Transcript שקופית 1 - WikiLeaks

1948
1956
1967
1969
WARS THROUGHOUT ISRAEL’S HISTORY
1973
1982
1991
2006
Unlike most military forces around the world, the Israel Defense Forces was established
during battle. Many IDF characteristics evident today originated in the War of Independence
in 1948, including the recruitment of the entire Israeli society as part of the war effort,
introduction of new weapons and techniques during the fighting and the necessity of young
commanders to establish their authority through successful leadership. Faced with so many
challenges, the nation was forced to depend on civilian militias prior to the state’s
establishment.
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1956
1967
During the years before the establishment of the State of Israel, a number of Jewish
underground movements operated in light of Arab attacks and British restrictions on Jewish
immigration. The three major organizations - the Hagganah, the Etzel and Lehi - would
ultimately join ranks and form the IDF.
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1973
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1948
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HAGGANAH
1969
-
1973
ETZEL
1982
1991
2006
LEHI
The War of Independence (1948 – 1949)
The War of Independence was Israel's first battle for existence,
fighting against Arab armies intent on preventing the establishment of
the State of Israel. The war, long and wearisome, lasted
approximately a year and a half all throughout Israel’s territory,
eventually leading to the establishment of the State.
The war consisted of 39 distinct operations and was fought along the
all borders - Lebanon and Syria in the north; Iraq and Trans-Jordan
(later Jordan) in the east; Egypt, assisted by contingents from the
Sudan, in the south; and other volunteers from Arab countries within
the country.
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1956
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1969
On November 30th, 1947, the day after the United Nation General
Assembly voted to partition Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab
states, the Palestinian Arabs took the offensive with the help of
volunteers from neighboring countries. The Yishuv (the Jewish
community) had little success in limiting the war and suffered severe
casualties and property damage.
1973
On April 1st, 1948, the Hagganah took the initiative, gaining control of
much of the territory allotted to the Jewish state by the UN, capturing
sections of Tiberias, Haifa, Safed and Acre and temporarily opening
the road to blockaded Jerusalem and supplying food, water and
medicine to the Jewish community in the city in Operation Nachshon.
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On May 14th, the day on which the British Mandate expired, David
Ben Gurion, the head of the temporary government, declared Israeli
independence.
One day later, Arab forces
invaded, starting the second
stage of the war. As
opposed to the first stage,
this stage primarily involved
state actors. The defense of
the
newly
established
country depended on the
Israeli Defense Forces,
which was established on
June 1st. The IDF united the
Jewish
forces
and
transformed them from a
fragmented, guerilla force
into a full-fledged army.
IDF
Arab Forces
30,573
30,000+10,000
locals
Tanks
1 (without
a cannon)
40
ACV
2
200
APC
120
300
5
140
24
220
Fighter-bomber
0
60
Bomber
0
14
28
57
3
12
*Force ratio
Personnel
Field gun
AA/AT
Transport aircraft
*Taken from “Not on a Silver Platter” A
history of Israel 1900-2000, CARTA
Armored ships
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Two ceasefires took place during the war as a result of UN attempts to put
an end to the rivalry and the bloodshed. The first ceasefire took place
between June 11th and July 8th (1948) and the second between July 18th
and October 15th (1948). These ceasefires helped the IDF to rehabilitate its
forces and prepare for a new campaign.
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This phase of the war was characterized by a number of Israeli
initiatives, including Operation Yoav which resulted in the conquest of
Be’er Sheva, Operation Hiram which resulted in the capture of the
Upper Galilee, and Operation Uvda which resulted in the capture of the
Negev.
The neighboring Arab countries all signed Armistice Agreements
simultaneously. Between February – July of 1949, Egypt, Jordan,
Lebanon and Syria each signed an armistice agreement with Israel. Iraq
preferred to withdraw its troops and hand over its sector to the Arab
Legion of Jordan.
