Transcript Modern Operating Systems

Modern Operating
Systems
2014 Lecture 1
What I'd like that you would achieve
That you would underst general concepts about operation.
Know how to modern operating system function (what
makes them tick)
Have experience with administering 2 or more operating
systems
Fill the caps in your knowledge
Enhance your problem solving abilities.
Who are you ?
Who are you
what kind experience you have wit computer
management /usage
What you would expect from this course
Things that we will look at
OS basics and history
similarities and differences between OS-es
Windows administration tools overview
Linux administration tools overview
Linux architecture , Windows architecture
Virtualisation technologies
Boot process
Monitoring tools
IOS , Android architecture
Additional reading
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#Summary
http://gama.vtu.lt/biblioteka/Operating_systems/Operating_systems.pdf
http://www.freeinfosociety.com/media/pdf/2911.pdf (Linux internals)
… (will itroduce additional reading
In order to pass:
You must attend to most of lectures or present
some topic + do home reading ( 16 Lecture/Lab total more
than 10 attended )
Do Labs /home assignment/online learning
More than 50 p from 100 test scores (will be at least 2
tests)
Lets tap to collective Wisdom
Computer system
Computer System
Modern CPU
Modern CPU architecture
http://cpuboss.com/compare-cpus
OS Types
● Real-time
● Multi-user
● Multi-tasking
● single-tasking
● Distributed
● Templated
Minimal components
Kernel privilege levels
OS timeline 1950 - 2012
http://everlastingstudent.wordpress.com/timeline-of-operating-systems-sincethe-1950s/
Linux history
http://osreviews.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/linux-history.png
Unix philosophy
väike on ilus
–iga utiliit/teenus täidab ainult ühte funktsiooni
–komponentide ehitus ja opsüsteemi vahendid
võimaldavad kerget ja selge liidesega
kombineerimist
–keerulisemad teenused pannakse kokku lihtsamatest
–tulemuseks on alternatiivsete lahenduste võimalus ja süsteemide mitmekihiline
ehitus
ühilduvus on olulisem kui efektiivsus
–failid, kataloogi, seadmed on ligipääsetavad sarnase liidesega
–andmed ja konfiguratsioon on tekstifailides
–utiliidid suhtlevad tekstistriimidega
Mac os History
http://xkcd.com/705
Modern Operating
Systems
2 Lecture 2014
communication
[email protected] (not jet active)
http://courses.cs.ttu.ee/pages/ModernOS:2014
In order to pass:
You must attend to most of lectures or present
some topic + do home reading ( 16 Lecture/Lab total more
than 10 attended )
Do Labs /home assignment/online learning
More than 50 p from 100 test scores (will be at least 2
tests)
What I'd like that you would achieve
That you would underst general concepts about operation.
Know how to modern operating system function (waht
makes them tick)
Have experience with administering 2 or more operating
systems
Fill the caps in your knowledge
Enhance your problem solving abilities.
Things that we will look at
OS basics and history
similarities and differences between OS-es
Windows administration tools overview
Linux administration tools overview
Linux architecture , Windows architecture
Virtualisation technologies
Boot process
Monitoring tools
IOS , Android architecture
Stallman TEDxGE2014
http://audiovideo.gnu.org/video/TEDxGE2014_Stallman05
_LQ.webm
Just for remainder
http://xkcd.com/705
interfaces
Simple technical terms
OS: Resource Management
Operating System Resource Management
(Sharing)
•Process Management (Sharing the CPU)
•Sharing IO devices
•Main (Primary Memory) Management
(Shared among many programs)
•Disk (Secondary) Memory) Management (More sharing)
Process Management
Sharing the CPU
OS: Process Management
•Process A program in execution
•Process management keeping track of
processes and the states they are in
•CPU scheduling determines which process in
memory is executed by the CPU at any given
instant in time
More History 1950’s-1960’s
•Batch Processing
–One big (expensive) machine
–One human operating system – “The Operator” (ala The Matrix)
–Several similar jobs were organized into “batches” that required the same resources
–Example:
•Load the compiler
•Run all the programs to be compiled
More History: 1960’s-1970’s
More History: 1970’s-now
•Multitasking
–Lots of cheap PC machines
–Timesharing evolved into multitasking
–ONE user running MANY PROGRAMS
–Still, resources must be shared by several programs
•Windows was created as a single-user multitasking operating system
Process states
The Process Control Block
•The operating system must manage a large
amount of data for each active process
•Usually that data is stored in RAM in a data
structure called a Process Control Block (PCB)
•The OS maintains one PCB for each process
Processes are like
Several Cooks Sharing ONE Kitchen
Based on slides : http://wserver.flc.losrios.edu/~ross/files/CISC310/Chapter10.ppt
Local copy shown and bit reduced slides :
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwLcblFEXx61RlQzbmdSUzVNbDA/edit?usp=sharing
Modern Operating
Systems
3 Lecture
communication
[email protected]
http://courses.cs.ttu.ee/pages/ModernOS:2014
Self study 1
https://www.edx.org/course/linuxfoundationx/lin
uxfoundationx-lfs101x-introduction-1621
Required Exam need to be done before 29 of
October to receive Honor certificate that
constitutes as proof.
