Objectives • You will understand that architectural design is composed of elements.

• You will know the definitions of these elements.

• You will be able to identify structures that illustrate these elements.

Elements of Architecture: The Basics of Beautiful Design

What elements and principles of architecture do architects include in the design of structures?

The Basics of Architecture Structure Anything that is built or constructed and has a plan.

Seagram Bldg NYC

The Basics of Architecture: Basic Structures Post and Lintel Method of construction in which vertical posts support horizontal lintel, beam.

Stonehenge

The Basics of Architecture: Basic Structures

Parthenon

Columns Vertical, round pillar that supports an arch or entablature

Three types of Greek Columns Doric -simple capital Ionic -scrolled capital Corinthian -fancy capital

Doric Ionic Corinthian

Corinthian Column Capital

The Basics of Architecture: Basic Structures Parthenon Colonnade Line of arches or columns bearing a horizontal entablature.

St. Peter’s Square

• The parts of an order between the column capital and the roof or pediment.

Entablature • It is divided into three parts: architrave, frieze, and cornice.

The Basics of Architecture: Basic Structures Arch Vaulted wall opening that can span large spaces.

Coliseum

Pont du Gard

St. Paul’s Cathedral

Types of Arches

The Basics of Architecture: Basic Structures • Dome • a large hemispherical roof or ceiling • arches are jointed at the top and legs form a circle • creates more expansive space inside a structure • base can be circular or angled

Hagia Sophia – square base

Dome of the Rock Circular Base

The Basics of Architecture: Basic Structures Spire a tapering roof or pyramidal construction surmounting a tower

Salisbury Cathedral - England

The Basics of Architecture: Basic Structures Cantilever Horizontally projecting beam or part of a structure supported only at one end.

Falling Water

Cantilever

The Basics of Architecture: Basic Structures • Buttress • A projecting structure for support to give stability to a load bearing wall. • Counteracts lateral thrust.

The Basics of Architecture: Basic Structures • Flying Buttress • Arch commonly seen on the exterior of Gothic cathedrals • Used to support high stone walls by transmitting force to an exterior support. • Counteracts lateral thrust.

Notre Dame – Paris France

Buttress Flying Buttress

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Media or Materials

-what the structure is made from

Function -purpose for which the building was originally designed • The function of a building may change over time but the original purpose still dominates the design.

• Physical • The area on which the building is constructed. • When considering the context of a building, you must also look at the environment.

Context

Japanese School

• Physical Context • Construction of the tower occurred in three stages across 344 years • The tower's tilt began during construction, caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structure's weight.

Leaning Tower of Pisa

• Todaji Buddhist Temple Nara, Japan All wood construction Context • Historical/Cultural • The time, place, and culture that influenced the creation of the building.

The Elements of Architecture • Line • Where two parts come together

Great Pyramid

The Elements of Architecture • Color • Colors used on the interior or exterior of the building.

Dome of the Rock

The Elements of Architecture • Shape/Form • The outline of the building if viewed from the air AND from the ground.

St. Paul’s Cathedral - aerial view

Shape/Form

The Elements of Architecture • Texture • How the building feels or looks • Can be the interior or exterior

Guggenheim

The Principles of Architecture • Space • The area in and around a building

Louvre

The Principles of Architecture • Balance • Distribution of weight

Eiffel Towel

The Principles of Architecture • Rhythm/Repetition/ Pattern • Repeated use of an element

Raphael’s Loggia

The Principles of Architecture • Emphasis • Calling attention to one part • This is achieved by using the elements and principles of architecture

Dome of the Rock

The Principles of Architecture • Variety/Contrast • the use of differing elements

Villa rotunda

The Principles of Architecture • Proportion • comparison of size of parts and size of the whole

The Principles of Architecture • Scale • Scale-sized compared to people

Pantheon - Rome

The Principles of Architecture • Unity • Use of similar elements to tie the work together

Leaning Tower of Pisa