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1948
1947
Ultimately, Israel not only
thwarted the invading Arab
forces but also expanded its
territory. However, the War
1956
of
Independence
was
Israel's deadliest of wars:
6,373 Israelis were killed
(1%
of
the
entire
population)
and
approximately 15,000 were
wounded.
At the end of the war, the IDF
manpower
consisted
of
100,000 regular army men
and women. In addition to 12
brigades, primarily infantry,
the
IDF
had
several
regiments of artillery and an
expanded Navy and Air
Force.
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The Ink Flag – on
March 10th (during
Operation Ovda) the
Israeli forces reached
Umm Rashrash (Eilat
west of Aqaba) and
conquered it without
battle. The Negev
Brigade, which took
part in the operation,
raised a hand-made
flag painted with ink
and claimed Eilat for
Israel
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The Sinai Campaign (1956)
The Sinai Campaign, also known as Operation Kadesh, fought to put an end
to terrorist incursions into Israel and to remove the Egyptian blockade on
Eilat. Another factor was the Czechoslovakia-Egypt arms deal which took
place in September 1955. Under the terms of this deal, Czechoslovakia sold
to Egypt weaponry that put Israel under existential threat, including: tanks,
MiG jet fighters, artillery pieces, transport planes, helicopters, vehicles, rifles
and machine guns. The Sinai Campaign marked the final transformation of
the IDF into a professional army capable of large-scale operations.
1948
On October 29th, 1956, Israeli units parachuted into the eastern side of the
Milta Pass near the Suez Canal. This act provided the grounds for a French
and British ultimatum to Israel and Egypt, calling on both sides to cease
hostilities and withdraw from the Canal area.
1969
The following day, Britain and France issued the
planned ultimatum, but to no effect, as heavy fighting
between Egyptian and Israeli units persisted.
In a swift operation, lasting 100 hours, under the
leadership of the Chief of the General Staff, LTG
Moshe Dayan, the entire Sinai Peninsula fell into
Israeli hands, at the cost of approximately 170 killed
IDF soldiers. While Israel eventually withdrew from
Sinai (In March 1956), the UNEF (United Nations
Emergency Force) was established to guard against
a recurrence of similar events.
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LGT Moshe Dayan
The Six Day War (1967)
The Six Day War is considered the IDF’s greatest victory. The IDF,
established less than 20 years earlier, succeeded in destroying enemy
forces on three different battlefronts, and defended Israel from a
combined effort by four Arab states (Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Iraq) to
destroy Israel. One of the reasons for this decisive victory was the
successful operation which initiated the war - Operation Moked.
In less than a week, Israel controlled the Gaza Strip, the
Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank of the Jordan River
(including East Jerusalem) and the Golan Heights. Overall,
Israel’s territory tripled.
In May 1967, Egyptian president Nassar, expelled the
United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) which had
been established to ensure border stability following
the war in 1956. Afterwards, Egyptian troops and
artillery amassed on the Israeli border. In addition,
Nassar once again declared a closure of the Straits of
Tiran to all ships bearing Israeli flags or carrying
strategic materials (the last time the Tiran Straits were
closed to Israeli ships was prior to the Sinai
Campaign). By taking these aggressive measures,
Nassar received massive support from other Arab
countries.
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Nasser: “If Israel wants
a war – Ahalan ve
Sahalan”
2006
By May of 1967, Egypt and Syria signed a mutual defense treaty, forming a
military alliance, later joined by Jordan.
By then, Egypt had 210,000 troops, Syria had 63,000 troops and Jordan
had 55,000 – bringing to a total of 328,000 troops mobilized to fight
Israel. The Arab forces had double the amount of tanks as Israel (2,330
against 1,000) as well as many more combat aircraft (682 compared to
Israel’s 286).
Egypt, in addition to amassing
troops on the Israeli border,
imposed a naval blockade on
Israel’s southern port and
called for unified Arab action
against Israel.
