Transcript Early Settlement of Colonial America

Early Settlement of Colonial
America
The English Settlements
Jamestown
• Founded in 1607
• Created by the Virginia
Company, a joint-stock
company.
• The goal of the Virginia
Company and
Jamestown was to make
money
• 1st Permanent English
Settlement in the New
World
Jamestown
• Jamestown was not chosen because it was the
perfect place to settle, it was chosen because it
was close to the Chesapeake Bay and the
Atlantic but easily defended against the Spanish.
• The first settlers had many problems.
• They were not used to work and thought they
would find gold and did not think about food
Jamestown
• The area was also not very hospitable with
poor soil and no fresh water.
• The closest water supply was swamp water
which means it is brackish and not good for
drinking.
• They would also have problems with
mosquitoes and that meant disease
• Most died from starvation (harsh winter),
disease (malaria and dysentery) and little
food.
Jamestown
Mosquito
Swampland
Jamestown
• The first winter the
colonists survived
because of the Native
Americans (Powhatan)
who shared food with
them.
• When they did not plant
food for themselves and a
bad winter came upon
them, they faced what is
known as “Starving Time”
Jamestown
• Captain John Smith took
charge and was able to save
Jamestown.
• “No Work, No Food” was
Smith’s motto for the
colonists.
• The colonists did not like
Smith, but the Native
Americans did because he
was a warrior and treated
them with respect when
trading with them.
Jamestown
• Powhatan Tribe led by
Chief Powhatan.
– Provided food for the
early settlers
– Became angry when the
stole their food and land
– His daughter was
Pocahontas
Jamestown
• Matoaka – this is the
Indian name for
Pocahontas
• She would help save
Jamestown and marry a
planter named John
Rolfe
• They visited England
where she died and is
buried.
Jamestown
• John Rolfe came from the
Caribbean with Spanish
tobacco seeds
• He mixed them with the
Virginia tobacco and made
the plant better.
• He turned tobacco into
“Virginia Gold”
• Plantations - large farms
– Cash crop economy
Jamestown
• The plantation owners could participate in the
Headright system:
– If they paid membership in the Virginia Company
and paid for passage for any member of their
family, including servants, they would get 50
acres of land for each person over the age of 15.
– The more land they owned, the more tobacco
they could plant and thus make more money
– More land=More money
Jamestown
• During the early 1600s many people in England
were in debtors prisons because of the loss of
jobs.
• The Enclosure Movement occurred when the
price of wool went up and the owners of land in
England placed fences around their property to
keep sheep and they kicked the tenant farmers
off.
• The displaced farmers then went into the towns
looking for work.
Jamestown
• With not enough jobs to go around, the farmers had
no money to pay their bills and ended up in debtors
prisons.
• When plantation owners needed workers, they
would go to the debtor prisons and sign agreements
with the prisoners to come work for them for a
certain amount of time in exchange for paying their
debts and paying for their voyage to the New World.
• Not all indentured servants were prisoners. Anyone
who wanted a chance to improve their lives could
sign a contract.
Jamestown
• Indentured Servants
– 5-7 year service
agreement
– Voyage to the New
World is paid for
– Food and shelter is
provided
– At the end of the
contract the indentured
servants would be given
land, tools, and seeds.
Jamestown
• House of Burgesses:
– 1st elected legislative
body in the colonies
– Run by the wealthy
plantation owners
– Created laws for the
Virginia colonists
– Today it is known as the
Virginia General
Assembly
Expansion Problems
• Poor farmers (backcountry farmers) want more
land (these are the indentured servants)
• They can only expand westward and that is
Indian territory
• They ask the wealthy land owners (gov’t) for
help and they refuse because they do not want
the Native Americans to attack them and maybe
burn their plantations.
• The poor farmers turn on the rich farmers
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Nathaniel Bacon is the nephew of Governor
Berkley of Virginia.
• He agrees with the poor farmers and leads them
against the Native Americans.
• They win and then go after Berkley and chase
him out of Jamestown then burn it.
• Berkley comes back and chases Bacon and his
men into the swamp where Bacon dies.
Bacon’s Rebellion
• This rebellion scares the rich landowners and so
they decide that the problem was the
indentured servants.
• They want to avoid this problem in the future
and so instead of getting indentured servants,
whom they have to purchase and then let go
after their contract expires and purchase more,
they switch to slave labor.
• Bacon’s Rebellion led to the use of slaves for
plantation work.
Bacon before and after Rebellion
Review
• What problems were faced by the settlers in the
New World?
• Native Americans, disease, harsh winter, little
food (bad conditions)
• Who was the colonist that saved the colonists
from starvation?
