FILOSOFIE VAN DE AI
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Transcript FILOSOFIE VAN DE AI
Professor dr. J. J. Meyer
Menno Lievers
WHAT IS THINKING?
Conceptual problem?
Empirical problem?
What is the task of philosophy?
Is philosophy a science?
Conceptual problem?
Solution: conceptual analysis (Bennett & Hacker)
Empirical problem?
No point in doing philosophy. Do research!
The problem
Jonathan Bennett, Rationality (1964!)
Honey-bees
Descartes (1596-1650)
Dualism of mind and body
Extension is the essence of body
Thinking is the essence of mind
Descartes on thought
Thinking occurs with the aid of ideas (Language of
thought…)
Ideas are innate (inborn)
Methodological solipsism - one can describe what a
subject thinks by taking into account the thinking
subject in isolation from his/her environment
Epistemological internalism: a subject can only be said
to know that P, iff she can justify P
Locke (1632 - 1704)
No innate ideas (à la connectionism…)
Thinking is a mental act, not the essence of the mind
Thinking requires perception
Kant (1724 - 1804)
Synthesis of Descartes and Locke
‘Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions
without concepts are blind.’
Copernican turn: the way we perceive reality is a
product of our thoughts (thus Harnad’s grounding
problem…)
Frege (1848 - 1925)
Linguïstic idealism: the way we perceive reality is a
product of our language
Thoughts are linguistic
Dummett (1925 - )
The Basic Tenet of Analytical Philosophy
An account of language does not presuppose an
account of thought
An account of language yields an account of
thought
There is no other adequate means by which an
account of thought may be given
Thoughts are linguistic
The structure of our thoughts equals the structure of
sentences of our language
The normative rule we ought follow in thinking are the
rules of our language
Thinking obeys the rules of logic
‘What is meaning?’ becomes the central question in
philosophy.
What is meaning?
Meaning resides in your head (Descartes, Locke)
Meaning is a relation between words and things in
reality
Putnam’s Twin-earth
Earth: water is H2O
Twin-earth: water is XYZ
What is the meaning of ‘water’?
What do twins think about?
Semantic externalism
Externalism
Semantic externalism: after having been baptized
reality determines whether a word has been used
correctly or not
Externalism in the philosophy of mind: the content of
thoughts is determined by the environment of the
thinker
Epistemological externalism: we can attribute
possession of knowledge that P to a subject whether
she can justify P or not
The ontology of the mind
Dualism
Materialism
Advantages of dualism
Free will
Rationality and normativity
Creativity
Inner experience
Qualitative aspects of perception
Objections to dualism
Causal interaction between body and mind
Mental causation?
What is a mental substance?
Materialism
Identitytheory
Grandma’s neuron
Pain = the firing of C-fibers
Leibniz’s Law:
(x)((x=y)-->(F)(Fx<-->Fy))
Token-token materialism
Multiple realisibility
Supervenience
Emergence
Putnam’s machine functionalism
Turing machine
Functional description
Identity mental state determined by input, relations
with other mental states, and output
Antireductionism: psychology remains an autonomous
science
Problems for functionalism
Qualia
Chinese room
Inverted spectrum
Absent qualia
Chinese people (functional characterization of mental
states too wide)
Develoments after functionalism
Computational model of thoughts
Language of thought hypothesis
Modularity of mind
Rise of subpersonal psychology
Modules
Domainspecific
Mandatory operation
Limited central access
Input systems are fast
Shallow output
Typical diseaseprocesses
Informationally encapsulated
Specific neural structure
Rise subpersonal psychology
Subdoxastic states
Modules
Implicit knowledge
Back to meaning
Theory of meaning is a theory of understanding
Consequence: Philosophy of language is imbedded in
the philosophy of mind
Meaning is being analysed as a ‘way of thinking’
Gareth Evans
Externalism
Generality constraint: you can only attribute to a
thinking subject possession of the concept F, if and
only if he or she cannot only entertain the thought that
Fa, but also that Fb
Non-conceptual content
Back to ontology:
eliminative materialism
Scientific realism
Impossibility of inter-theoretical reduction
Theory-ladenness of perception
Meaning-holism
Folk-psychology is a false theory
Consequences for AI:
1. Symbol System Hypothesis
Employ a rich, recursive compositional language to
represent reality
Build an adequate representation of reality within
a universal symbol system
Use input to construct representations of the
environment in response to stimuli
Process input (possibly into output)
Output is a symbolic representation of adequate,
suitable responses to the input
Philosophical presuppositions of
the SSH
Internalism
Token-token materialism?
Thinking is symbolmanipulation
Innate representations?
Methodological dualism
Thinking normative/logical?
Connectionist systems
Connectionist systems
Adaptive (empirism)
Thoughts are not propositional (compositional)
Externalism?
Normativity of thinking?
Biologically real?
No innate mental properties/knowledge?
AI versus Neurofilosofie
Intelligence is a biological phenomenon
Representation is a product of our biological
constitution
Biological materialism
‘Hard’ AI presupposes supervenience and that is
nonsense
COURSE SET-UP
MAPPING GREAT DEBATES:
CAN COMPUTERS THINK?
WEB-SITE:
http://www.macrovu.com/CCTGeneralInfo.html
SEVEN QUESTIONS
1.
CAN COMPUTERS THINK?
SEVEN QUESTIONS
CAN COMPUTERS THINK?
2. CAN THE TURING-TEST DETERMINE WHETHER
COMPUTERS CAN THINK?
1.
SEVEN QUESTIONS
CAN COMPUTERS THINK?
2. CAN THE TURING-TEST DETERMINE WHETHER
COMPUTERS CAN THINK?
3. CAN PHYSICAL SYMBOL SYSTEMS THINK?
1.
SEVEN QUESTIONS
CAN COMPUTERS THINK?
2. CAN THE TURING-TEST DETERMINE WHETHER
COMPUTERS CAN THINK?
3. CAN PHYSICAL SYMBOL SYSTEMS THINK?
4. CAN CHINESE ROOMS THINK?
1.
SEVEN QUESTIONS
CAN COMPUTERS THINK?
2. CAN THE TURING-TEST DETERMINE WHETHER
COMPUTERS CAN THINK?
3. CAN PHYSICAL SYMBOL SYSTEMS THINK?
4. CAN CHINESE ROOMS THINK?
1.
SEVEN QUESTIONS
5’. CAN CONNECTIONIST NETWORKS THINK?
SEVEN QUESTIONS
5’. CAN CONNECTIONIST NETWORKS THINK?
5’’.CAN COMPUTERS THINK IN IMAGES?
SEVEN QUESTIONS
5’. CAN CONNECTIONIST NETWORKS THINK?
5’’.CAN COMPUTERS THINK IN IMAGES?
6. DO COMPUTERS HAVE TO BE CONSCIOUS TO
THINK?
SEVEN QUESTIONS
5’. CAN CONNECTIONIST NETWORKS THINK?
5’’.CAN COMPUTERS THINK IN IMAGES?
6. DO COMPUTERS HAVE TO BE CONSCIOUS TO
THINK?
7. ARE THINKING COMPUTERS MATHEMATICALLY
POSSIBLE?