Confronted
with
these
Tiran Straits
aggressive moves, along with
the Arab leaders’ promises to
demolish the Jewish state,
Israel launched Operation
Moked, beginning with a preemptive air strike on the
Egyptian army and air force in the early morning of June 5th, 1967. Egypt’s
air force was immediately eradicated, and a successful Israeli ground
offensive diverted the Egyptian forces into Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula
within four days.
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Confident due to false reports of
Egyptian success, Jordan initiated
offensive actions against Israel from
eastern Jerusalem and from lands it
occupied west of the Jordan River (the
West Bank). Israeli forces responded
by attacking
Jordanian
military
positions. Following three days of
fierce battles such, as the battle of
Ammunition
Hill
(Giv’at
Ha
Tahmoshet), especially in and around
Jerusalem, the IDF defeated the
Jordanian forces and gained full
control of Jerusalem, as well as the
West Bank.
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IDF soldiers at Jerusalem’s
Western Wall. Colonel
Motta Gur, Commander of
the Reserves Paratroopers’
Brigade announced on the
army radio, “Temple Mount
is in our hands.”
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Following a Syrian air strike on the first day of the war, Israel defeated the
Syrian Air Force as part of Operation Moked. Hostilities continued, and on
the fifth day of war Israel gathered enough forces to
remove the Syrian threat from the Golan
Heights.
Tel Pahar Battle was the famous battle on the
Syrian front, taking place on June 9th. The
Golani Brigade conquered the Tel Pahar
outpost. 31 IDF soldiers were killed.
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1967
By June 10th, Israel had completed its final
offensive in the Golan Heights and a ceasefire
was declared the following day. 776 IDF
soldiers were killed in the war.
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1973
The 1967 War carried significant political
implications; Israel demonstrated that it was
not only able, but also willing, to initiate
strategic strikes that could change the regional
balance.
Between August 29th and September 1st,
1967, the Arab Summit Conference in
Khartoum, Sudan took place. It formulated the
Khartoum Resolutions, which stated: “No
peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, and
no negotiations with Israel”.
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Before and After the Six Day
War
2006
The War of Attrition (1969-1970)
In the years following the Six Day War, the Arab states attempted to
accomplish gains which they had failed to achieve in the last war
through isolated attacks. The IDF had to accommodate itself to
terrorism and guerrilla warfare, as well as ongoing exchanges of fire. In
March 1969, Nassar publicly rejected the ceasefire of June 1967.
This war took the form of an exchange of fire initiated by Egyptian
forces along the Suez Canal and Jordan Valley, and fighting with Arab
forces along the ceasefire lines in the Golan Heights. The IDF took
several measures in response to these offensives. When the Israel Air
Force began its bombing attacks against targets in Egypt’s depth,
Nasser turned to the Soviet Union in desperation to provide Egypt not
only with Russian equipment, but also with Russian air and ground
troops. Russia reluctantly agreed.
With the support provided by Soviet
forces, Egyptian artillery bombardment
was intensified, along with land, sea
and air attacks on Israeli positions.
Israel responded by continuing to
employ the IAF against Egypt.
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In August 1970, Egypt and Israel declared a ceasefire.
At the same time the offense against Syria continued. In February 1969,
as a response to the mass infiltration of terrorists into Israel, the IAF
struck back forcefully at Fatah bases inside Syria. In March 1970, the
Syrians began sending commando units to operate within Israeli territory.
The IAF responded with an in-depth air strike which led to an escalation
in Syrians attacks. In August, the IDF operated against the Syrian Army. A
ceasefire came into effect on August, following these attacks.
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1,424 Israeli soldiers were killed in action between June 15th,
1967 and August 8th, 1970.
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The Yom Kippur War (1973)
Ever since the Six Day War, Arab states, especially Egypt, yearned for
revenge. The war, which took place in October 1973, was an all-out effort
by Egypt and Syria, with other Arab contingents joining in to inflict a military
defeat on Israel and to win back, by military actions and political pressure,
the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.