• John Smith
• What crop saved the Virginia Company?
• Tobacco
Review
•
•
•
•
•
What were the big farms called?
Plantations.
Who worked on the farms?
First indentured servants and later slaves
Name of the 1st legislative body in the English
colonies?
• House of Burgesses
Southern Colonies
• Virginia, Maryland,
North and South
Carolina, Georgia
Maryland
• Proprietary Colony:
Private land grant
• Founded: Lord
Baltimore (George
Calvert)
Maryland
• Purpose: Safe place
(haven) for Catholics
• Significance:
Toleration Act
– Protected religious
freedom for all
Christians
Carolinas
• Royal Colony: King controlled the government in
the colony
• Purpose was to grow food for the West Indies
• Charleston (Charles Town) was the major city;
largest city in the south
• South Carolina grown wealthy through trade
• Rice and Indigo were her cash crops
• North Carolina lacked a good port
• Tobacco was her cash crop
Carolinas
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
• Last of the original
colonies
• Founded by James
Oglethorpe
• Purpose:
– Buffer colony
• Protect S.C. from Spanish
Florida
– Debtor Colony: A place
to start over.
Life in the South
• Politically: the
government is run by
the rich plantation
owners
– White males who owned
land were the only ones
allowed to vote
• Virginia’s House of
Burgesses – first
legislative body in
English colonies.
Life in the South
• Economically:
Plantation (cash-crop)
economy
– Tobacco, Rice, Indigo
• Few towns
• Charleston: Largest city
in the south.
Southern Economies
• The economy of colonial Virginia and the other
Southern colonies in the eastern coastal
lowlands was based on “cash crops” such as
tobacco, rice, and indigo.
• These cash crops were grown on large
plantations and exported to Europe.
• Farther inland, in the mountains and valleys of
the Appalachian foothills, the economy was
based on small-scale subsistence farming,
hunting, and trading.
Southern Social Structure
• Social structure based on family status and the
ownership of land.
• Large landowners in the eastern lowlands
dominated colonial government and society and
maintained an allegiance to the Church of England
and closer social ties to England than did those in
the other colonies.
• Society further inland, was characterized by smallscale subsistence farmers, hunters, and traders of
Scots-Irish and English descent.
Slavery
• Plantation labor needs came to be satisfied by the
forcible importation of Africans.
• Some worked as indentured servants, earned their
freedom, and lived as free citizens during the
Colonial Era.
• Over time, larger and larger numbers of enslaved
Africans were forcibly brought to the Southern
colonies.
• First Blacks came to America in 1619 and worked as
indentured servants because they were Christian.
Slavery
• Slaves replace indentured
servants
• Middle Passage: Journey
from Africa to America
– Part of the Triangular
Trade
• Slave Codes: Harsh laws
against slaves
• Slave Response:
– Suicide, vandalism,
revolts
Slavery
• You will need to know the story of slavery, from
its beginning to how and why it came to be so
strong in the Southern colonies.
• Sounds like it may be a question on a test,
doesn’t it????
• Now, listen to my long and drawn out story of
slavery, take notes as you feel you need to and
ask questions if you have them.
Middle Colonies
• Pennsylvania, New
York, New Jersey,
and Delaware
• Colonial
Breadbasket
• Rich Economy:
Farming & Industry
Middle Colonies
• Home to multiple religious groups that generally
believed in religious tolerance, including Quakers
in Pennsylvania, Huguenots and Jews in New York,
and Presbyterians in New Jersey.
• These colonies began to develop a middle class of
skilled artisans, entrepreneurs (business owners),
and small farmers.
Pennsylvania
• Pennsylvania: Proprietary
Colony
• Founded By: William Penn
• Purpose: Home for Quakers
– Pacifist religious group
• Philadelphia: “City of
Brotherly Love”
New York
• Originally owned by
the Dutch and called
New Netherland
• English, in 1664,
took over and
renamed it New
York, after the Duke
of York, brother of
King Charles I
New Jersey
• Named after the
Island of Jersey off
the coast of France
• George Carteret was
given title to the
land and he was
originally from Island
of Jersey
Delaware
• Named after Baron
De La Warr, first
colonial governor of
Virginia
• 2nd smallest state
after RI
• Known as the first
colony to ratify the
Constitution
New England
• Northern area of English colonies.
• Made up of people seeking religious freedom
(sort of!!!)
