Transcript Slide 1

Connection
•
•
•
Connect your learning to the
content of the lesson
Share the process by which the
learning will actually take place
Explore the outcomes of the
learning, emphasising why this will
be beneficial for the learner
Demonstration
• Use formative feedback – Assessment for
Learning
• Vary the groupings within the classroom
for the purpose of learning – individual;
pair; group/team; friendship; teacher
selected; single sex; mixed sex
• Offer different ways for the students to
demonstrate their understanding
• Allow the students to “show off” their
learning
Activation
Consolidation
• Construct problem-solving
challenges for the students
• Use a multi-sensory approach – VAK
• Promote a language of learning to
enable the students to talk about
their progress or obstacles to it
• Learning as an active process, so the
students aren’t passive receptors
• Structure active reflection on the lesson
content and the process of learning
• Seek transfer between “subjects”
• Review the learning from this lesson and
preview the learning for the next
• Promote ways in which the students will
remember
• A “news broadcast” approach to learning
Mr Powell 2012
Index
What does this stand for?
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“C1.2 Limestone and
Building”
Mr Powell 2012
C1.2 Limestone and Building
a) Limestone, mainly composed of the compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is
quarried and can be used as a building material.
b) Calcium carbonate can be decomposed by heating (thermal decomposition) to make
calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
c) The carbonates of magnesium, copper, zinc, calcium and sodium decompose on
heating in a similar way.
d) Calcium oxide reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide, which is an alkali that
can be used in the neutralisation of acids.
e) A solution of calcium hydroxide in water (limewater) reacts with carbon dioxide to
produce calcium carbonate. Limewater is used as a test for carbon dioxide. Carbon
dioxide turns limewater cloudy.
f) Carbonates react with acids to produce carbon dioxide, a salt and water. Limestone is
damaged by acid rain.
g) Limestone is heated with clay to make cement. Cement is mixed with sand to make
mortar and with sand and aggregate to make concrete.
Index
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Compounds....
The formula of a compound
shows the number and type of
atoms that are joined together to
make the compound i.e.
Calcium carbonate
TASK: Construct / Translate the
information you see to
match up the compounds,
then draw them out.
O
O
Ca
O
Calcium Oxide
C
O
Carbon dioxide
The names you see translate to
atoms and chemicals.
C/D
Ca
C
O
O
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a) Limestone, mainly composed of the compound calcium carbonate
(CaCO3), is quarried and can be used as a building material.
Limestone, containing the compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is
quarried and can be used as a building material.
Limestone and its products have many uses, including slaked lime,
mortar, cement, concrete and glass. (Video Glass blowing!)
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Making Glass….
Limestone, or calcium, is one of the three main
ingredients in almost all glass sold commercially; the
so called soda-lime-silicates.
In the soda-lime-silicate family, silica (SiO2) the
calcium makes the glass more chemically durable.
Without the calcium the glass would be susceptible
to chemical attack by water (weathering).
Without the Calcium the alkali at the surface would
react to the atmosphere (namely water) and the
surface would become hazy and degraded.
Adding Calcium, which is a much less mobile ion than
Sodium greatly reduces this surface interaction.
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What is this concept...
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b) Calcium carbonate can be decomposed by heating (thermal decomposition)
to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate, CaCO3. When it is heated, it
breaks down to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. This is called
“Thermal decomposition”. Limestone and its products have many uses,
including being used to make mortar, cement, concrete and glass
Calcium carbonate -> Calcium Oxide + Carbon dioxide
CaCO3(s)
-> CaO(s) + CO2(g)
TASK: Watch out for heating CuCO3
too strongly or it will spit!
Book page 36
1.
Draw a diagram to show what
happens?
2.
Also take a note of the formulae
in words and symbols.
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Carbonates Decomposition Summary
Carbonate
Colour before Colour after
heating
heating
Gas
evolved
Ease of
decomposition
Potassium
carbonate
white
white
none
very difficult
Sodium
carbonate
white
white
none
very difficult
Zinc carbonate
white
yellow when
hot, white
when cool
carbon
dioxide
fairly easy
Lead
carbonate
white
some melting
/ yellow
carbon
dioxide
fairly easy
Copper
carbonate
Green/blue
black
carbon
dioxide
easy
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Strong
bonds
Weak
bonds
Index
Carbonates Decomposition Summary
Carbonate
Colour before Colour after
heating
heating
Gas
evolved
Ease of
decomposition
Potassium
carbonate
white
white
none
very difficult
Sodium
carbonate
white
white
none
very difficult
Zinc carbonate
white
yellow when
hot, white
when cool
carbon
dioxide
fairly easy
Lead
carbonate
white
some melting
/ yellow
carbon
dioxide
fairly easy
Copper
carbonate
Green/blue
black
carbon
dioxide
easy
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Strong
bonds
Weak
bonds
Index
b) Calcium carbonate can be decomposed by heating (thermal
decomposition) to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
On an industrial scale the process can be
achieved using a large rotary kiln.