As opposed to the enemy, which was determined to open with a strike
against Israel and was well prepared, the Israeli side was unaware of the
upcoming threat. Old papers from the research department of the IDF
Intelligence Unit show the extent of apathy on the Israeli side. Less than 24
hours before the Egyptian attack, the research department wrote in their
evaluation of the situation that “The probability that Egypt will renew warfare
is low”. The IDF did not lose in the Yom Kippur war, however due to the
intelligence failure which led up to the surprise attack, the
challenges the IDF had to face during the war
and the large numbers of fatalities, Israel felt
defeated. On October 6th, 1973, the holiest
day in the Jewish calendar, marking Yom
Kippur (the Day of Atonement), Israel was
faced with Egyptian and Syrian forces on its
borders. A warning notice was given too late
for an orderly call-up of the reserves.
Sharon and Bar-Lev
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Between October 6th and October 10th, the Egyptians and the Syrians
made some initial gains. The former crossed the Suez Canal and
established its forces along the entire length of its east bank. The latter
overran the Golan Heights and came within sight of the Sea of Galilee.
However, fortunes turned on the night between October 15th and October
16th, while IDF forces in the Egyptian front crossed the Suez Canal.
The IDF counter-attacked immediately, and within a few days, it found
itself on the west bank of the Suez Canal, at a distance of 100 km from
the Egyptian capital, Cairo, and within artillery range of the airfields
around the Syrian capital, Damascus.
The IDF force that distinguished itself most during the Yom Kippur War
was the Navy. Without a single loss of its own, it had sunk 34 enemy
vessels, secured the coasts of the country, and succeeded in restricting
the enemy to its bases. This was indeed the Navy’s war.
Even though Israel succeeded to rehabilitate its forces and stabilize the
situation, the number of fatalities was high and the morale was low. On
October 12th, Israel announced to the U.S Secretary of State that it is
willing to sign a ceasefire, however, Egypt refused to sign. From this
point, the USSR and the USA were drawn into involvement and both
undertook massive airlifts. Towards the end of the war they were even
brought to the brink of a nuclear confrontation.
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By October 19th, Israeli troops were well established on the west bank
of the Suez Canal. By the first scheduled ceasefire on October 22nd, the
IDF enlarged its hold on the territory.
Although the Egyptians had agreed to
the ceasefire, it did not take effect at the
designated time. By the time an effective
ceasefire was actually implemented, on
October 24th, the IDF had completely
encircled the Egyptian 3rd Army.
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On the northern front, the IDF
regained control of Mt. Hermon by
October 22nd, removing the last
Syrian forces from the area they had
seized at the start of the war.
By the time the war ended, on
October 24th, the Israeli Army had
brought a turnaround to the war
outcome,
safeguarding
Israeli
borders. In the north, the Syrians
failed to achieve any territorial gain,
while the IDF had crossed the old
ceasefire lines into Syrian territory,
acquiring new vantage points on the
Golan Heights.
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The Yom Kippur War caused many
fatalities from both sides. There
were over 2,200 Israeli casualties,
over 5,200 wounded and about 300
POW’s. Arab armies suffered over
15,000 casualties, over 35,000
wounded and over 8500 POW’s.
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The First Lebanon War:
Operation Peace for Galilee (1982)
For twelve years, since their expulsion from Jordan (“Black September”),
the Palestinian terrorist organizations concentrated in Lebanon and
accumulated strength, becoming, in effect, a state within a state (“Fatah
land”). They were aided by the Syrians, the Soviets and the Arab States,
whilst exploiting the organic weakness of sect-ridden Lebanon. Sectarian
rifts were deepened and the regime became undermined, so that the
government in Beirut had to continuously rely on Syria. The power base
of the PLO in Lebanon enabled it to also set up a training base for
international terror. On March 11th,1978, 35 passengers on an Israeli bus
on the coastal highway were murdered. Consequently, and as a result of
terror attacks toward Israeli towns and communities in the north,
Operation Litani was launched in March 1978. The IDF attacked PLO
bases south of the Litani River, yet it did not serve as a permanent
solution to the problem of terrorist attacks.
