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Fire Extinguisher
Training
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Environmental
Health and Safety
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND
Fire Extinguisher
Training
OSHA Standard 1910.157
Occupational Safety
& Health Administration:
Standard for Portable
Fire Extinguishers
NFPA Standard 10
National Fire Protection
Association:
Standard for Portable
Fire Extinguishers
All extinguishers
three elements
Fire
elements
IfThe
anythree
element
of theof
of the fire
triangle
function
by
removing
The
fire
triangle
are:
fire
triangle
is
removed
Oxygen
can come
Heat
can
also
elevate
the
must
be
present
Heat isthe
usually
the
ignition
one
of
the
elements
of or a
The
air air
contains
Oxygen,
Heat,
and
Fuel
fire
will
go
out
from
the
temperature
of
the
fuel
forfire
fire
to21%
occur
source
which
ignites
the Oxygen
the
triangle
chemical oxidizer
until
it
spontaneously
flammable vapors
To understand how fire
Fire
combusts
extinguishers work, it is
Triangle
important to look at the
chemistry
fire
Fuel is thatofmaterial
which
is heated to the point it is
producing vapor. It is the
vapor which burns.
Chemistry of Fire
Fuel
What is Fire?
Fire
Tetrahedron
Fuel
A more accurate depiction
of the behavior of fire is
The fire tetrahedron.
The fourth side of the Fire
Includes all of the
Tetrahedron is an
characteristics of the
uninhibited chemical
fire triangle
chain reaction
Chemical Chain Reaction
How Fire Extinguishers Work
• Water removes heat
• CO2 removes oxygen
• Dry Chemical interrupts chain reaction
ThisChemical
is an ammonia based
Dry
yellow powder used in
Extinguishing
Agents
ABC
all
purpose
firebased
This is a potassium
•
extinguishers
purple powder used in
This
is a bicarbonate
of soda
Flammable
liquid fire
based
white powder used in
extinguishing
grease fire extinguishers
Mono-Ammonium
Phosphate
and automatic systems
• Purple K
• Bicarbonate of Soda
Fire Extinguisher
Classification
Class “A” Fires
Wood
Paper
Clothing
Ordinary Combustibles
Class “B” Fires
Flammable Liquids
Grease Fires
Class “C” Fires
Energized Electrical
Equipment
Class “D” Fires
Combustible Metals
D
Using Fire Extinguishers
• Pull Building Fire Alarm
• Call University Police 711
• Know How To Use
• Use Buddy System
Never Put Yourself or
Others in Danger!
Do Not Use Fire Extinguisher If:
• The fire has spread beyond
the point of origin
• The fire is larger than a
waste basket
• The extinguisher doesn’t seem
to have any effect on the fire
Fighting the Fire
• Keep back to exit
• Check gage
• Check nozzle
• Make sure extinguisher
is right for type of fire
• Keep low to avoid smoke
Check The Gage
• Should be in the
Green
• Any other position
Should be recharged
Check The Nozzle
Fire extinguishers contain
a gas to expel the agent. If
the nozzle is blocked the
hose can rupture causing
Make sure
injury.
nothing is blocking
the nozzle
• Pull the pin
P
A
S
S
• Aim at the base of the
fire
• Squeeze the trigger
• Sweep at the base of
the fire, back and forth
Aim at
base of
fire
10 ft
If Your Cloths Catch Fire!
Stop – Immediately where you are.
Drop – To the ground.
Roll – Over and over.
Types Of
Portable Fire Extinguishers
At The University
Pressurized Water
Water conducts electricity
and spraying a stream •of Limited Use
water into a fire involving
energized equipment can
cause serious shock • Subject to freezing
Water does not work well
with flammable liquid
or energized electrical
• Electrical Shock
equipment
fires
Hazard
Water extinguishers
can
not be located in areas
that are not heated
Air pressure forces water
out through hose when
handle is squeezed
Carbon Dioxide CO2
This extinguisher has no
pressure gage. The agent
nozzle
for
isCheck
a gas. the
The
onlyisway
to
Carbon
Dioxide
a•gas
Flammable
liquids
obstructions.
When
the
know
enough
agentoxygen
is
whichif can
displace
sensitive
electrical
agent
is
discharged,
the
inside
is
to
discharge
briefly
in a confined area and
hose
nozzle may equipment
causeand
asphyxiation
become very cold
&
• No gage
While
dioxide
This iscarbon
a gas and
doesdoes’
not
• liquid
Check
extinguish
flammable
leave any residue
which
fires,
if damage
surfacessensitive
are hot, a
might
flash
back equipment
fire can occur
electrical
hose & nozzle
Point horn or nozzle at
base of fire and discharge.
Be careful not to touch
“frosted” areas of hose
and nozzle.
Halon & Halon Replacements
• Displaces Oxygen
• No Residue to Damage
Equipment
• Twice as Effective as
Carbon Dioxide
Dry Chemical
Chemical is not toxic, but
could cause problems
forcommon
• Most
people with respiratory
problems
• Has pressure gage
Works well on Class A, B,
and C fires. Does
leave a
• Chemical
corrosive residue that can
Check
before using
damagegage
equipment
and make sure hose is in
good shape and nozzle is
not obstructed
is non-toxic
Uses nitrogen gas to expel
the dry chemical. Do not
breath powder if it can be
helped
Monthly Inspection Record
• Every extinguisher
DATE
By
DATE
By
should have a tag
12-14-00 EHS-CC
• Extinguishers should
be checked monthly
• Record date of
inspection
• Initial in space
Fire Extinguisher Cabinets
Cabinets should not
be locked or obstructed
The four elements of the fire tetrahedron
include which of the following:
A) sodium, oxygen, fuel, electricity
B) oxygen, fuel, chemical chain reaction, fire
C) oxygen, fuel, chemical chain reaction, heat
D) fuel, chemical chain reaction, heat, water
Water fire extinguishers function by
removing which of the following from the fire
tetrahedron?
