Transcript Document

生物专业英语
BIOLOGICAL ENGLISH
生命科学学院 张小乐
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一、教学目的及要求
(一)教学目的(Purpose)
1. To gain sufficient fundamental understanding of
life science, and to be able to communicate in
English the principles that underlie the properties
and function of living material;
理解生物学的基础知识和基本理论,学习用英语交流
生物学的基本原理和现象;
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2. To gain knowledge and skills of English relevant
to careers either in biological sciences or in careers
that utilize the informational content of, or are
impacted by, research in biology;
掌握与生命科学相关的英语知识和技能,为以后的
学习和工作服务;
3. To be able to use this information to analyze,
evaluate and report new progress in research.
能够用英语来分析、评价和写作研究报告。
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专业英语教学的主要目的是培养学生科技
文献的阅读能力和初步的科技论文写作能
力。其教学的重点即阅读 与写作。
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(二)教学要求(Requirement)
1. Covers the fields of General Biology, Biochemistry
and Molecular & Cell Biology;
课程内容涵盖普通生物学、生物化学、细胞生物学以
及分子生物学等内容;
2. Focuses on being familiar with biological terms in
the above areas;
注重加强学生在以上领域对生物学词汇的熟悉;
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3. Introduces common scientific terms;
介绍普通科技英语词汇;
4. Gives a brief look at the composition of scientific
papers;
介绍科技论文写作的基本规律;
5. Offers the opportunity to practice literature
searching and writing scientific paper.
练习科技文献检索和科技论文写作。
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二、专业英语的特点
• (一)专业英语词汇特点:
• 专业英语词汇的特点表现在:
• (1) 技术词汇多
• (2) 二次技术词汇多
• (3) 特用词多
• (4) 功能词如:介词,连词,短语,代词多
• 专业词汇的构词法中以派生词最多,合成词其次,
有一定量的转换词。
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•
•
•
•
•
Photosynthesis (光合作用)
microtubule (微管)
microfilament (微丝)
Electrophoresis (电泳)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖
核酸)
• CoA (Coenzyme A)
• UV (Ultra-violet)
• AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome)
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生物学专业词汇(词根)
1、表示数量的词根
2、表示颜色的词根
3、表示方位和程度的词根
4、表示摄食的词根
5、表示动物不同器官和组织的词根
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1. 表示数量的词素
1)haplo, mono, uni
haploid
monoxide
monoatomic
2)bi, di, dipl, twi, du
bicolor
dichromatic
diplobacillus
dikaryon
twin
dual
单,一,独
单倍体;
一氧化物;
单原子的;
二,双,两,偶
双色;
双色的;
双杆菌;
双核体;
孪生;
双重的;
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3)tri
三,丙
triangle
triacylglycerol
tricarboxylic acid cycle
三角;
三酰甘油;
三羧酸循环;
4)quadri, quadru, quart, tetr, tetra
quadrilateral
quadrivalent
quadruped
tetrode
tetracycline
四
四边的;
四价的;
四足动物;
四极管;
四环素;
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5)pent, penta, quique
pentose
pentagon
pentane
quintuple
pentomer
6)hex, hexa,
hexose
hexapod
hexapoda
hexamer
五
戊糖;
五角形;
戊烷;
五倍的;
五邻粒;
六
已糖;
六足动物;
昆虫纲;
六聚体;
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7)hepta, sept(i)
庚烷;
庚糖;
七珠蛋白;
heptane
heptose
heptoglobin
8)oct
octpus
octagon
octane
octase
七
八
章鱼;
八角形;
辛烷;
辛糖;
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9)enne, nona
nonapeptide
enneahedron
10)deca, deka
decapod
decahedron
decagram
九
九肽;
九面体;
十
十足目动物;
十面体;
十克;
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11)hecto
百
百米;
百升;
百瓦;
hectometer
hectoliter
hectowatt
12)kilo
千
kilodalton (KD)
kilobase
kiloelectron volt
