- can
interrogate more
frequently (higher
PRF)
Sample volume at
deeper site- cannot
interrogate as often
(lower PRF)
High PRF imaging
Shallower sample volume associated with a higher PRF- less likely
to have aliasing
Listening window will also sample returning signal from twice that
depth
Velocity from both sites will be recorded
Disadvantage: ambiguity
Advantage: Higher velocities can be analyzed without aliasing
Color Doppler
pulse wave Doppler with multiple sample volume
along multiple raster lines
direction, velocity and variance determined for
each sample volume
Color Doppler
Displayed as color informationAmplitude- intensity
Direction- red vs blue (toward or away from
transducer)
Velocity- brightness (bright blue higher velocity)
Variance (turbulence)- coded green to give a
mosiac apperance.
Overlays this information on 2D images
Time consuming (temporal resolution is
especially poor with a large sector window)
Different vendors have different algorithms for
generating color Doppler
Example of Color Doppler
Color Doppler jet
encoded with
variance
Color Doppler jet
with aliasing in
the center due to
high velocity
Semiquantitative method
Important to remember
that color codes velocity
and not actual volume!
Angiography- contrast is
actual regurgitation
Color doppler encodes
“billard ball effect”- color
may encode nonregurgitant blood that is
“pushed around” by the
regurgitant jet.
Semiquantitative method
Measures velocity, not
regurgitant orifice area
(ROA)
Velocity can be inversely
proportional to ROA
Larger ROA may lead to
lower velocity
Jet looks smaller than a
those with smaller ROA.
Color gain
Same jet with different
color gain appears
different.
Color gain is turns up
or down the
amplitude of the color
jet.
Color gain
then turn it down
slightly
To optimize color gain,
turn it up until you see
speckles in the tissues-
Color scale/ Nyquist limit
Should set the Nyquist
limit to the highest a
given depth allows
(generally >0.6 cm/s)
By changing the color
Nyquist limit, the jet
appearance and size
can appear different
Color Doppler M-mode imaging
Pulse Doppler interrogation done along a
single line
Doppler velocity shift recorded and color
coded
Provides high temporal and spatial (but
still not velocity) resolution to the
assessment of flow
Color Doppler M-mode
Small amount of left to right flow during
systole
Tissue Doppler Imaging
Routine Doppler targets blood flow
High velocity
Low signal amplitude
Tissue Doppler (assessing the movement
of the myocardium) targets tissue
Low velocity
High signal amplitude
Different Filters
Example of pulse TDI
Velocity of tissue along a particular sample volume
Example of Color TDI
Velocity of tissue coded by color superimposed on 2-D image
Can derive information such as strain, strain rate, dyssynchrony…etc.