www.laspdg.org

You is Smart, You Important: Dialect or Disorder?

Presented by Ryan Lee, M.S., CF-SLP and Jessica Richardson, M.A., CF-SLP

People First Language

“

People First Language puts the person before the disability and describes what a person has, not who a person is.

” Kathie Snow. (n.d.) A few words about People First Language. Disability is Natural. Retrieved August 1, 2012 from http://www.disabilityisnatural.com/images/PDF/pfl-sh09.pdf

Please Note

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Goals • Increase awareness of the difference between dialect variation and language disorders.

• Provide strategies to help teachers identify children who are struggling with language skills. • Encourage collaboration between teachers and SLPs to better serve ALL students.

Objectives • Describe non-mainstream dialects • Describe language impairment • Be able to identify features of non-mainstream English • Better identify children who may present with language impairment • Identify ways to accommodate children with language impairment in the classroom

Key Terms • • • • • • • • Non-mainstream dialect Language impairment African American English (AAE) Southern White English (SWE) Phonology Morphosyntax Semantics Pragmatics

Dialect

and

Disorder For decades researchers have been trying to answer the question:

How can we discern dialect (language difference) from disorder (language delay)

?

Though there is no definitive answer, researchers have began to answer this question by examining individual language structures.

ASHA

’

s Position

Position on Dialect & Disorder

“ It is the position of the

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association

(ASHA) that no dialectal variety of English is a disorder or a pathological form of speech or language. Each social dialect is adequate as a functional and effective variety of English ” .

(ASHA, 1983)

ASHA

’

s Position cont.

• • No

dialectal

variety of English is a

disordered

form of speech. • A person is not a candidate simply because of their dialect but there must be a disorder within their dialectal system.

• Speakers of minority dialects may acquire the dialect of government, industry etc. An SLP can provide these as elective services.

Dialect speakers are not immune to language disorders although they may manifest differently in dialect speaker than in mainstream speakers. (ASHA, 1983)

Dialects of English Dialects are rule governed, shared language systems, including aspects of

phonology

,

morphology

,

syntax

,

semantics

and

pragmatics

, spoken by members of a community.

• • • • • African American English (AAE) Southern White English (SWE) Mainstream American English (MAE) Appalachian English Latin American English

Language Impairment • Expressive and / or receptive language delays in the absence of any coexisting condition (i.e. autism, mental impairment, ADHD). (Flusberg & Cooper, 1999) • We define SLI because the definition is simplified, however we recognize that the term used in the school system is

language impairment

(henceforth, LI).

Language Impairment Data • Prevalence of SLI was 7.4% in 1997 for the general population of kindergarteners.

• Rates were

12%

for African American children.

(Tomblin, et al. 1997) • Socioeconomic status has been shown to influence language development more so than race and ethnicity. (Dollaghan et al., 1999)

EBRP Demographics • Total Students = 57,781 African American = 82% White = 15% • 80.2% receives free and reduced lunch (Retrieved from: http://publicschoolsk12.com/all schools/la/east-baton-rouge-parish)

DIALECT

Language Development How do children develop their language?

• Family • Educational Context

Dialects Did you know that all people speak a dialect?

Dialects Dialects are rule governed, shared language systems, including aspects of

phonology

,

morphology

,

syntax

,

semantics

and

pragmatics

. • African American English (AAE) • Southern White English (SWE) • Appalachian English • Latin American English

Mainstream American English

Mainstream American English

(MAE): • Rule governed language system including all aspects language.

• Is the language used by politicians, business people and school teachers. • Used often in middle and upper class communities and sometimes considered the “ proper ” way of speaking.

Non-mainstream American English

Non-mainstream American English

(NMAE): • Rule governed language system including all aspects language which

vary

from MAE.

• Have been marginalized because the people tend to be from minority populations. • May encounter social, educational, and occupational barriers.

A FRICAN A MERICAN E NGLISH • • More prevalent among African Americans but not all African Americans speak AAE.

• Many African American students acquire MAE and learn to dialect shift. • Children who are able to shift between AAE and MAE do better on standardized test than children who are unable to dialect shift (Craig & Washington, 2004).

Dialect VS. Accent

Accent

• V ariations of pronunciation Example: Tomato - Tomato (dialect or accent?)

Dialect

• The same words with different meaning or different words with the same meaning are considered dialects.

Example: carbonated drink: soda, pop, cold drink

Differences Dialectal differences are due to several interrelated factors including: • • • • • • Geographic region Socioeconomic level or status (SES) Speaking situations Subgroup membership Bilingualism Race or ethnicity

Non-mainstream dialect samples • • • • http://youtu.be/Eqfdn8_ftYQ (Cajun) http://youtu.be/RbK4cL3QSc0 (Boston) http://youtu.be/6zSm4enKiZM (Southern) http://youtu.be/Zqohw8nR6qE (AAE)

Top 3 Most Used AAE Features • Zero copula/auxiliary This ( is ) a dog. He ( is ) running.

• Optional subject-verb agreement They was running.

• Zero past tense He ride ( rode ) his bike. He cover( ed ) his ears.

(Connor & Craig, 2006)

O VERT M ARKING IN AAE (W YNN & O ETTING , 2000; O ETTING & G ARRITY , 2006 ) 6-yr-olds adults auxiliary am 85% 95% auxiliary was/were 97% 97% auxiliary are auxiliary is 30% 35% 50% 47% /ed 85% 64% /3s 22% 20%

DISORDER

Language Impairment Children with SLI: • Demonstrate "delayed onset and protracted development of language ”.