千道尔顿;
千碱基;
千电子伏特;
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13)deci
十分之一,分
decimeter
decigram
14)centi
centipoise
15)milli
millimole
milliliter
分米;
十分之一克;
百分之一
百分之一泊(粘度单位)
千分之一,毫
毫摩(尔);
毫升;
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16)micro
百万分之一,微,微小,微量
microgram
microogranism
microecology
micropipet
17)nano
微克;
微生物;
微生态学;
微量移液器;
十亿分之一,毫微,纳
nanosecond
nanometer
十亿分之一秒;
纳米;
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18)demi, hemi, semi
demibariel
hemicerebrum
semiopaque
semi-allele
semi-conductor
19)holo
holoenzyme
holoprotein
holocrine
半
半桶;
大脑半球;
半透明;
半等位基因;
半导体;
全,整体,完全
全酶;
全蛋白;
全(质分)泌;
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20)mega
megaspore
megabasse
megakaryocyte
megavolt
megalopolitan
21)macro
macrophage
macrogamete
macroelement
macromolecular
巨大,兆,百万
大孢子;
兆碱基;
巨核细胞;
兆伏;
特大城市;
大,巨大,多
巨噬细胞;
大配子;
常量元素;
大分子;
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22)poly, multi, mult
polyacrylate
polymerase
multichain
multinucleate
multicistronic mRNA
multicopy
多,复合
聚丙烯酸酯;
聚合酶;
多链的;
多核的;
多顺反子mRNA;
多拷贝;
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2. 表示颜色的词素
1)chrom 颜色
chromophore
chromosome
chromatography
生色团;
染色体;
色谱法;
2)melan, melano, nigr 黑
melanoma
melanin
melanophore
黑素瘤;
黑色素;
黑色素细胞;
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3)xantho, flavo, fla, flavi, lute 黄
xanthophyl
叶黄素;
xanthous
黄色的,黄色人种;
xathine
黄嘌呤;
flavin(e)
黄素;
flavone
黄酮;
lutein
黄体素,叶黄素;
flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD)
黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸;
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4)erythro, rub, rubrm, ruf 红
erythrocyte
erythromycin
erythropoitin(EPO)
红细胞;
红霉素;
促红细胞生成素;
5)chloro, chlor
绿,氯
chlorophyll
chloride
chloramphenicol
叶绿素;
氯化物;
氯霉素;
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6)cyan, cyano
cyanophyceae
cyanobacteria
cyanide
7)aur, glid, chrys
aureomycin
chrysose
chrysanthemum
glid stone
glid
蓝,青紫色,氰
蓝藻纲;
蓝细菌;
氰化物;
金色
金霉素;
金藻淀粉;
菊花;
金沙石;
镀金;
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8)leu, leuco, leuk, leuko, blan, alb
无色,白色
leucine
leukaemia=leucosis
bleaching powder
albomycin
亮氨酸;
白血病;
漂白粉;
白霉素;
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3. 表示方位和程度的词素
1)endo, ento
endocrine
endocytosis
endogamy
endolysin
entoderm
内,在内
内分泌;
胞吞作用;
近亲繁殖;
内溶素;
内胚层;
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2)ec, ect, exc, extra
ectoblast
ectoparasite
extract
3)meso
外,外面,表面
外胚层;
外寄生生物;
抽取,浸出;
中,中间
mesosphere
mesoplast
中圈,中层;
中胚层质;
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4)intra, intro, inter
intra-allelic interaction
intracellular
Interurban
在内,向内
等位基因内相互作用;
(细)胞内的;
城市之间
5)centri, centro, medi, mid
中心,中央,中间
centrifuge
centriole
centrosome
centrogeng
离心;
中心粒;
中心体;
着丝基因;
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6)epi, peri
上,外,旁
epidermal growth factor(EGF)
epibranchial
perilune
7)sub, suc, suf, sug
suborder
submucosa
subclone
subcellular
subsection
表皮生长因子;
上鳃的;
近月点;
下,低,小
亚目;
粘膜下层;
亚克隆;
亚细胞;
小节,分部;
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8)super, supra
superconductor
superfluid
superoxide
supramolecular
9)hyper
上,高,超
超导体;
超流体;
超氧化物;
超分子的;
超过,过多
hypersensitive
hyperelastic
hypertension
hyperploid
过敏的;
超弹性的;
高血压;
超倍体;