Some concepts self learning will be covered in
this course.
Brief tumbling
into programm
Modern program
Modern program
https://software.intel.com/sites/default/files/m/d/4/1/d/8/keep-memory-002.gif
Modern Program
http://i.msdn.microsoft.com/Cc301805.pefig01(en-us,MSDN.10).gif
Modern Programm
Static
Program libraries
Dynamic loading
Dynamic
Dynamic linking
Modern programm Windows
example
http://support.novell.com/techcenter/articles/img/ana1997050101.gif
Programm is a process
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Process – a running instance of a program
Uses memory to store code and data
Can launch sub-processes
Processes table residing in kernel
PID – Process Identifier
PPID – Parent Process Identifier
UID – User Identifier
GID – Group Identifier
UID and GID associated with a user
Process access rights are determined by UID and GID values
UID and GID are passed along to subprocesses
Privileged user (UID=0)
Processes can change UID values upon invocation
States of a process
Virtualisation
Technologies
Virtualisation Why ?
http://www.nashnetworks.ca/UserFiles/Image/Server%20virtualization.jpg
Virtualisation types
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Hyperviseur.png
Implementations
Vary greatly, with options including:
Type 0 hypervisors - Hardware-based solutions that provide support for virtual
machine creation and management via firmware
IBM LPARs and Oracle LDOMs are examples
Type 1 hypervisors - Operating-system-like software built to provide
virtualization
Including VMware ESX, Joyent SmartOS, and Citrix XenServer
Type 1 hypervisors – Also includes general-purpose operating systems that
provide standard functions as well as VMM functions
Including Microsoft Windows Server with HyperV and RedHat Linux with KVM
Implementations
Type 2 hypervisors - Applications that run on standard operating systems but
provide VMM features to guest operating systems
Includeing VMware Workstation and Fusion, Parallels Desktop, and Oracle
VirtualBox
Implementations
Other variations include:
Paravirtualization - Technique in which the guest operating system is modified
to work in cooperation with the VMM to optimize performance
Programming-environment virtualization - VMMs do not virtualize real hardware
but instead create an optimized virtual system
Used by Oracle Java and Microsoft.Net
Implementations
Emulators – Allow applications written for one hardware environment to run on
a very different hardware environment, such as a different type of CPU
Application containment - Not virtualization at all but rather provides
virtualization-like features by segregating applications from the operating
system, making them more secure, manageable
Including Oracle Solaris Zones, BSD Jails, and IBM AIX WPARs ..
Much variation due to importance of virtualization in modern computing
Benefits and Features
● Host system protected from VMs, VMs protected from each other
o I.e. A virus less likely to spread
o Sharing is provided though via shared file system volume, network
communication
● Freeze, suspend, running VM
o Then can move or copy somewhere else and resume
● Snapshot of a given state, able to restore back to that state
o Some VMMs allow multiple snapshots per VM
Benefits and Features
● Clone by creating copy and running both original and copy
o Great for OS research, better system development efficiency
● Run multiple, different OSes on a single machine
● Consolidation, app dev, …
● Templating – create an OS + application VM, provide it to customers, use it
to create multiple instances of that combination
● Live migration – move a running VM from one host to another!
o Almost no interruption of user access
● All those features taken together -> cloud computing
o Using APIs, programs tell cloud infrastructure (servers, networking,
storage) to create new guests, VMs, virtual desktops
Modern buzzwords (Cloud)
● Cloud ??
Iaas
o Paas
o Saas
o
What if pizza
https://premaseem.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/cloudanalogy-pizza-as-a-service.jpg
Cloud offering
https://premaseem.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/cloudstack.png
Virtualbox
https://www.virtualbox.org/
Modern Operating
Systems
4 Lecture
communication
[email protected]
http://courses.cs.ttu.ee/pages/ModernOS:2014
Self study 1
https://www.edx.org/course/linuxfoundationx/lin
uxfoundationx-lfs101x-introduction-1621
Required Exam need to be done before 29 of
October to receive Honor certificate that
constitutes as proof.