• Ideally diagnosed in pre-k or k.

• May have difficulty in all subject areas.

• May show continued difficulty with language throughout school and into adulthood.

(Flusberg & Cooper, 1999)

Language Impairment Children with LI: • May show difficulty in one or more aspects of language o o o o o Phonology

Morphology Syntax

Semantics Pragmatics =

Morphosyntax

(Flusberg & Cooper, 1999)

Language Impairment • Deficits in morphosyntax is a hallmark of SLI He walk( ed ) to the store (tense marker) He walk( s ) to the store (agreement marker) • Children with LI use these markers with lower frequency than children without LI. (Leonard, 1995; Rice & Wexler, 1996)

What's the Challenge?

Challenge # 1

Impairment patterns overlap with dialect patterns

(Oetting & McDonald, 2001)

Overlapping Patterns These patterns overlap with impairment patterns. • Subject / verb agreement with

BE

They (was) going to the store.

• Zero BE He (is) going to the mall later on. • Zero regular past tense Hey rake(ed) the leaves yesterday.

• Overlapping Patterns • Similar to MAE speakers with language impairment, children who speak AAE demonstrate deficits in morphosyntax. You can expect that AAE speakers with language impairment will use morphemes that mark tense and agreement with lower frequency than their typically developing, AAE speaking peers.

Challenge # 2

Belief that dialect speakers are immune to language disorder

NMAE Speakers have Immunity? Use of NMAE dialect is

NOT

indicative of disorder, however: • Children who speak a non-mainstream dialect are not immune to language disorders. • Because of this misconception, children who speak non mainstream dialects are often overlooked by teachers and SLPs.

Challenge # 3

Teachers are not aware of what to look for

Possible Indicators of Impairment

Challenge # 4 Teachers may not have strategies to accommodate students who are language impairment

Accommodations

Collaborations • Dialect and disorder is a sticky topic that continues to plague the field of education and speech pathology, however, we should collaborate for the best interest of the children. • If you have concerns about a child's language development--consult with the SLP. Remember that we are all working to ensure all children's success.

Question and Answer

Is a language disorder directly connected to a child ’s academic progression and development?

• Yes. When a child has a language disorder it impacts their ability to comprehend and use language across academic subjects.

Question and Answer

What is the earliest a language disorder can be detected?

• Delays in language development can be detected in children as early as one to two years-old.

Question and Answer

Does a child ’s environment have an effect on their language?

• Yes. Children develop their language from their home and school environments. The language that they hear most frequently is the language that they will speak.

Question and Answer

Are teachers expected to accept local dialects as correct speech? Example: pronunciation of the “shr” blend as “scr” scrimp instead of shrimp?

• Yes. Although this is not the MAE production, it is accepted as a feature of AAE. Teachers are encouraged to model the MAE form for the child. Exposure to the MAE form will encourage code switching.

Conclusions Dialect • • We all speak a dialect. Dialects are rule governed shared languages. • The dialects of EBR include primarily AAE, SWE and MAE.

Disorder • Children with LI may show deficits in all subject areas and into adulthood. • Impairment and dialect patterns overlap.

• Early identification is key.

• • Conclusions Challenges Realizing dialect speakers can also have language impairments.

Building service provide awareness of signs of language impairments. • Providing sufficient accommodations for students with language impairment. • Solutions Collaborations between SLPs and teachers. • Not overlooking signs of language impairment in children who speak a dialect.

References American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (1983). Social dialects [Position Statement]. Available from www.asha.org/policy .

Connor, C. M., & Craig, H. K. (2006). African American Preschoolers ’ Language, Emergent Literacy Skills, and Use of African American English: A Complex Relation.

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research

, 49, 771-792.

Craig, H. K. & Washington, J. A. (2004). Grade related changes in the production of African American English.

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,

47, 450-463.

Dollaghan, C. A., Campbell, T. F., Paradise, J. L., Feldman, H. M., Janosky, J. E., Pitcairn, D. N., & Kurs-Lasky, M. (1999). Maternal education and measures of early speech and language.

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42,

1432-1443. East Baton Rouge public schools retrieved from http://publicschoolsk12.com/all-schools/la/east-baton-rouge parish/ .

References Flusberb, H. & Cooper, J. (1999). Present and future possibilities for defining a phenotype for specific language impairment.

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,

42, 1275-1278 Leonard, L. (1995). Functional categories in the grammar of children with specific language impairment.

Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38, 1270-1283.

Oetting, J., & Garrity, A. (2006). Variation Within Dialects: A Case of Cajun/Creole Influence Within Child SAAE and SWE.

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research

, 49, 16-26.

Oetting, J., & McDonald, J. (2001). Nonmainstream dialect use in specific language impairment.

Journal of Speech, Language and hearing Research,

44, 207-223. Rice, M., & Wexler, K. (1996). Toward tense as a clinical marker of specific language impairment in English-speaking children.

Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 39

, 1239 -1257

.

References Tomblin, B., Records, N., Buckwater, P., Zhang, X., and Smith, E. (1997). Prevalence of Specific Language Impairment in Kindergarten Children.

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research.

40: 1245-1260.

Wynn, C., & Oetting, J. (June 2000).

African American English and SLI: A study of BE.

Presentation at the annual Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders, Madison, WI.

Questions?

 After this webinar, you may email any content-related questions to Ryan Lee [email protected]

or Jessica Richardson [email protected]

 You may email any grant-related questions to Melanie Lemoine [email protected]

www.laspdg.org

The contents of this PowerPoint presentation were developed under a grant from the US Department of Education, #H323A110003. However those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the US Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government.