Tension along Israel’s northern border increased in the
course of 1981 following the bombardment of Israeli
towns with Katyusha rockets by the terror organizations
in southern Lebanon. Terrorists continued to carry out
attacks against Israeli targets and the threat to the
northern towns became unbearable.
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On June 3rd, 1982, terrorists shot Shlomo Argov, Israel’s ambassador to
Britain, in London. This incident was the last straw. Three days later, on
June 6th, 1982, the IDF launched Operation Peace for Galilee. Politically,
the decision to invade Lebanon was taken by the Government of Israel
only after the terrorists had overstepped all limits. The war’s objectives
were: prevent the shelling of the northern towns; prevent terrorist attacks
within Israel; expel Syrian terror organizations from Beirut; eliminate the
terrorist problem in Lebanon; and establish a lawful government under
which Lebanon would become a part of the free world and would live in
peace with Israel.
The first phase of the war was a conventional war, which lasted from
June 6th to August 23rd, 1982, when the terrorists were expelled from
Beirut.
The IDF advanced along the shore, outflanked the Awalli River, entered
Beirut, and continued north through the Shouf Mountains along the flank
of the main Syrian forces in the Beka’a
Valley, threatening their rear as well as
communications
between
Beirut
and
Damascus.
The IAF’s greatest achievement in the war
was its destruction of the Syrian SAM array
in the Beka’a Valley within a matter of hours.
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This operation was accompanied by a massive air battle, in which 25
Syrian planes, most of them MiG-23s, were shot down. The Syrian air
defense was effectively destroyed.
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1956
The enlargement of the mission
and the capture of Beirut signaled
the transition to a long, drawn-out
war. The second phase, which
lasted for the next three years, was
directed against the terrorists.
Daily ambushes against Israeli
forces
increased,
with
a
corresponding
increase
in
casualties. 1,216 soldiers were
killed between June of 1982 to
May of 1985.
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1991
The IDF and Enemy Deployment, June
1982.
2006
The Gulf War (1991)
In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait and threatened
to attack Israel with various types of weapons,
including non-conventional weapons, with the
declared aim of destroying a significant part of the
country. For the first time in Israel’s history, the entire
country faced a real threat of destruction with nonconventional weapons. At the same time, a strong
international coalition was formed under the
leadership of the US to counter the Iraqi attacks.
On the night of January 17th, 1991, coalition air
forces attacked Iraq. In response, Iraq fired salvos of
ground-to-ground missiles towards the Israeli home
front. For over a month, approximately 39 Iraqi
versions of the Russian Scud missiles fell, mainly
hitting the greater Tel Aviv region and Haifa.
These attacks caused 1 civilian death and over 200
injuries. Damage to general property consisted of
1,302 houses, 6,142 apartments, 23 public buildings,
200 shops and 50 cars.
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Saddam Hussein
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1991
2006
Although Israel refrained from active
participation in the war, for the first
time ever, the IDF devoted its
operational efforts to defending
civilians and coordinating wartime
activities with government offices and
emergency services. Garrisons were
brought to the two main regions –
central Israel and Haifa – in order to
reinforce search and identification
operations.
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1967
MIM-104 Patriot missiles
The rescue services of the home front and the local
authorities needed assistance in locating where
missiles fell, identifying and classifying them. Inter
alia, the IDF was given two batteries of MIM-104
Patriot missiles for the protection of civilians.
The IDF was responsible for the procurement and
distribution of gas masks to the entire population. It
readied the medical aid network, and instructed the
population in preparing “safe rooms” for use in case
an alarm was sounded. For Israel, this was
characterized as the War of the Civilian Home
Front.
1969
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1982
1991
Israeli civilians using
Gas masks in the safe
rooms
2006
The Second Lebanon War (2006)
Since the IDF withdrawal from south Lebanon in May 2000, the
Hezbollah, an Islamic terrorist organization, developed its political
influence and military structure with the aid of Syria and Iran, and initiated
an intensive military buildup including rockets and ATGM. By 2006,
Hezbollah had approximately 15,000 men deployed throughout the
country (also south of the Litani River) and underground bunkers. On the
morning of June 12th, 2006, Hezbollah terrorists, crossed the Israeli
border and attacked an Israeli patrol. Of the seven Israeli soldiers in the
patrol, two were wounded, three were killed, and two, Ehud Goldwasser
and Eldad Regev, were seized and taken hostage to Lebanon.