• Plymouth Bay Colony (PBC), Massachusetts
Bay Colony (MBC), Rhode Island, Connecticut,
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
Created for
religious
purposes
Two groups of
settlers:
Pilgrims
Puritans
Pilgrims
1620: Arrive @
Plymouth
William
Bradford:
Pilgrim leader
Separatists:
Believed Church of
England was
corrupt. Never to
return to England.
Pilgrims
• Mayflower
Compact: Legal
document that
established
democracy in
Plymouth Bay
Colony
• The source for a
“Covenant New
England Society”
Pilgrims
Squanto: Indian
who taught
Pilgrims how to
grow food, fish,
and trade with
the natives.
Thanksgiving:
Celebration of Indian –
Colonist relationship
and the good harvest
Puritans
Established the
Massachusetts
Bay Colony
Non-Separatist:
Goal is to be an
example for all
to follow and
reform the
church
Puritans
John Winthrop:
Puritan leader
Goal: create a
“City on the
hill”
Covenant
Community: All
citizens working for
God.
New England
• New England’s colonial society was based on
religious standing.
• The Puritans grew increasingly intolerant of
dissenters who challenged the Puritans’ belief
in the connection between religion and
government.
• New England colonies used town meetings in
the operation of government
Religious Freedom
Puritans did not allow other faiths in
Massachusetts
Dissenters: People who
opposed Puritan control
Dissenters
Roger Williams:
Founder of Rhode
Island.
Kicked out of
Massachusetts for
preaching “liberty of
conscience”
Liberty of conscience =
separation of:
Church
State
Anne Hutchinson
Kicked out of MBC
for disagreeing
with ministers
Moved to Rhode
Island
Connecticut
Founded by Puritans
seeking greater
freedoms and land.
Led by Thomas Hooker
who thought everyone
should be allowed to
vote, not just church
members.
Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut: 1st written
Constitution in colonies
Life in the North
New England: “Cod and God”
Rocky soil and long
winters: Bad for
farming, mountains,
forests, rivers, and
natural harbors
New England Economy
Shipbuilding:
Fishing: Cod
Lumbering:
Subsistence Farming: you farm to sustain
your life
Life in the North
Religion dominated
all aspects of life
All people must
learn how to read
the Bible.
Life in the North
Education:
Elementary schools
required to be built
in all towns > 50
families
Harvard College
(1636): 1st college in
America
Life in the North
As MBC grows
religious faith begins
to decline.
Salem Witch Trials
(1692): An attempt
to scare people back
to church by claiming
Satan was corrupting
society.
Life in the North
• Many American colonists in the 1700s turned
to a religious movement called pietism, which
stressed an individual’s devoutness and
emotional union with God
• Ministers spread pietism through, revivals,
large public meetings for preaching and
prayer.
• This revival of religious feelings became
known as the Great Awakening.
Life in the North
Great Awakening: A
revival in the church
Brings passion and
energy to church
services.
Led by two men: Jonathan Edwards
and George Whitefield
Fire and Brimstone sermons
Life in the North
• Effects of the Great Awakening:
– More people go to church
– New churches created
• Baptist
• Methodist
– New Colleges created
– People question authority
The Enlightenment
• The Enlightenment was a European cultural
movement. It challenged the authority of the
church in science and philosophy and elevated
the power of human reason.
• This emphasis on logic and reasoning was
known as rationalism.
• John Locke was an influential Enlightenment
writer. He argued that all people had rights, and
that society can be improved.
Review Questions
• What was the 1st English group to arrive in New
England?
• Pilgrims
• John Winthrop was the leader of this group of
people? What kind of city did he hope to
create?
• Puritans/ a city on the hill
Review Questions
• What is the difference between a separatist and
a non-separatist?
• Separatist believed the Church of England was
corrupt and so they left England and did not return, the
Non-Separatist goal was to be an example for all to
follow. They wanted to reform the church from within.
• What were the two most important things to colonial
New Englanders?
• Cod and God
Review Questions
• How did the geography of New England affect
the lives of the people there?
• Rocky soil and long winters made it bad for
farming, but they developed a fishing industry
and a lumbering industry because of the fall
line (waterfalls) which gave them water power
to turn their saw mills.
• What was the 1st college created in America?
• Harvard
Review Questions
• What two events can be linked to a decline in
religious faith?
• The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment
• What was the difference between the
Enlightenment and the Great Awakening?
Review Question
• The Enlightenment was a movement that
challenged religious authority and stressed
the power of reason, whereas the Great
Awakening was a religious movement that was
a response to a declining religious fervor
among people
Using the maps on pages 49,54,59 &
67 of your textbook label your
colonies map with all 13 colonies.
&
shade in the New England, Middle and
Southern regions using 3 different
colors