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下,低,次
10)hypo
hypoglycaemia
hypotension
hypophysis
11)iso
iso-osmotic
isopod
isotope
低血糖;
低血压;
脑下垂体;
等,相同,同
等渗的;
等足目动物;
同位素;
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12)oligo,olig
少,低,寡,狭
狭盐性;
寡基因;
寡聚体;
寡食性;
寡头政治;
oligohaline
oligogene
oligomer
oligophagous
oligarchy
13)eury
多,宽,广
eurythermal
euryhaline
eurytopic species
广温的;
广盐性;
广幅种;
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14)ultr
超
超声学;
超微结构;
紫外线;
ultra-acoustics
ultra-structure
ultroviolet
15)infra
下,低,远
infralittoral
infrahuman
infrared
infrastructure
远岸的;
类人生物;
红外线的;
基础结构,基本结构;
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4. 表示摄食的词素
1)–vore 食……动物,-vorous食……动物的
algivore
carnivore
herbivore
omnivore
食藻动物;
食肉动物;
食草动物;
杂食动物;
2)-phage吃(食)食……生物(体)
-phagous吃(食)……的
phage
phagocyte
zoophage
saprophage
噬菌体;
吞噬细胞;
食肉动物;
腐食者;
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5. 表示动物不同器官和组织的词素
1)cephal, capit, cran
头,头颅
2)cyte
细胞
3)carn, my, mya, myo
肉,肌肉
4)haem, haemat, hem, aem, sangul 血
5)soma, corp
体,身体
6)some, plast
体,颗粒
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肝
7)hepa, hepat
heparin
hepatopancreas
hepatocyte
hepatoma
8)ren, nephr
adrnal
nephridia
nephron
肝素;
肝胰腺;
肝细胞;
肝癌;
肾
肾上腺的;
肾管;
肾单位;
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9)card, cord
心
cardiotoxin
心脏毒素;
cardiovascular center 心血管中枢;
electrocardiogram
心电图;
concord
一致,和谐;
10)ophthalm, ocell, ocul
ophthalmology
ophthalmia
ophthalmologist
眼
眼科学;
眼炎;
眼科专家;
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11)branchi
鳃
filibranch
lamellibrnch
sencondary branchium
12)brac, brachi
brachiolaria
brachionectin
bracelet
丝鳃;
瓣鳃;
次生鳃;
腕,手臂
短腕幼虫;
臂粘连蛋白;
手镯;
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牙齿
13)dent, odont
牙质;
齿舌;
成牙质细胞;
dentin
odontphora
odontoblast
14)plum
plumatus
plumule
plumage
15)foli, foil
follicle
foiling
foliage
foliose
羽
羽状的;
绒毛;
(鸟的)羽毛;
叶
滤泡;
叶形;
叶子;
多叶的;
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(二)专业英语语法特点:
主要体现科技英语的特点(语言精练,
逻辑性强,描述客观,其中语言精练是
其风格,描述客观是其本质)。
• Because most plants are able to
undergo photosynthesis, they do not
depend on other organisms for
energy.
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• (1)长句多(可使句意表达严谨)
• Biology is such a broad field, covering
the minute chemical reactions inside
our cells, to broad scale concepts of
ecosystems and global climate change.
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英语长句的分析
1、修饰语过多
造成长句
的原因
2、并列成分多
3、语言结构层次多
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1、 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,从整体上把
握句子的结构。
2、 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介
词短语和从句的引导词。
分
析
方
法
3、 分析从句和短语的功能,例如,是否为主语
从句,宾语从句,表语从句等。若是状语,
它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件
等等。
4、 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系,例如,
定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。
5、 注意插入语等其他成分。
6、 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
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例1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who
is raised in an environment where there
are many stimuli which develop his or
her capacity for appropriate responses
will experience greater intellectual
development.