Hezbollah named the attack Operation Truthful
Promise after leader Hassan Nasrallah’s public
addresses over the prior year and a half to abduct
Israeli soldiers and swap them for Arab prisoners
held by Israel.
In order to force the Hezbollah away from the Israeli
border, damage their capabilities and enable the
conditions for the release of the abducted IDF
soldiers, the Israeli Government decided to initiate a
massive air response. The IDF bombed targets in
Lebanon, including the Hezbollah headquarters, and
Beirut’s International Airport which Hezbollah used to
import weapons.
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An air and naval blockade was impsoed, as
well as a ground infiltration of southern
Lebanon. Hezbollah responded with savage
rocket attacks on Israeli cities and towns in
the north, killing 44 civilians and disrupting
normal life. During the war, the Hezbollah
fired almost 4,000 rockets, mostly Katyusha
rockets, which had a range of up to 30 km
(19 mi). Approximately a quarter of the
rockets hit urban areas, primarily civilian
targets. Cities under attack included Haifa,
Hadera, Nazareth, Tiberias, Nahariya,
Safed, Afula, Kiryat Shmona, Beit She’an,
Karmiel
and
dozens
of
Kibbutzim,
Moshavim, and Druze and Arab villages, as
well as the northern West Bank.
Over 300,000 citizens fled from northern
Israel. Hezbollah also engaged in guerrilla
warfare with the IDF, attacking from wellfortified positions. These attacks by wellarmed units challenged the IDF, especially
the use of Russian-made anti-tank guided
missiles which damaged many IDF tanks.
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1969
1973
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1991
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The IDF managed to target terrorist infrastructure in Lebanon, including
Nasrallah’s offices on July 14th. On July 28th, Israeli paratroopers killed
26 Hezbollah activists in Bint Jbeil.
During the campaign, the IAF flew over 17,000 combat sorties, the Navy
fired 2,500 shells, and the Army fired over 170,000 shells. 121 soldiers
were killed in the war.
On August 11th, 2006, the UN Security Council unanimously approved
UN Security Council Resolution 1701, ending the hostilities. It called for
the disarmament of the Hezbollah, the return of abducted Israeli
soldiers, the withdrawal of Israel from Lebanon, the prohibition of
weapons’ transfer and the deployment of Lebanese soldiers and an
enlarged United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in southern
Lebanon. As of October 2006, the Lebanese Army deployed southern
Lebanon and Israel withdrew its troops. However, the Hezbollah did not
disarm, in violation of the resolution. In fact, Hezbollah only continued to
strengthen its military buildup.
Two years later, on July 16th, 2008, the bodies of abducted soldiers
Regev and Goldwasser were returned to Israel as part of operation Thy
Sons Shall Return.
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The lessons of the 2006 Lebanon war were bound to be learnt.
Since the summer of 2006, the training of regular and reserve forces
have significantly improved. For example, the number of battalion
training sessions during 2007-2008 increased by 10 times since 2003.
The commanders’ ability to fulfill their overall responsibilities to cope with
various conflicts and complicated scenarios are improving. The balance
between operational planning and strategic design is stabilizing and IDF
Intelligence is more focused in its operational role, with emphasis on
targeting and terrain analysis.
The territorial commands are aware of their obligation to lead the
operational planning process in accordance with the GHQ and the
forces, and that synergy is a key factor in development, acquisition and
training techniques.
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Engineering corps exercise
Givati exercise
2006
The Peace Process
1948
1956
The Israel-Lebanon Negotiations: Beginning in February
1994, over a dozen rounds of bilateral talks were held
between
Israel
and
Lebanon
in of
the17,
framework
of the
Camp David
(September
1978):between
Following
Agreement
onAccords
Disengagement
Forces
Washington
But
thesest(October
negotiations
were
stalled.
