Transcript How organizations use ICT?

Chapter 2
By: Mr. Latibeaudiere
The following presentation will provide
information regarding the use of technology.
First of all it explains control systems and
issues about workplace such as teleworking.
In addition, it covers advertising methods
which can easily be acomplished by the use of
websites, videoconferencing, multimedia
presentation and many other. The way ICT is
used in teaching and learning and data
management.
A control system is one that uses microprocessors
or computers to control certain physical
conditions, either keeping them the same over
a period of time or varying them according to
pre-defined values and lengths of time.
Examples
Air- conditioning systems
Car -manufacture
Refrigeration
Central heating
system
Process control
Medical applications
An air- conditioning is a closed system of copper tubes in the form of coils
containing a chemical liquid called the refrigerant that can easily be converted to a
gas and back to a liquid again. Most systems also have a temperature sensor in
each of the rooms where the system operates.
The refrigeration process works on much the same
principle as air conditioning. The main inputs are
• Temperature sensor: to monitor the temperature
inside the refrigerator.
• A contact switch or pressure sensor: for the door
and a number pad or similar device to input the
required temperature.
Central-heating systems use water as the medium to get heat
from the central source to all of the areas to be heated. The
main parts of a central-heating system consists of a boiler, a
hot water cylinder, a pump and some radiators.
The radiators are metal panels that are fixed to the wall in
the rooms that need heating.
Car manufactures are composed by computer-controlled robots
which are used in various manufacturing industries. A popular
type of motor for robotic use is a stepper motor. A common one
is a gripper, which acts like a hand: for example, it can be used
to hold a part of the car body, so that the robot arm can move
to somewhere else. The types of end effectors used in car
manufacture are:
•Cameras to inspect work
•Spray guns to paint the car body
•Welding guns to weld parts of the car body together
•Drills to make holes in the car body
Computer control is used in two major medical applications-intensive
care and surgery- but both still required human intervention.
Intensive care
Patients are monitored through the use of sensors. The use of sensors
and computers makes the process more accurate and the computer can
monitor the health of several patients simultaneously, thus enabling
nurses to carry out other tasks.
Surgery
Robotic surgery is an extension of keyhole surgery that involves using
robotic arms and cameras inside the patients body. The benefits are that
the work is more accurate, but the surgeon is in complete control.
Process control is the use of computers or microprocessors to control
a process. Is used in oil refining. There are 3 types of processing
control
•Batch process control: this is used in processes where specific
amounts of raw materials are combined together and mixed for a
certain length of time.
• Continuous process control: this refers to processes that appear to
be unending, for example the maintaining of temperature in confined
surroundings.
•Discrete process control: This is when specific items are produce. It is
likened to an on/off or start process/stop.
(PLC) Programmable logic controller is a type of computer
or microcomputer that is used for a single purpose. This is a
proportional-integral-derivative(PID). These are used with
closed-loop control systems. PID is the best way of
accomplish this and is found in many versions of control
software.
(EWT) Embedded web technology is a technology
developed by NASA so that experiments in outer space
could be conducted by authorized personnel anywhere in
the world.
This section covers the use of ICT and how it has changed patterns of working.
Home working or teleworking: is another name for working from home. This is
done with help of technology. Teleworkers can stay in contact with the office
using a broadband connection or a virtual private network. In order to work
from home, a teleworker needs:
1. A PC with Internet access
2. Access to e-mail
3. A fax machine
4. A landline phone
5. A mobile phone
6. A printer/photocopier
Most managers needing to make the decisions as to whether an employees
should be allowed to work from home consider the following types of
employment to be very suitable as a book editing, etc.
Teleworking is another name for working from home. When a person teleworks,
it means that some or all of the work they d. The number of people working
from homo is done at home using modern technology using ICT devices and
systems have made it easier for jobs that used to be done in an office to be
carried out at home. Teleworkers can stay in contact with the office using
broadband connection or a virtual private network. Workers involved in any of
these will need to have work-processing and web-browsing software. These
help them to feel part of the team. The mangers would also probably wish
workers to use time management and project management software.
When an employee is working away from their normal location. This typically
involves a member of staff using a portable device such as laptop or PDA away
from the office. For example, a salesman working on the road or home based
working. For any of these groups of workers, remote access services are
available. These allow them to access the desktop on their own PC when they
are away from home or the office.