行为主义者认为,如果儿童的成长环境里有许
多刺激因素,这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的
发展,那么,儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
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例2. For a family of four, for example, it is
more convenient as well as cheaper
to sit comfortably at home, with
almost unlimited entertainment
available, than to go out in search of
amusement elsewhere.
譬如,对于一个四口之家来说,舒舒服服地在
家中看电视,就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目,这
比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
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长句的翻译方法
1、 顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与
汉语基本一致时,可以按照英语原文的顺
序翻译成汉语。
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例1. Even when we turn off the beside
lamp and are fast asleep,electricity
is working for us,driving our
refrigerators,heating our water,or
keeping our rooms air-conditioned.
即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时,
电仍在为我们工作:帮我们开动电冰箱,把水加热,
或使室内空调机继续运转。
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例2. But now it is realized that supplies of
some of them are limited, and it is
even possible to give a reasonable
estimate of their “expectation of life”,
the time it will take to exhaust all
known sources and reserves of these
materials.
可是现在人们意识到,其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是
有限的,人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质
“可望存在多少年”,也就是说,经过若干年后,这些
矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。
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2、 逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表
达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原
文后面开始翻译。
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例1. Aluminum remained unknown until the
nineteenth century, because nowhere in
nature is it found free, owing to its
always being combined with other
elements, most commonly with oxygen,
for which it has a strong affinity.
铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起,最普遍的是跟氧
结合;因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力,由于这个原因,
在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以,铝直到19世纪
才被人发现。
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例2. It therefore becomes more and more
important that, if students are not to
waste their opportunities, there will
have to be much more detailed
information about courses and more
advice.
因此,如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机
会,就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息,
作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。
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3、 分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修
饰词的关系并不十分密切,翻译时可以按
照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句的从句或
短语化成句子,分开来叙述,为了使语意连
贯,有时需要适当增加词语。
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例1. The number of the young people in
the United States who can`t read is
incredible about one in four.
大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力,
这简直令人难以置信。
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例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one
informed about current events, allow
one to follow the latest developments
in science and politics, and offers an
endless series of programmes which
are both instructive and entertaining.
人们常说,通过电视可以了解时事,掌握科学和
政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既
有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。
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4、 综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺
序法和分句法,事实上,在翻译一个英语长句
时,并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,而是
要求我们把各种方法综合使用,这在我们上面
所举的例子中也有所体现。
尤其是在一些情况下,一些英语长句单纯采用上
述任何一种方法都不方便,这就需要我们的仔
细分析,或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序,
顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,
以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。
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例1. People were afraid to leave their
houses, for although the police had
been ordered to stand by in case of
emergency, they were just as confused
and helpless as anybody else.
尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情
况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知
所措和无能为力。
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例2. Taking his cue from Ibsen`s A Doll`s
House, in which the heroine, Nora,
leaves home because she resents her
husband`s treating her like a child, the
writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would
need money to support herself; she
must have economic rights to survive.
易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离
家出走,因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待
她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示,从而告诫人们娜拉得需
要钱来养活自己,她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。
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(2)被动语态使用频繁(描述客观);
• It has been found experimentally that the
ratio of the amounts of adenine(腺嘌呤)
to thymine(胸腺嘧啶), and the ratio of
guanine(鸟嘌呤) to cytosine(胞嘧啶),
are always very close to unity for
deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA)
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• (3)名词性词组多;分词使用频繁;介词短
语多(可使语言精练);
• Gene therapy involves the repair or
correction of the machinery。
• 基因治疗包括遗传系统的修复或纠正
• (4)专业术语多;缩略词多;合成词多;插
图,表格,公式,数字所占比例大。
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三、生物学专业英语的内容
(1)掌握构词法(派生,转换,合成),扩大
词汇量。
(2)阅读英文原始文献资料,扩大知识面,掌
握生物学专业英语的语言规律,提高阅读,
写作,翻译水平以及实际应用生物学专业英
语的能力。
(3)巩固英语基础知识,提高应用英语的能力
(大学英语教学大纲要求大学生修完大学英
语基础课程后必须学习专业英语。)
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四、生物学专业英语的学习方法
(1) 识记专业词汇,扩大阅读范围
(2) 巩固英语语法基础,掌握科技
英语的语言特点
(3) 针对应用文体加强翻译、写作
练习
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五、生物学专业英语参考资料
• <<科技英语语法新编>>新时代出版社1
• BA (Biological Abstracts);Science
(USA);Nature (GB.)
