Transcript FILOSOFIE VAN DE AI

Professor dr. J. J. Meyer
Menno Lievers
WHAT IS THINKING?
 Conceptual problem?
 Empirical problem?
 What is the task of philosophy?
 Is philosophy a science?
Conceptual problem?
 Solution: conceptual analysis (Bennett & Hacker)
Empirical problem?
 No point in doing philosophy. Do research!
The problem
 Jonathan Bennett, Rationality (1964!)
 Honey-bees
Descartes (1596-1650)
 Dualism of mind and body
 Extension is the essence of body
 Thinking is the essence of mind
Descartes on thought
 Thinking occurs with the aid of ideas (Language of
thought…)
 Ideas are innate (inborn)
 Methodological solipsism - one can describe what a
subject thinks by taking into account the thinking
subject in isolation from his/her environment
 Epistemological internalism: a subject can only be said
to know that P, iff she can justify P
Locke (1632 - 1704)
 No innate ideas (à la connectionism…)
 Thinking is a mental act, not the essence of the mind
 Thinking requires perception
Kant (1724 - 1804)
 Synthesis of Descartes and Locke
 ‘Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions
without concepts are blind.’
 Copernican turn: the way we perceive reality is a
product of our thoughts (thus Harnad’s grounding
problem…)
Frege (1848 - 1925)
 Linguïstic idealism: the way we perceive reality is a
product of our language
 Thoughts are linguistic
Dummett (1925 - )
 The Basic Tenet of Analytical Philosophy
 An account of language does not presuppose an
account of thought
 An account of language yields an account of
thought
 There is no other adequate means by which an
account of thought may be given
Thoughts are linguistic
 The structure of our thoughts equals the structure of
sentences of our language
 The normative rule we ought follow in thinking are the
rules of our language
 Thinking obeys the rules of logic
 ‘What is meaning?’ becomes the central question in
philosophy.
What is meaning?
 Meaning resides in your head (Descartes, Locke)
 Meaning is a relation between words and things in
reality
Putnam’s Twin-earth
 Earth: water is H2O
 Twin-earth: water is XYZ
 What is the meaning of ‘water’?
 What do twins think about?
 Semantic externalism
Externalism
 Semantic externalism: after having been baptized
reality determines whether a word has been used
correctly or not
 Externalism in the philosophy of mind: the content of
thoughts is determined by the environment of the
thinker
 Epistemological externalism: we can attribute
possession of knowledge that P to a subject whether
she can justify P or not
The ontology of the mind
 Dualism
 Materialism
Advantages of dualism
 Free will
 Rationality and normativity
 Creativity
 Inner experience
 Qualitative aspects of perception
Objections to dualism
 Causal interaction between body and mind
 Mental causation?
 What is a mental substance?
Materialism
 Identitytheory
 Grandma’s neuron
 Pain = the firing of C-fibers
 Leibniz’s Law:
(x)((x=y)-->(F)(Fx<-->Fy))
Token-token materialism
 Multiple realisibility
 Supervenience
 Emergence
Putnam’s machine functionalism
 Turing machine
 Functional description
 Identity mental state determined by input, relations
with other mental states, and output
 Antireductionism: psychology remains an autonomous
science
Problems for functionalism
 Qualia
 Chinese room
 Inverted spectrum
 Absent qualia
 Chinese people (functional characterization of mental
states too wide)
Develoments after functionalism
 Computational model of thoughts
 Language of thought hypothesis
 Modularity of mind
 Rise of subpersonal psychology
Modules
 Domainspecific
 Mandatory operation
 Limited central access
 Input systems are fast
 Shallow output
 Typical diseaseprocesses
 Informationally encapsulated
 Specific neural structure
Rise subpersonal psychology
 Subdoxastic states
 Modules
 Implicit knowledge
Back to meaning
 Theory of meaning is a theory of understanding
 Consequence: Philosophy of language is imbedded in
the philosophy of mind
 Meaning is being analysed as a ‘way of thinking’
Gareth Evans
 Externalism
 Generality constraint: you can only attribute to a
thinking subject possession of the concept F, if and
only if he or she cannot only entertain the thought that
Fa, but also that Fb
 Non-conceptual content
Back to ontology:
eliminative materialism
 Scientific realism
 Impossibility of inter-theoretical reduction
 Theory-ladenness of perception
 Meaning-holism
 Folk-psychology is a false theory
Consequences for AI:
1. Symbol System Hypothesis
 Employ a rich, recursive compositional language to
represent reality
 Build an adequate representation of reality within
a universal symbol system
 Use input to construct representations of the
environment in response to stimuli
 Process input (possibly into output)
 Output is a symbolic representation of adequate,
suitable responses to the input
Philosophical presuppositions of
the SSH
 Internalism
 Token-token materialism?
 Thinking is symbolmanipulation
 Innate representations?
 Methodological dualism
 Thinking normative/logical?
Connectionist systems
Connectionist systems
 Adaptive (empirism)
 Thoughts are not propositional (compositional)
 Externalism?
 Normativity of thinking?
 Biologically real?
 No innate mental properties/knowledge?
AI versus Neurofilosofie
 Intelligence is a biological phenomenon
 Representation is a product of our biological
constitution
 Biological materialism
 ‘Hard’ AI presupposes supervenience and that is
nonsense
COURSE SET-UP
 MAPPING GREAT DEBATES:
CAN COMPUTERS THINK?
 WEB-SITE:
http://www.macrovu.com/CCTGeneralInfo.html
SEVEN QUESTIONS
1.
CAN COMPUTERS THINK?
SEVEN QUESTIONS
CAN COMPUTERS THINK?
2. CAN THE TURING-TEST DETERMINE WHETHER
COMPUTERS CAN THINK?
1.
SEVEN QUESTIONS
CAN COMPUTERS THINK?
2. CAN THE TURING-TEST DETERMINE WHETHER
COMPUTERS CAN THINK?
3. CAN PHYSICAL SYMBOL SYSTEMS THINK?
1.
SEVEN QUESTIONS
CAN COMPUTERS THINK?
2. CAN THE TURING-TEST DETERMINE WHETHER
COMPUTERS CAN THINK?
3. CAN PHYSICAL SYMBOL SYSTEMS THINK?
4. CAN CHINESE ROOMS THINK?
1.
SEVEN QUESTIONS
CAN COMPUTERS THINK?
2. CAN THE TURING-TEST DETERMINE WHETHER
COMPUTERS CAN THINK?
3. CAN PHYSICAL SYMBOL SYSTEMS THINK?
4. CAN CHINESE ROOMS THINK?
1.
SEVEN QUESTIONS
5’. CAN CONNECTIONIST NETWORKS THINK?
SEVEN QUESTIONS
5’. CAN CONNECTIONIST NETWORKS THINK?
5’’.CAN COMPUTERS THINK IN IMAGES?
SEVEN QUESTIONS
5’. CAN CONNECTIONIST NETWORKS THINK?
5’’.CAN COMPUTERS THINK IN IMAGES?
6. DO COMPUTERS HAVE TO BE CONSCIOUS TO
THINK?
SEVEN QUESTIONS
5’. CAN CONNECTIONIST NETWORKS THINK?
5’’.CAN COMPUTERS THINK IN IMAGES?
6. DO COMPUTERS HAVE TO BE CONSCIOUS TO
THINK?
7. ARE THINKING COMPUTERS MATHEMATICALLY
POSSIBLE?