Some concepts self learning will be covered in
this course.
Minimal needed
services ?
Boot process
Slides for linux boot
http://rahulkumar4.wordpress.com/2014/02/07/boot-process/
Windows boot:
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc770770%28v=ws.10%29.aspx
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc771845%28v=ws.10%29.aspx
http://channel9.msdn.com/Events/Build/BUILD2011/HW-457T
Modern Operating
Systems
5 Lecture
communication
[email protected]
http://courses.cs.ttu.ee/pages/ModernOS:2014
Plan for today
Couple additional words on boot
What is #Sehllshock and how it affects some
systems.
Authentication / Authorisation.
One first lab ..
Boot
http://www.tuxradar.com/content/how-fix-linux-boot-problems
http://www.aboutlinux.info/2005/11/how-to-repair-corrupt-mbr-and-boot.html
Windows boot Troubleshooting
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/b8/archive/2011/09/20/reengineering-the-windows-boot-experience.aspx
http://www.askvg.com/tip-5-easy-ways-to-switch-from-windows-8-to-other-installed-os-in-dual-bootenvironment/
http://www.thewindowsclub.com/repair-master-boot-record-mbr-windows
Mac boot troubleshoot
http://www.tekrevue.com/tip/mac-startup-options/
#Sehllshok
http://paste.lisp.org/display/143864
https://medium.com/message/everything-is-broken-81e5f33a24e1
https://access.redhat.com/articles/120022
http://blog.erratasec.com/2014/09/the-shockingly-bad-code-of-bash.html#.VClcQvl_tKY
http://askubuntu.com/questions/159491/why-did-the-command-make-my-system-lag-so-badly-i-had-toreboot
Authentication ?
Authorisation ?
Authentication
is the act of confirming the truth of an attribute of a single piece of data (datum)
or entity.
In contrast with identification which refers to the act of stating or otherwise
indicating a claim purportedly attesting to a person or thing's identity,
authentication is the process of actually confirming that identity.
It might involve confirming the identity of a person by validating their identity
documents, verifying the validity of a Website with a digital certificate, tracing
the age of an artifact by carbon dating, or ensuring that a product is what its
packaging and labeling claim to be. In other words, authentication often
involves verifying the validity of at least one form of identification.
Authorisation
Is the function of specifying access rights to resources related to information
security and computer security in general and to access control in particular.
More formally, "to authorize" is to define an access policy. For example, human
resources staff is normally authorized to access employee records and this
policy is usually formalized as access control rules in a computer system.
During operation, the system uses the access control rules to decide whether
access requests from (authenticated) consumers shall be approved (granted)
or disapproved (rejected).
Password&Hass
0-9 numbers, 10 symbols (ASCII 48-57)
A-Z block letters, 26 symbols (ASCII 65-90)
a-z small caps, 26 symbols (ASCII 97-122)
Symbols 16+7+6=29 symbols (ASCII 32-47; 58-64; 91-96)
!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`(ASCII 123-191)
Special characters , 69 symbols
{|}~€‚ƒ„...†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—
̃TMš›œžŸ¡¢£¤¥¦§ ̈©a«¬® ̄°±23 ́μ¶· 1
̧ o»1⁄41⁄23⁄4¿
„
umlauts, 64 symbols (ASCII 192-255)
ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîï
ðñòóôõö÷øùúû üýþÿ
Leaked in
http://thumbnails-visually.netdna-ssl.com/linkedin-leaked-passwordsstatistics_502919305ffbc_w1500.png
http://academy.delmar.edu/Courses/ITSY2430/Powerpoints/SecurityPlus_11Lessons.ppt
http://academy.delmar.edu/Courses/ITSY2430/Powerpoints/index.html
Homework/Lab for evaluation
Install Dual boot system Linux / Windows 7 or
8 / win server 2012(Dreamspark for example)
Virtualbox with 2 hd -s and install linux on one
hd and windows on second one use windows
boot manager to boot both systems in one hdd
and Linux boot manager to boot both system in
second hdd
Modern Operating
Systems
6 Lecture
communication
[email protected]
http://courses.cs.ttu.ee/pages/ModernOS:2014
Plan for today
Devices and IO
File systems
Devices you know ?