• 英汉生物学词典(第三版)
• 英汉大学生物学词汇
• 金山词霸
• On-Line Biology Book
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/f
arabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
62
Scope of field in Biology
• Biology : The science of living
organisms, concerned with the study
of embryology(胚胎学), anatomy(解剖
学), physiology, cytology, morphology,
taxonomy, genetics, evolution, and
ecology .生物学
63
• Biochemistry : The study of the
chemical substances that occur in living
organisms, the processes by which these
substances enter into or are formed in
the organisms and react with each other
and environment, and the methods by
which the substances and processes are
identified,characterized,and measured
( Chemical processes associated with
living things. )生物化学
64
• Anatomy:The branch of morphology
concerned with the gross (总的) and
microscopic structure of animal,
especially humans.解剖学
• Immunology : The division of
biological science concerned with the
native or acquired resistance of higher
animal forms and humans to infection
with microorganisms.免疫学
65
• Biophysics : The hybrid science
involving the methods and ideas of
physics and chemistry to study and
explain the structures of living
organisms and the mechanics of living
processes.生物物理学
66
• Cytology:The branch of biological
science that deals with the structure,
behavior, growth, and reproduction
of cells and the function and
chemistry of cells and cell
component.细胞学
67
• Ecology : The study of the
interrelationships between organisms
and their environment.生态学
• Embryology : The study of the
development of the organisms and the
zygote(受精卵), or fertilized egg.胚胎
学
68
• Evolution : The processes of
biological and organic change in
organisms by which descendants
(后代) come to differ from their
ancestors, and a history of the
sequence of such change. 生物进化
69
• Genetics : The science concerned
with biological inheritance( 遗 传 ),
that is, with the causes of the
resemblances and differences among
related individuals.遗传学
• Histology : The study of their
structure and chemical composition
of animal tissues as related to their
function.组织学
70
• Molecular biology:The branch of
biology which attempts to interpret
(解释) biological events in term of
the molecules in the cell.分子生物学
• Taxonomy:The science of animal
and plant classification.分类学
71
• Physiology : The branch of
biological science concerned with
the basic activities that occur in cells
and tissues of living organisms and
involving physical and chemical
studies of these organisms.生理学
72
• Microbiology:The science and study
of microorganisms, especially bacteria
and rickettsiae(源自哈瓦德·泰勒 立
克次,美国病理学家, 1871-1910年)
and of antibiotic substances.
• Virology:The science that deals with
the study of viruses.病毒学
• Mycology : A branch of biological
science concerned with the study of
fungi.真菌学
73
• Botany : The branch of biological
science that focuses on the study of
plants and plant life, including algae;
deals with taxonomy, morphology,
physiology, and other aspects.植物学
74
• Paleontology:The study of life in the
geologic past as record by fossil
remains.古生物学
• Paleobotany : The study of fossil
plants and vegetation of the geologic
past.古植物学
75
• Zoology:The science that deals with the
taxonomy, behavior, and morphology of
animal life.动物学
• Vertebrate zoology:A branch of zoology
concerned with the taxonomy, behavior,
and morphology of vertebrate animals.脊
椎动物学
• Invertebrate zoology : A branch of
zoology concerned with the taxonomy,
behavior, and morphology of invertebrate
animals.无脊椎动物学
76
Inside the Living Cell: Structure and
Function of Internal Cell Parts
• 1.Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory
• 细胞质:动力工厂
• Most of the properties we associate with life are
properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a
cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is
bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane.
Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the
filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in
the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble
proteins, and other materials needed for cell
functioning.