Some are based on what is best for the company and
some are at the request of the workers. There is also the
feeling that data is not safe or confidential if it is being
transmitted outside the company. They look forward to
chatting with their colleagues during their breaks. A
number are also fearful for their jobs, feeling that if they
are out of the normal daily office routine they might be
easier to lay off when the company is looking to make
redundancies.
A videoconferencing is the electronic equivalent to a conventional conference
usually held in a conference suite, sometimes call a face to face conference. The
essential components of a videoconference are:
1. A standard PC with mouse and keyboard
2. Monitor
3. Speakers
4. A network connection
5. A webcam
6. A microphone
7. Videoconferencing software
There are two main types of videoconferences: each person has individual access
to the conference; groups are involved rather than individuals.
This is linking together of several people on a phone line so that they can
have a collective conversation. It is possible to hold this conferences using
mobile phones , landline telephones or voice over the internet
protocol(VOIP- the used of phones connected to computers to the internet)
but each participant must have a touchtone phone. The person who is
organizing the conference is giving two pins by the phone company one is
their personal pin and the other is the participant pin. The organizer then
contacts all the people who are going to be involved in the conference and
tells them the participant pin and the agreed time and date and the
conference.
Instant messaging is the exchange of text messages between two or more people
logged into a particular instant messaging service. It is an interactive service, as
people can reply immediately to others logged into the same system. It requires a
username and a password. It is better than e-mail because messages are send on
seconds or even minutes. If the contact happens to be online at the same time
they can reply, leading into a conversation.
Fax is a short for facsimile transmission. A fax machine is connected
to a phone line. A document is scanned and then transmitted
through phone lines to another fax machine that then printed out.
Although many uses of fax are being replaced by the use of e-mail
and other internet services the fax still used in a number of ways.
The publishers send copies of their newspapers by fax to this plants
to this plants using fax via satellite
Electronic faxing is the modern version since manual faxing. For example,
there are systems that use the internet for faxing . Instead of printing out a
document and faxing it using a fax machine, the user prints the document
directly to fax software, which uses the modem or broadband to send the
fax
Many companies and organizations used advertising to promote their products or
services. A variety of media are used for advertising including billboards, cinema,
advertising flyers, magazines, newspapers, posters, radio, the sides of buses
television programmes, video games and the worldwide web. Many of these can
be considered to be ICT media.
Product advertising of a specific product. Product advertising is all about
advertising one item: might be a specific model of car, but not the whole
range of cars the company sells. The target audience is identified and an
advertising campaign that will appeal to that type of audience is created.
In order for a business to become well known so that it can make money it
needs to advertise itself. As for product advertising, the company needs to
identified the type of costumer that it wants to attract. For example, if it sells
purses that are mainly aimed at the wealthy, then it will want to advertise
itself as an up market company.
The service industry involves, as its name implies, services rather
than goods being provided to the costumer. Examples of services
industries are:
•Insurance
•Government
•Tourism
•Banking
•Education
•Social services
The approach to advertising services is much the same as
advertising businesses.
Methods of advertising
Websites
Advertising on other people’s websites
Getting into an online directory
Multimedia presentations
Flyers
Posters
All aspects of the above types of advertising require the use of some or
all of the following methods.
Websites
One way of advertising is for an organist ion to have its own website.
Web designers are employed who will produce a website to the
organizations specification using a web authoring package. Designers will
use a variety of devices to create the website:
•Scanners to input hard copy pictures such as photographs
•Microphones to input voiceovers
•Speakers so that they can check the sound input has been successful and
is of sufficient quality
Advertising on other peoples websites
A cheaper alternative may be to advertise on
existing websites. Many websites allow other
organizations to advertise on their site. Another
method is pop-up advertising where little
windows suddenly appear on top of the web page
when a user accesses it.
1. Although these are an integral part of some websites, many
multimedia presentations can also be used on purpose-built display
monitors placed strategic locations. The presentation is produced
using presentation software and makes use of the normal features of
multimedia.
• Sound/music
• Video
• Animation
• Text
• Images
• Hyperlinks.
• There are other features that can be also included such as slide
transition effects, special text effects, image transition and so on.
A flyer is usually a single-page leaflet. It can be used to
advertise an event or a service. Flyers are generally used by
individuals or small businesses. Many are produced by the
individual or small business using their own PCs and printers.
A flyer doesn’t take very long to produce using desktoppublishing packages also come with a library or clipart.
A poster is a large printed piece of paper used to advertise products or
services. Due to their size, they have to be printed by professional printers.