File System
File System
/boot
laetava tuuma asukoht
/mnt
ühenduspunktid kettaseadmetele (floppy, cdrom)
/bin
käivitamiseks vajalikud programmid
/sbin
käivitamiseks vajalikud süsteemprogrammid
/lib baasteegid
/usr
programmid, teegid
/etc
konfiguratsioonifailid
/home
kodukataloogid
/dev
seadmefailid
/var
muutuvad ja ajutised andmed
/tmp
ajutised failid
/proc
liides operatsioonisüsteemi tuumaga
/lost+found
leitud andmeblokid, mis ei kuulu ühelegi failile
File systems
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems
External slides
http://web.cs.wpi.edu/%7Ejb/CS502/lectures/Section12-IO_Systems.ppt
http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/416/notes/content/11-devices-slides.pdf
http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/416/notes/11-devices.html
Homework/Lab for evaluation
Install Dual boot system Linux / Windows 7 or
8 / win server 2012(Dreamspark for example)
Virtualbox with 2 hd -s and install linux on one
hd and windows on second one use windows
boot manager to boot both systems in one hdd
and Linux boot manager to boot both system in
second hdd - 19 Nov Deadline
Next week
http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/416/notes/content/12-filesystems-slides.pdf
+
Lab time opportunity to ask opportunity to
present results.
Modern Operating
Systems
7 Lecture
communication
[email protected]
http://courses.cs.ttu.ee/pages/ModernOS:2014
Plan for today
File systems
External slides
http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/416/notes/content/12-filesystems-slides.pdf
http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/416/notes/12-filesystems.html
Homework/Lab for evaluation
Install Dual boot system Linux / Windows 7 or
8 / win server 2012(Dreamspark for example)
Virtualbox with 2 hd -s and install linux on one
hd and windows on second one use windows
boot manager to boot both systems in one hdd
and Linux boot manager to boot both system in
second hdd - 19 Nov Deadline
Modern Operating
Systems
8 Lecture
communication
[email protected]
http://courses.cs.ttu.ee/pages/ModernOS:2014
So What About POODLE ?
http://erlend.oftedal.no/blog/poet/
Plan for today
File systems a bit more about them
and then we will see
External slides+ info
http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/416/notes/content/13-filesystems-implslides.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem
What would be best file system ?
Problem Big Files , USB and multi OS suport
Should support MacOS, Windows 2012, Linux
Typical problems for OS
Lets try to map them …
So Problems that may occur with os and speak
a bit how to resolve them.
Intro to easy sec diff
http://www.cogsys.cs.unituebingen.de/lehre/ws12/introsec/07-unix-windows.pdf
Homework/Lab for evaluation
Install Dual boot system Linux / Windows 7 or
8 / win server 2012(Dreamspark for example)
Virtualbox with 2 hd -s and install linux on one
hd and windows on second one use windows
boot manager to boot both systems in one hdd
and Linux boot manager to boot both system in
second hdd
Modern Operating
Systems
9 Lecture
communication
[email protected]
http://courses.cs.ttu.ee/pages/ModernOS:2014
Plan for today
Powershell, Bash, Cmd.
External slides & info
Powershell from microsoft course + combined
Bash
http://www.csun.edu/~andrzej/COMP421/lectures/bash.ppt
Cheat sheets
http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/unix_for_dos_users.ht
ml
http://cecs.wright.edu/~pmateti/Courses/233/Labs/Scripting
/bashVsPowerShellTable.html
http://homepage.smc.edu/morgan_david/cs41/bash.txt
http://www.catonmat.net/download/awk.cheat.sheet.pdf
http://cli.learncodethehardway.org/bash_cheat_sheet.pdf
For next two Weeks
Mandatory :
http://www.microsoftvirtualacademy.com/trainin
g-courses/what-s-new-in-windows-8-1-for-itprofessionals
http://www.microsoftvirtualacademy.com/trainin
g-courses/utilizing-sysinternals-tools-for-it-pros
For next two Weeks
Reccomended:
http://www.microsoftvirtualacademy.com/trainin
g-courses/preparing-for-the-windows-8-1-mcsa
Home assignment /Lab(basic)
Home assignment : Write script in powershell and in bash to do :
1. Archive only new or modified files from directory to archive directory
2. Archive it to archive directory by compressing each file separately (with zip,
or tar or etc) and naming the archive OriginalFileNameDDMMYY.extension
where
OriginalFileName is the original file name
DD is Two-digit day, e.g. 02
MM Two-digit month, e.g. 04
YY Two-digit year, e.g. 96
extension is the extension for the arcive, eg tar.gz ,.zip etc..
Home assignment /Lab(advanced)
In addition monitor directory for changes as
soon new file appear in directory doo
mentioned tasks.