• 生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。细胞质大
部分由半流体物质组成,并由细胞膜(原生质膜)包
被。细胞器悬浮在其中,并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质,离子,可溶蛋白以
77
及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
• 2.The Nucleus: Information Central 细胞核:信息中心
• The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and
houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In
prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the
nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two
organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A
pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates
the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small
molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but
larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter
and exit via the pores.
• 真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器,细胞核对染色体
组有保护作用(原核细胞的遗传物质 存在于拟核
中)。细胞核含有一或二个核仁,核仁促进细胞分裂。
核膜贯穿许多小孔,小分子可以自由通过核膜,而象
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mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。
• 3.Organelles: Specialized Work Units(细胞器:特殊
的功能单位)
• All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds
of organelles, and each organelle performs a
specialized function in the cell. Organelles described
in this section include ribosomes, the endoplasmic
reticulum, the Golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes,
mitochondria, and the plastids of plant cells.
• 所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器,每个细胞器都有
其特定功能。本节主要介绍核糖体,内质网,高尔基
体系,液泡,溶酶体,线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。
79
• The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few
hundred to many thousands. This quantity reflects the fact that,
ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled into
proteins for export or for use in cell processes. A complete
ribosome is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit.
During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of
mRNA, "reading" the genetic sequence coded in it and
translating that sequence into protein. Several ribosomes may
become attached to a single mRNA strand; such a combination is
called a polysome. Most cellular proteins are manufactured on
ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Exportable proteins and membrane
proteins are usually made in association with the endoplasmic
reticulum.
• 核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千,核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白
质的重要场所。完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。核糖体
沿着mRNA移动并阅读遗传密码,翻译成蛋白质。一条mRNA
上可能有多个核糖体,称多聚核糖体。大多数细胞蛋白是由细
胞质中核糖体生产。输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。80
• The endoplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of
membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either
rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles
in the synthesis and transport of proteins.
• The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also
seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a
cell divides.
• 内质网,带有花边的生物囊,有管状,泡状之分,以
及光滑和粗糙面区别。两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输
有关。粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体,也可能提供细
胞分裂后所需的核膜。
81
• SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of
fats and steroids and in the oxidation of toxic
substances in the cell.
• Both types of endoplasmic reticulum serve as
compartments within the cell where specific products
can be isolated and subsequently transferred to
particular areas in or outside the cell.
• 光滑内质网上无核糖体,主要作用是脂肪和类固醇
的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。两种内质网合
成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。
82
• Transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules
from the endoplasmic reticulum to another
membranous organelle, the Golgi complex. Within
the Golgi complex molecules are modified and
packaged for export out of the cell or for delivery
else where in the cytoplasm.
• 运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基
复合体上。在高尔基复合体中修饰,包装后输出细
胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。
83
• Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are
actually filled with fluid and soluble molecules. The
most prominent vacuoles appear in plant cells and
serve as water reservoirs and storage sites for sugars
and other molecules.
• Vacuoles in animal cells carry out phagocytosis (the
intake of particulate matter) and pinocytosis
(vacuolar drinking).
• 细胞中的液泡好象是中空的,但实际上充满了液体
和可溶分子。最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中,储
备水,糖以及其它分子。动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞
饮作用。
84
• A subset of vacuoles are the organelles known as
lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes
(packaged in lysosomes in the Golgi complex) that
can break down most biological macromolecules.
They act to digest food particles and to degrade
damaged cell parts.
• 溶酶体是液泡亚单位,含有消化酶,降解大部分生
物大分子。消化食物微粒和降解损伤的细胞残片。
85
• Mitochondria are the sites of energy-yielding chemical
reactions in all cells. In addition, plant cells contain
plastids that utilize light energy to manufacture
carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis. It is
on the large surface area provided by the inner cristae
of mitochondria that ATP-generating enzymes are
located. Mitochondria are self-replicating, and
probably they are the evolutionary descendants of
what were once free-living prokaryotes.