Posters can be used to produce to advertise a local event or can be used by
larger national organisations to advertise a product or service.
Contains information that can be found on the new master file and
also information form the transaction file. The create the paylips, the above
information is linked to the transaction file containing the employee number
and hours worked. Also financial reports.
Technical and customer support
Many companies that offer customer support do so through the use of call
centres.
Art and design work
A wide range of activities when producing art and design work. For examples:
CD and DVD covers, posters, books and magazines are published.
Paylips
2.4 Use of ICT in teaching and learning
Learning technology covers all aspects of the use
of computers, including:
• CAI-computer-aided instruction
• CAL-computer-aided learning
• CBL-computer-based learning
• CBT-computer-based training
• CMC-computer-mediated communications
• CAA-computer-aided assessment
2.5 Use of ICT in publishing
This section will look at how the use of computers
and ICT has influence the way that publishers
produce a variety of publications. To do this
they need to:
• Typesetting
• Transmitting completed pages
• Computerized plate making
• Printing
2.6 Use of ICT in time
management
The ability to manage the time people spend on
tasks or project is probably the most important
part of achieving success in work. It has become
very important to many organizations that their
workers manage their time effectively.
Approaches to good time management
The better application of time management makes
an organization more profitable.
Practice these features of time management:
• Identifying short-and long term targets
• Prioritizing
• Planning
• Decision making
• Use of ICT
Use of software in time management
There are several time management software and
packages that can help with various time
management tasks like:
• Organizing meeting times
• Arranging workload
• Research and development projects
• Construction project management
2.7 Use of ICT in data management
A database is a collection of related data.
A database management system (DBMS) is the
software used to manage a database system. It
manage:
• The structure of each data files
• The relation between data items and files
• How the data is interrogated
• The properties of the database
Sequential files
In a sequential file, records are stored one after
the other, in which they were added to the
storage medium, usually magnetic tape.
Indexed sequential and random
access files
This is stored in order, ordinary it can be stored
on tape or disk to enable some form of direct
access.
Hierarchical database management systems
Hierarchical DBMS are no longer used as a form
of file management to any extent, it use a treelike structure.
Relational database system
Relational database system consists of a number
of separate tables that are related in some way.
It is possible to select different fields from each
table for output, using the key field as a
reference point.
Network database management
system
Network DBMS were developed to overcome a
lot of the faults of the hierarchical type.
2.8 Payroll applications
Payroll systems normally involve the use of batch
processing. Usually means that the files are
stored on separate magnetic tapes. There are
two data files involved:
• Master files
• Transaction files
Pays lips
The payslips contains information that can be
found on the new master file and also
information from the transaction file.
Financial reports
Most payroll software has a report generator
facility that provides detailed payroll listings
and exception reporting.
2.9 Technical and customer support
Many companies that offer customer support do
so through the use of call centers. So there is a
need for many operators to be accessing the
same line at the same time and the computer
telephony integration (CTI) software can help us.
2.10 Art and design work
ICT is used in a wide range of activities when
producing art and design work. Most companies
that deal with this type of work use computers
with large storage capacities and graphics
software.
After writing this presentation and learning a lot about technology we use
daily it has made me acquire knowledge which will be useful for many
things for example a job or school. Teleworking is an effective tool for
organizations looking for a competitive edge in today’s market. By having an
employer with the ability to handle and have skilled workers, providing
satisfaction and productivity, and being more efficient in the many tasks
that need to be performed. The ways, machines and technology used for
this were mentioned previously.
AS and A level Applied ICT by Brian Thomas
Sargent and Graham Brown
The previous information was taken from Ict book AS Level Applied ICT
And the images from the internet page Google. The following inks were
used to take the images.
•http://www.google.com/images?hl=es&q=home%20working&um=1&ie=UTF8&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi
•http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://startupblog.files.wordpress.com
/2008/08/advertisingcreative.jpg&imgrefurl=http://startupblog.wordpress.com/2008/08/23/truth-inadvertising/&usg=__E8ZVlh3Q8mCq68UYkWZCeOBX7pE=&h=462&w=575&sz=4
2&hl=es&start=5&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=vnaa29aoLEnfTM:&tbnh=108&tbnw=13
4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dadvertising%26um%3D1%26hl%3Des%26tbs%3Disch:
1
•http://www.kgadamssra.com/graphics/clipart/fax.jpg