A) Electricity
B) Fuel
C) Oxygen
D) Heat
Dry Chemical fire extinguishers function by
removing which of the following from the fire
tetrahedron?
A) Chemical chain reaction
B) Fuel
C) Oxygen
D) Heat
Ordinary combustible materials such as
paper, cloth, and wood are classified as which
of the following type of fire?
A) Class D
B) Class B
C) Class C
D) Class A
Energized electrical equipment is classified as
which of the following type of fire?
A) Class C
B) Class A
C) Class D
D) Class B
Flammable liquids are classified as which of
the following type of fire?
A) Class A
B) Class C
C) Class B
D) Class D
Which of the following should be done before
using a portable fire extinguisher?
A) Check the gage
B) Make sure it’s the proper type
C) Keep your back to the exit
D) All of the above
Fire extinguishers should be checked at
which of the following intervals?
A) Semi-annually
B) Monthly
C) Every two years
D) They do not require checking
Fire Triangle
The fire triangle has been used for many years to
describe the process that occurs with fire. Three
elements are required for fire to take place,
oxygen, heat, and fuel. Without any one of these
elements you cannot have fire. Fire extinguishers
are designed to remove one or more of the
elements, which results in the fire being
extinguished. Oxygen and heat are the easiest to
remove. Fuel is much more difficult. Therefore,
fire extinguishers do not remove the fuel, they
remove oxygen or cool the fuel to the point the
fire can no longer burn.
Fire Tetrahedron
In order for fire to occur the fire triangle theory
presented three things that must be present,
Oxygen, Fuel, and Heat. New research indicates
that the fire triangle does not tell the whole
story. In addition to the oxygen, heat, and fuel
that must be present, a Chemical Chain
Reaction also takes place. These four elements
are represented by the Fire Tetrahedron. When
any of the four items are removed, the fire will
go out. Fire extinguishers function by
removing one of the four components of the Fire
Tetrahedron.
How Fire Extinguishers Work
Water extinguishes fire by cooling the fuel to below
its ignition temperature. Water has a great ability
to absorb heat. Carbon dioxide gas acts by
displacing the oxygen in the air that the fire needs
to burn, and the fire goes out. Without oxygen in
the air for fire, there is also no oxygen to support
life. Care needs to be exercised when using carbon
dioxide extinguishers in confined areas. Dry
chemical fire extinguishers work by interrupting
the chemical chain reaction and the fire goes out.
Types of Dry Chemical
A, B, C all purpose dry chemical fire extinguishers
use mono-ammonium phosphate as an
extinguishing agent. It is non-toxic but can cause
problems for people with respiratory problems. It
leaves a corrosive residue that can damage
sensitive electrical equipment. Purple is a very
effective, expensive extinguishing agent that is
primarily used in aircraft and flammable liquid
firefighting. Soda bi-carbonate is used for cooking
fires. It has a characteristic which allows it to coat
the surface of the cooking oil and keep the fuel
from reaching oxygen to burn.
Classification of Fires
Fires are broken down into four types for the
purpose of classifying fire extinguishers. Class A
involves ordinary combustible materials such as
wood, paper, plastics, and cloth. Class B is
flammable liquids including gasoline, diesel fuel,
grease, and others. Class C involves energized
electrical equipment. Class D is combustible metals,
like potassium, sodium, magnesium, and others.
It is important that the right type of extinguisher
is chosen when a fire occurs to insure the fire can
be quickly extinguished. The classification is clearly
marked on the fire extinguisher label.
Using Fire Extinguishers Safely
Nothing inside of a building is more important than
someone’s life. Fire extinguishers should only be used
by persons who have been trained. They should only
be used on small fires still in the area of origin. If the
fire has moved beyond the area of origin, everyone
should evacuate the building and allow the sprinkler
system or fire department extinguish the fire. Make
sure when using a fire extinguisher your exit or way
out is behind you. If that is not possible, evacuate,
do not attempt to extinguish the fire. Make sure the
fire extinguisher is the proper type for the class of
fire. Check the gage and hose for proper operation.
Pull The Pin
The pin in the fire extinguisher handle prevents the
squeezing of the handle and accidental discharge of
agent. Pull the pin and discard before using the fire
extinguisher. The pin is usually held in place with a
plastic rope and can be easily pulled out breaking the
rope. If you have difficulty pulling the pin, it may
help to place the extinguisher on the ground and
place your foot on the cylinder for leverage while
pulling the pin.
Aim at the Base of the Fire
For the fire to go out when using a fire extinguisher,
you must get to the source of the fire. Take the nozzle
in your hand and point the nozzle at the location the
fire appears to be originating. This should
be effective in quickly extinguishing the fire.
Sweep the Nozzle Back and Forth
Sweeping the nozzle back and forth while discharging
agent will allow the agent to cover a larger area of
fire. There will also be less tendency to spread the fire
around.
OSHA Requirements
The United States Occupational Safety & Health
Administration (OSHA) regulates all types of
work place safety including fire. Section 29 CFR
1910.157 covers the requirements for the placement,
use, maintenance, and testing of portable fire
extinguishers in the work place, when provided by
employer for the use of employees. Anyone required
to use fire extinguishers should be trained in their
use.
NFPA Standard 10
The National Fire Protection Association publishes
standards, which are adopted by local jurisdictions
on many issues of fire safety. NFPA 10 provides
guidance concerning the selection, placement,
maintenance, and testing of portable fire
extinguishers. The State of Maryland has adopted
NFPA 101 the Life-Safety Code, which incorporates
NFPA 10 by reference.
Incorrect!
Correct!