• 线粒体是细胞中化学产能的场所。另外,植物细胞中
的质体在光合作用中利用光能产生碳水化合物,线粒
体内嵴上提供了很大的表面积并分布着产ATP酶。线
粒体自我复制,并且可能是自由生活的原核生物在进
化中形成的后代。
86
• There are two types of plastids: leucoplasts, which
lack pigments and serve as storage sites for starch,
proteins, and oils; and chromoplasts, which contain
pigments. The most important chromoplasts are
chloroplasts-organelles that contain the chlorophyll
used in photosynthesis. The internal structure of
chloroplasts includes stacks of membranes called
grana, which are embedded in a matrix called the
stroma.
• 质体有两种类型:白色体,缺乏色素,是淀粉,蛋
白质和油的储备场所;色质体,含有色素。叶绿体
是最重要的色质体,含有与光合作用有关的叶绿素。
叶绿体的内部结构是由多层膜形成的叶绿体基粒,
87
其中包埋在基质中的基粒称子座。
4.The Cytoskeleton 4.细胞骨架
All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton, which is a
latticework of filaments and tubules that appears to
fill all available space in the cell and provides support
for various other organelles. A large portion of the
cytoskeleton consists of microfilaments composed
mainly of the contractile protein actin. They are
involved in many types of intracellular movements in
plant and animal cells.
所有的细胞都有细胞骨架,网络结构的纤丝充满了它
所能触及的全部空间并且对细胞器提供支持作用。细
胞骨架大部分由微丝组成,微丝主要由可收缩的肌动
蛋白组成。动植物细胞的许多种类型细胞内运动与肌
动蛋白有关。
88
• A second protein, myosin, is involve in the contraction
of muscle cells. Another main structural component of
the cytoskeleton consists of microtubules, which are
composed of the globular protein tubulin and together
act as scaffolding(脚手架)that provides a stable cell
shape. Cytoskeletal intermediate filaments appear to
provide tensile strength (张力) to the cell cytoplasm.
Mechanoenzymes such as myosin, dynein, and kinesin
(驱动蛋白) interact with the cytoskeletal filaments and
tubules to generate forces that cause movements.
• 第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白,它与肌肉细胞的收缩有关。
细胞骨架的另一个主要结构成分是微管,由球状的微
管蛋白组成,象脚手架一般维持细胞的稳定形态。细
胞骨架的中间丝提供了细胞质伸缩动力。机械酶,例
如,肌球蛋白,动力蛋白,驱动蛋白与微丝,微管相
互作用产生动力而引起细胞运动。
89
• 5.Cellular Movements(细胞运动)
• Although the cytoskeleton provides some stability to
cells, its microtubules and filaments and their
associated proteins enable cells to move by creeping
(爬行) or gliding. Such movements require a solid
substrate to which the cell can adhere and can be
guided by the geometry (几何) of the surface. Some
cells also exhibit chemotaxis,the ability to move
toward or away from the source of a diffusing
chemical.
• 尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞的某些稳定性,微丝,微管
及相关蛋白能使细胞爬行或滑动。这种运动需要固体
基质依托并通过表面几何形状的改变而运动。某些细
胞具备趋药性,即趋向或逃离扩散开的化学源。 90
• Certain eukaryotic cells can swim freely in liquid
environments, propelled (驱动) by whiplike cilia or
flagella. Both cilia and flagella have the same internal
structure: nine doublets (pairs of microtubules) are
arranged in a ring and extend the length of the cilium
or flagellum, and two more microtubules run down
the center of the ring. Every cilium or flagellum grows
only from the cell surface where a basal bodyis
located. Movement is based on the activities of tiny
dynein side arms that extend from one of the
microtubules of each doublet.