The whole kiln turns as it “cooks” limestone
which has a supply of hot air. Calcium oxide
(Lime) comes of the bottom of the kiln.
Waste gases leave through the top.
TASK: Using the diagram
and formulae explain
how it works. Use a
diagram, bullet points
and formulae as
B/C
required.
CO2(g)
Air + carbon dioxide
Whole kiln rotates
CaCO3
Hot air
Lime out CaO(s)
Calcium carbonate -> Calcium Oxide + Carbon dioxide
CaCO3(s) -> CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Book page 37
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a) In the Quarry....
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Exploiting Limestone
Write an article considering and evaluating the
environmental, social and economic effects of
exploiting limestone and producing building
materials from it. (i.e. Concrete, road building,
agriculture)
You will need to research the topic by reading about
on the internet or from books in the local library.
Use search terms like;
“limestone pavements” or “limestone and its uses”
As an alternative answer the questions on page 44 in
the book.
Book page 44
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c) The carbonates of magnesium, copper, zinc, calcium and sodium decompose on
heating in a similar way. – self study
How easy it is to extract metals from their
carbonate ores depends on how easily metal
carbonates decompose.
In order to decide which metals can be obtained
in this way, a student has planned the following
experiment to compare how easily some metal
carbonates decomposed.
From this he could work out an order for the
carbonates, from least stable to most stable.
He used carbonates of magnesium, copper, zinc,
calcium and sodium.
He was told that most metal carbonates
decompose on heating, releasing carbon dioxide
and that carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy.
The carbonate that takes the least time to turn
the limewater cloudy is the least stable.
Book page 38
Complete your
worksheet...
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Work out the sentences...
S
ed
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e) A solution of calcium hydroxide in water (limewater) reacts with carbon
dioxide to produce calcium carbonate. Limewater is used as a test for
carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy.
TASK: Conduct the
exp, then draw a
story board for
what you did to
describe your
method.
Book page 40
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Mini –Test – match them up
Common
Name
Chemical Name
Symbol Name
Use
limestone
a)
b)
c)
Quick lime
Calcium Oxide
CaO
Lime water (Roman
times)
d)
Calcium Hydroxide
(Alkali)
e)
f)
2) Calcium Carbonate
5) Paving and
decoration (cement
1) CaCO3
when added to clay)
4) Cleaning
products or
detection of CO2
gas
6) Ca(OH)2
3) limewater
Answers….
Self
Assess
1) b
2) a
3) d
4) f
5) c
6) e
X/6
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Mini –Test - Answers
Common
Name
Chemical Name
Symbol Name
Use
limestone
Calcium Carbonate
CaCO3
Quick lime
Calcium Oxide
CaO
Lime water (Roman
times)
limewater
Calcium Hydroxide
(Alkali)
Ca(OH)2
Cleaning products or
detection of CO2 gas
Paving and decoration
(cement when added to
clay)
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e) Reactions....
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d) Calcium oxide reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide, which is an
alkali that can be used in the neutralisation of acids.
This idea is more simple than it
seems. If you heat a limestone
chip (calcium carbonate) it
loses CO2 from its structure so
becomes CaO (calcium oxide)
or quicklime
TASK: Draw out the
flow chart in
your own form...
C/D
Then you add water H2O and it
forms calcium hydroxide. We
call this slaked lime.
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g) Limestone is heated with clay to make cement. Cement is mixed with
sand to make mortar and with sand and aggregate to make concrete.
TASK: Use the flowchart to tell another person about how we get from one chemical to
another.
Write a sequence for how...
1. Limestone forms mortar
2. Quicklime forms lime mortar
3. Limestone makes concrete
Book page 42
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Cycle...
This process can in fact be turned into a simple cycle.
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere or from industrial
combustion processes react with hydrated lime to convert it back to
limestone.
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Fill in the blanks
Limestone
CaCO3
Limestone
CaCO3
Slacked Lime
Ca(OH)2
Quicklime /
Calcium Oxide
CaCO
Book page 36
Quicklime /
Calcium Oxide
CaCO
Slacked Lime
Ca(OH)2
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f) Carbonates react with acids to produce carbon dioxide, a salt and water.
Limestone is damaged by acid rain.
Carbonates react with acids to produce
carbon dioxide, a salt and water. For
example:
calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → carbon dioxide + calcium chloride + water
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CO2 + CaCl2 + H2O
Since limestone is mostly calcium carbonate,
it is damaged by acid rain.
Sodium carbonate, magnesium carbonate,
zinc carbonate and copper carbonate also
react with acids.
