Transcript Migration - Lower Moreland Township School District

Migration
Why do people migrate?
• A combination of push
and pull factors
influences migration
decisions
• Most people migrate for
economic reasons
United States
(a land of migrants)
• About 70 million people have migrated
since 1820
• U.S. has more foreign born residents than
any other country (about 35 million)
Global Migration
Three major push and pull
factors
•Economic
•Cultural
•Environmental
Which type of migration factor is it?
Environmental, Cultural, Economic Push or Pull
Hurricane Katrina leveled the
Environmental Push
Gulf Coast and New Orleans
In 1979, Iran’s government
became an Islamic Theocracy
Cultural Push
unfriendly to other religious
groups
The American colonies offered
persecuted
Cultural
Pullpeople in Europe
religious freedom
The Ford plant in Flint, MI
closed down,
Economic
Push
laying off
hundreds of workers
States like Florida and Arizona
Kuwait has difficulty filling all of
have warm weather
Environmental
Pull that many Economic Pull
its jobs in the oil industry
retirees enjoy
During the Rwandan genocide
refugees fled to neighboring
Cultural Push
countries like Tanzania and
DRC
Record floods in Pakistan this
summer destroyed
Environmental
Pushfields and
swamped homes
Which type of migration factor is it?
Environmental, Cultural, Economic Push or Pull
African Americans had to live
In the 1840s blight destroyed
under the
Cultural
Push
Jim Crow laws in the Economic Push
the potato crop in Ireland
South
Universities in the U.S. offer
many foreign students better
Economic Pull
opportunities than their own
countries
The Turkish government
banned the
Cultural
Push
Kurdish language
for many years
The U.S. allows refugees to
Cultural Pull
apply for political asylum
Millions of jobs have become
available inPull
Economic
coastal Chinese
cities in recent years
The Maldives are low-lying
islands in the Indian
Environmental
Push Ocean
threatened by rising seas.
Many Afghanis who worked as
translators
Cultural
Push
for the U.S. fear
retribution from the Taliban
Which type of migration factor is it?
Environmental, Cultural, Economic Push or Pull
Farms in California employ
many seasonal
Economic
Pull migrant farm
workers from Mexico
The civil war between the north
and south
Cultural
Push
in Sudan created
many refugees.
Countries with aging
populationsPull
Economic
may have guest
worker programs.
Before the Berlin Wall fell,
West Germany
Cultural
Pull
offered more
freedoms than East Germany.
Sharecropping in the South
Colorado has several great ski
was a system
Economic
Push
designed to keep Environmental Pull
resorts and many “ski bums.”
African Americans poor.
The Sahara Desert is
expanding southward
Environmental
Push due to
desertification.
Natural gas drilling in the
Marcelus Shale
Economic
Pull is a new
booming industry in PA.
E. G. Ravenstein
(Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society)
• Geography has no comprehensive theory
of migration. Contemporary geographic
migrations studies based on Ravenstein’s
Laws
• The reasons why migrants move
• Push/pull factors
• The characteristics of migrants
• The distance migrants typically move
Ravenstein’s Laws
Characteristics of Migrants
• Most long-distance migrants were male
• Most long-distance migrants were adult individuals rather than
families with children
• Since the late 20th century these have changed
• Women and children now make up the majority of migrants
• In U.S. the gender pattern reversed in 1990’s – women 55%
• Changing role of women in Mexican society (some join
husbands or brothers most seek work)
• In U.S. the pattern of most immigrants being adults continues –
most immigrants are between the ages of 25 -39 (less likely to be
elderly)
• However an increasing percentage of U.S. children are
immigrants (more women coming to U.S. bring their children)
Ravenstein’s Laws
Distance of Migration
• Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain
within the same country (Ravenstein)
• Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major
centers of economic activity (Ravenstein)
• International (less numerous…distance decay)
• Voluntary /forced
• Guest workers,
• Internal
• Intraregional
• Interegional
Migration Transition
• Geographer Wilbur Zelinsky identified a
“migration transtion”, which consists of changes
in a society comparable to those in the
demographic transition.
• A society in stage 1 of DTM has high daily or
seasonal mobility in search of food
• International migration is primarily a
phenomenon of countries in stage 2 of DTM.
• Internal migration is more important in stages
3 and 4 of DTM