• 某些真核细胞能在液体中自由运动,由纤毛或鞭毛推
动。纤毛和鞭毛具有同样的内部结构:九个双微管环
形排列,纵向延伸,环中心是由另两个微管组成。纤
毛或鞭毛从细胞表面的基体处生长,双微管的动力蛋
白臂从一侧延伸到另一侧而引起运动。
91
• Nutrients, proteins, and other materials within most
plant cells are moved about via cytoplasmic
streaming. The process occurs as myosin proteins
attached to organelles push against microfilaments
arrayed throughout the cell. Microfilaments and
microtubules are responsible for almost all major
cytoplasmic movements. During cell division,
microtubules of the spindle assembled from tubutin
(微管蛋白) subunits near organelles called centrioles
move to the chromosomes.
• 大部分植物细胞的营养,蛋白质和其它物质由细胞
质流运输。这个过程是由于依附在细胞器上的肌球
蛋白反推排列在细胞周围的微丝形成的。绝大部分
细胞质运动由微丝和微管完成。在细胞分裂期间,
中心粒周围的由微管蛋白亚基装配形成的纺锤体微
92
管移向染色体。
长句翻译作业
• This method of using “controls” can be applied to
a variety of situations, and can be used to find the
answer to questions as widely different as “Must
moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and
“Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in
one season?”
• 这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况,
也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案,从
“铁生锈,是否必须有一定的湿度才行?”到“哪
种豆类一季的产量最高?”
93
• 2. It begins as a childlike interest in the
grand spectacle (盛大景象) and exciting
event; it grows as a mature interest in the
variety and complexity of the drama(戏剧),
the great achievements and terrible failures;
it ends as deep sense of the mystery of
man`s life of all the dead, great and
obscure(卑微的), who once walked the earth,
and of wonderful and awful possibilities of
being a human being.
94
• 我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史
上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴
趣; 其后,这种爱好变得成熟起来,我们开始
对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性,对历史
上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣; 对历史的
爱好,最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘
感而告结束。 对死去的,无论是伟大与平凡,
所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人,都有能取得
伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。
95
• 3. If parents were prepared for this adolescent (青
春期的) reaction, and realized that it was a sign
that the child was growing up and developing
valuable powers of observation and independent
judgment, they would not be so hurt, and
therefore would not drive the child into
opposition by resenting (愤恨) and resisting it.
• 如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备,而
且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长,正在发展
珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志,他们就不
会感到如此伤心,所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和
反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。
96
• 4. It is probably easier for teachers than for
students to appreciate the reasons why
learning English seems to become
increasingly difficult once the basic
structures and patterns of the language
have been understood.
• 一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型,再往下
学似乎就越来越难了,这其中的原因,也
许教师比学生更容易理解。
97
• 5. They (the poor) are the first to experience
technological progress as a curse (祸根)
which destroys the old muscle-power jobs
that previous generations used as a means to
fight their way out of poverty(贫穷).
• 对于以往几代人来说,旧式的体力劳动是一
种用以摆脱贫困的手段,而技术的进步则摧
毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动,因此首先体
验到技术进步之害的是穷人。
98
6. Such is a human nature in the West that a
great many people are often willing to
sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of
becoming white collar workers(白领工人).
• 许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为
白领工人的社会地位,这在西方倒是人之
常情。
99
• 7. All they have to do is press a button, and
they can see plays, films, operas, and shows
of every kind, not to mention (更不必说)
political discussions and the latest exciting
football match.
• 他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开,
就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧,以及其他
各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、
最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。
100
• 8. Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life
that has started somewhere will develop into
highly complex and intelligent patterns, so
vast (大量的) is the number of planets that
intelligent life is bound to be a natural part
of the universe.
• 虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分
之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式,但
是行星的数目如此之多,以致有智慧的生命
一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。
101
• 9. Modern scientific and technical books,
especially textbooks, requires revision at
short intervals (时间间隔) if their authors
wish to keep pace with new ideas,
observations and discoveries.
• 对于现代书籍,特别是教科书来说,要是
作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新
观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话,那
么就应该每隔较短的时间,将书中的内容
重新修改。
102
• 10. Up to the present time, throughout the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this
new tendency placed the home in the
immediate suburbs(市郊), but concentrated
manufacturing activity, business relations,
government, and pleasure in the centers of
the cities.
• 到目前为止,经历了18和19两个世纪,这
种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊,
而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及
娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。
103