They fizz when in contact with acids, and the
carbon dioxide released can be detected
using limewater.
TASK: Use the information here to
explain why acid rain is an
issue for limestone statues,
include the equations in your
answer.
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Making Concrete Blocks
Here are some examples of types
of brick or blocks that can now be
cast in concrete rather than
pressed in clay.
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More on Concrete Blocks
The most common size of solid concrete blocks
is 300x200x150mm. The basic raw material is
cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate.
Very little water is used. This is possible only with
mechanised compaction and vibration and gives
the block high quality in spite of the lean mix,
which uses very little cement. Weight of a
concrete block is about 18-19 kg.
Concrete blocks can be surface engineered by
using pieces of stone or ceramic waste on their
face. Another common type is hollow concrete
blocks. They are made with a richer mix, but offer
a number of advantages, such as lighter weight,
easier handling and facility for conducting or
reinforcement through the hollows.
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Quick Summary….
Limestone is made up
of the shells of
millennia old dead sea
creatures.
Layers of these built
up over millions of
years, and were
squashed together
until they formed
limestone.
This means it is a
sedimentary rock
When limestone is
heated with clay it
forms cement, a
substance that sets
gradually when it
reacts with water.
Cement can be
made into mortar
by adding sand and
water.
Mortar is used to
set the bricks in
walls, as when it
dries it acts as an
adhesive between
the bricks.
Cement can also be
made into concrete
by adding water,
sand and small
stones or gravel.
Concrete is used
for all kinds of
building work,
including paths,
walls and large
buildings.
Learn this flowchart
of information
Copy and colour
code!
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Carbon Steel Reinforcing...
Steel with a low carbon content has properties
similar to iron.
As the carbon content rises, the metal becomes
harder and stronger but less ductile and more
difficult to weld.
In general, higher carbon content lowers the
melting point and its temperature resistance.
The carbon content influences the yield strength
of steel because carbon atoms fit into the crystal
lattice of the metal (BCC) and it turn hardens the
iron. We call the carbon mixture a “carbon steel
alloy”.
TASK: Interpret and make a
note of this key point in
your book.
D-E
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Exam Question
The diagram shows some reinforced concrete. Which one of
the following is the best material to use to reinforce concrete?
1. cast iron
2. low carbon steel
3. high carbon steel
4. stainless steel
HT Nov 07
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True or False
1.
Lime mortar can set under water.
2.
The Roman method for making underwater mortar was used in
the seventeenth century.
3.
Portland cement is a mixture.
4.
Concrete is poor at resisting compressive forces.
5.
Concrete is poor at resisting tension.
6.
Slacked lime is Ca(OH)2.
7.
Marble is a form of limestone.
8.
CaO is the formula for calcium oxide
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/limestone/
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Index
F
T
T
F
T
T
T
T
Fill in the blanks
TASK: Copy & Complete
calcium carbonate (
Limestone is mostly made of ………………
CaCO3
whose chemical formula is …………..)
As well as being used to produce blocks of building
cement
material, limestone can be used to produce ……………,
glass that can also be used in
concrete and……………..
………………..
building.
The process of converting calcium carbonate to
decomposition
calcium oxide is called thermal
......... ......................
thermal CaCO3 calcium decomposition
concrete glass
cement
Mr Powell 2012
D/E
Index
Exam Question
The flow diagram shows what happens when a sample of limestone
is strongly heated, and water is then added to the solid product.
Match substances;
A. calcium carbonate
B. calcium hydroxide
C. calcium oxide
D. carbon dioxide
FT Nov 07
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C1.2 Limestone and Building Sheet 1
Exam Question (FT)…
The flow diagram shows what happens when
a sample of limestone is strongly heated, and
water is then added to the solid product.
Match substances;
Limestone is mostly made of ……………… carbonate (
whose chemical formula is …………..)
As well as being used to produce blocks of building
material, limestone can be used to produce
……………, ……………….. and…………….. that can also be
used in building.
The process of converting calcium carbonate to
calcium oxide is called ......... ......................
Thermal CaCO3 calcium Decomposition
cement concrete glass
A.
calcium carbonate
B.
calcium hydroxide
C.
calcium oxide
D.
carbon dioxide
C1.2 Limestone and Building Sheet 1
Exam Question (FT)…
The flow diagram shows what happens when
a sample of limestone is strongly heated, and
water is then added to the solid product.
Match substances;
Limestone is mostly made of ……………… carbonate (
whose chemical formula is …………..)
As well as being used to produce blocks of building
material, limestone can be used to produce
……………, ……………….. and…………….. that can also be
used in building.
The process of converting calcium carbonate to
calcium oxide is called ......... ......................