In
Israel–Jordan
Peace
Treaty
26,
1994):
On
12 days
of talks.
secret
negotiations
at Camp
David,
IsraeliIsrael
and
Syria
(May
31
,
1974):
The
former
U.S
th,1994,
April
1998,
theRabin,
IsraeliHussein
government
adopted
a decision:
Egyptian
negotiations
led
to two
which
July
25
andagreements
Clinton
signed
thewere
Secretary
of
State,
Dr.
Henry
Kissinger,
spent
the
month
“accepting
UNDeclaration
Security
Council
Resolution
425,the
soThe
that the
signed at the
White
House.
The
first
involved
future
of
Washington
in
the
U.S.
capital.
of
May
1974
traveling
between
Jerusalem
and
IDF
will leave
Lebanon
with
appropriate
security
the Sinai
Peninsula,
militaryand
arrangements
– such
as
declaration
called
for
Israel
Jordan
to
end
the
Damascus,
trying
to
find
a
way
to
preserve
the
ceasefire
arrangements,
and
that the Lebanese
can
demilitarization
andsoand
limitations,
and
the government
Israeli-Egyptian
official
state
of
enmity
to
start
negotiations
in
order
which
signed
the
Kippur
War
and
restore
its effective
control
Southern
Lebanon
and
peace was
process.
Thefollowing
second,over
was Yom
a framework
agreement
to
achieve
an
“end
to
bloodshed
and
sorrow”
and
to
assume
responsibility
for
guaranteeing
that its Israel
territory
which
put
ana end
to for
thethe
hostilities
between
andwill
establishing
format
conduct of
negotiations.
These
attain
everlasting
peace.
The
peace
treaty
between
st, for
not
be used
aswere
a base
terrorist
activity
Israel”.
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Prime
minister,
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Rabin,
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redeploy
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forces
along
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Israeli-Lebanese
border
by
ultimately
be
interpreted
differently
by Israel,
Egypt
and the
function
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Nation
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In May
2000
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Jordanian
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Majali.
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President
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peace
includedPresident
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table.
Hezbollah’s armament.
1967
1969
1973
1982
1991
2006
The Israel-Palestinian Negotiations – The Oslo Accords:
1948
The Oslo Accords, or in their official name, The Declaration of Principles of Interim SelfGovernment Arrangement or Declaration of Principles (DOP), were the first direct
agreements between Israel and Palestinian political representatives. The articles were
agreed upon in Oslo, Norway, on August 20th 1993, and on September 13th a joint IsraeliPalestinian DOP, based on the agreement worked out in Oslo, was signed by the parties in
Washington. The DOP was signed in the presence of PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat, PM
Yitzhak Rabin and US President Bill Clinton. Mahmoud Abbas signed on behalf of the PLO,
Foreign Minister, Shimon Peres, signed on behalf of the State of Israel, Secretary of State,
Warren Christopher, signed on behalf of the US, and Foreign Minister, Andrei Kozyrev, signed
on behalf of Russia. The Oslo Accords were a framework for future relations between the two
parties, and stipulated the creation of a Palestinian Authority. Moreover, the Accords called for
the withdrawal of the IDF from parts of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank and affirmed a
Palestinian right of self-government within those areas. The Accords determined that until a
final status agreement was reached, the West Bank and Gaza Strip would be divided into
three security zones:
1. Area A – under complete control of the Palestinian Authority.
1956
1967
1969
1973
1982
2. Area B – under Palestinian civil control and Israeli security
control.
3. Area C – under complete Israeli control, not including
Palestinian civilians.
1991
2006
The Oslo II Agreement, signed on September 28th,1995, served as the interim Agreement
on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, provided the Palestinians with self rule in Bethlehem,
Hebron, Jenin, Nablus, Qalqilya, Tulkarem and approximately 450 villages.