Thermal CaCO3 calcium Decomposition
cement concrete glass
A.
calcium carbonate
B.
calcium hydroxide
C.
calcium oxide
D.
carbon dioxide
C1.2 Limestone and Building Sheet 2 - Homework
Complete and explain these two equations, the information is on the web link below....
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CO2 + CaCl2 + H2O
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/limestone/
C1.2 Limestone and Building Sheet 2 - Homework
Complete and explain these two equations the information is on the web link below....
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CO2 + CaCl2 + H2O
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/limestone/
Ideal Revision Notes...
Mr Powell 2012
Index
C1.2 Limestone and Building
a) Limestone, mainly composed of the
compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is
quarried and can be used as a building
material.
b) Calcium carbonate can be decomposed
by heating (thermal decomposition) to
make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
c) The carbonates of magnesium, copper,
zinc, calcium and sodium decompose on
heating in a similar way.
d) Calcium oxide reacts with water to
produce calcium hydroxide, which is an
alkali that can be used in the
neutralisation of acids.
C1.2 Limestone and Building
a) Limestone, mainly composed of the
compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is
quarried and can be used as a building
material.
b) Calcium carbonate can be decomposed
by heating (thermal decomposition) to
make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
c) The carbonates of magnesium, copper,
zinc, calcium and sodium decompose on
heating in a similar way.
d) Calcium oxide reacts with water to
produce calcium hydroxide, which is an
alkali that can be used in the
neutralisation of acids.
e) A solution of calcium hydroxide in water
(limewater) reacts with carbon dioxide to
produce calcium carbonate. Limewater is
used as a test for carbon dioxide. Carbon
dioxide turns limewater cloudy.
e) A solution of calcium hydroxide in
water (limewater) reacts with carbon
dioxide to produce calcium carbonate.
Limewater is used as a test for carbon
dioxide. Carbon dioxide turns limewater
cloudy.
f) Carbonates react with acids to produce
carbon dioxide, a salt and water.
Limestone is damaged by acid rain.
f) Carbonates react with acids to produce
carbon dioxide, a salt and water.
Limestone is damaged by acid rain.
g) Limestone is heated with clay to make
cement. Cement is mixed with sand to
make mortar and with sand and aggregate
to make concrete.
g) Limestone is heated with clay to make
cement. Cement is mixed with sand to
make mortar and with sand and
aggregate to make concrete.
C1.2 Limestone and Building
a) Limestone, mainly composed of the
compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is
quarried and can be used as a building
material.
b) Calcium carbonate can be decomposed
by heating (thermal decomposition) to
make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
c) The carbonates of magnesium, copper,
zinc, calcium and sodium decompose on
heating in a similar way.
d) Calcium oxide reacts with water to
produce calcium hydroxide, which is an
alkali that can be used in the
neutralisation of acids.
e) A solution of calcium hydroxide in water
(limewater) reacts with carbon dioxide to
produce calcium carbonate. Limewater is
used as a test for carbon dioxide. Carbon
dioxide turns limewater cloudy.
f) Carbonates react with acids to produce
carbon dioxide, a salt and water.
Limestone is damaged by acid rain.
g) Limestone is heated with clay to make
cement. Cement is mixed with sand to
make mortar and with sand and aggregate
to make concrete.
Page 47 Exam Style Questions…
1 calcium carbonate, carbon dioxide, calcium oxide, calcium
hydroxide
(4 marks)
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Index
Page 47 Exam Style Questions…
2 a sodium carbonate (1 mark)
b zinc carbonate (1 mark)
c copper carbonate (1 mark)
d calcium carbonate
Carbonate
Potassium
carbonate
Sodium
carbonate
Zinc carbonate
Lead
carbonate
Copper
carbonate
Strong
bonds
(1 mark)
Colour before Colour after
heating
heating
Gas
evolved
Ease of
decomposition
white
white
none
very difficult
white
white
none
very difficult
carbon
dioxide
fairly easy
white
white
Green/blue
yellow when
hot, white
when cool
some melting
/ yellow
black
carbon
dioxide
carbon
dioxide
fairly easy
easy
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Weak
bonds
Index
Page 47 Exam Style Questions…
3 reacts, produces, escapes, dissolves
(4 marks)
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Page 47 Exam Style Questions…
4 a carbon dioxide
(1 mark)
b i calcium hydroxide
(1 mark)
ii Calcium hydroxide is made when calcium oxide reacts with water and this
is alkaline/turns UI purple OR calcium carbonate/limestone does not react with
water/is neutral and would give a green colour with UI.
(2 marks)
c i It is or contains calcium carbonate.
(1
mark)
ii No – because some limestone/calcium carbonate remained OR not all of
the limestone/calcium carbonate decomposed on heating.
(1 mark)
d CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl → CaCl2+ 2H2O
marks)
(3
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Index