Transcript NUTRITION AND METABOLISM

NUTRIENTS
MACRONUTRIENTS
MICRONUTRIENTS
METABOLISM
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
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NUTRIENTS IN = NUTRIENTS USED
HOMEOSTASIS
TOO FEW= MALNUTRITION
TOO MANY = OBESITY
INFLUENCED BY
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SMELL, TASTE, TEXTURE
NEURAL CONTROL: GASTRIC STRETCH RECEPTORS, STRESS,
HORMONES BY AFFECTING ARCUATE NUCLEUS IN
HYPOTHALAMUS
INSULIN
EATING: ADIPOCYTES RELEASE LEPTIN: INHIBITS RELEASE
OF NEUROPEPTIDE Y (WHICH STIMULATES EATING)
LOW LEPTIN = INCREASES APETITIE
GHRELIN: GASTRIC HORMONE: STIMULATES
NEUROPEPTIDE Y
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?
MOST OF THESE FOODS HAVE MANY
MINERALS AND VITAMINS
CELLULOSE: FIBER
MONO: FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE, GLUCOSE
+
EXCESS = ?
GLUCONEOGENESIS ?
TO MAKE RIBOSE AND DEOXYRIBOSE =?
+ LACTOSE DURING LACTATION
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PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE
SO MORE ACTIVE INDIVIDUALS =?
125 TO 175 GRAMS/DAY SO PROTEIN NOT
CONSUMED
AVERAGE: 200 TO 300 GRAMS/ DAY
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=?
USE: ENERGY, STRUCTURES
TRIGLYCERIDES =
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SATURATED
UNSATURATED
MONOUNSATURATED ARE THE
HEALTHIEST
SATURATED: HEART DISEASE
CHOLESTEROL
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FATS: ENERGY: 9 KCAL/GRAM
TRIGLYCERIDES: HYDROLYSIS  FATTY
ACIDS AND GLYCEROL BETA OXIDATION 
ACETYL COENZYME A
OR FATTY ACID OXIDASES  ACETYL
COENZYME A
ACETYL COENZYME A IN?
GLYCEROL  GLUCOSE
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
CAN FORM LIPOPROTEINS
CHOLESTEROL: STRUCTURES AND
HORMONES
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AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION: 30% OR
LESS
TO SUPPLY FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
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MONOMERS: ?
ENERGY: DEAMINATION: LIVER REMOVES
NITROGEN GROUP WHICH FORMS
AMMONIA AND THEN UREA ? TO ?
DEAMINATED AA  ACETYL COENZYME
A OR OTHER SPOTS IN KREBS CYCLE
FORM GLUCOSE OR FAT; USUALLY NOT
USED FOR ENERGY BUT FOR STRUCTURE
BUILDING
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LIVER EXCEPT FOR 8 ESSENTIAL AMINO
ACIDS
20 AMINO ACIDS
NOT STORED SO IF NOT USED  USED FOR
ENRGY OR FORM GLUCOSE OR FAT
COMPLETE PROTIENS: LIFE AND
GROWTH; MILK, MEAT, EGGS
PARTIALLY COMPLETE: LIFE NOT
GROWTH
INCOMPLETE PROTEINS
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PROTEIN BUILT AND BROKEN DOWN IN
CELLS; GAIN = LOSS: DYNAMIC
EQUILIBRIUM
NITROGEN IN = NITROGEN OUT
NEGATIVE NITROGEN BALANCE = ?
POSITIVE NITROGEN BALANCE = ?
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ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
NITROGEN FOR AMINO ACID SYNTHESIS
SYNTHESIS OF NONPROTEIN
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS
INTAKE; .8 GRAM/KILOGRAM BODY
WEIGHT
60-150 GRAMS/DAY AVERAGE
PREGNANT AND NURSING = MORE
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TISSUE WASTING
LOWER PLASMA PROTEIN = LOWER
COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE = ?
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FLUID STAYS IN TISSUE = NUTRITIONAL
EDEMA
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IF NOT ENOUGH CALORIES: START
DIGESTING STRUCTURAL MOLECULES
TOO MUCH = OBESITY
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ENERGY VALUE OF FOOD IN CALORIES
*AMOUNT OF HEAT NEEDED TO RAISE
TEMPERATURE OF 1 GRAM OF WATER 1
DEGREE CELSIUS
FOOD = LARGE CALORIE/KILOCALORIE =
1000X MORE
AMOUNT OF HEAT TO RAISE THE
TEMPERATURE OF 1 KILOGRAM OF WATER 1
DEGREE CELSIUS = 4.184 JOULES
HOW IS FOOD TESTED FOR ENERGY?
SAME AS IN US ?
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CARBOHYDRATES: 4.1 C/G
PROTEINS: 4.1 C/G
FATS: 9.5 C/G
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SAME FOR ALL?
WHY?
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FOR BMR, MUSCLE ACTIVITY, BODY
TEMPERATURE, GROWTH,
BMR: AWAKE AT REST; WHAT IS NEEDED
TO KEEP ORGANS GOING
AMOUNT OF ENERGY CONSUMED = ?
1C PER HOUR PER KILOGRAM BODY
WEIGHT
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BODY SIZE, GENDER, BODY TEMPERATURE,
ENDOCRINE GLAND ACTIVITY
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BMR = SAME ALL DAY ?
WHY ?
BMR USES MOST OF ENERGY
EXPENDITURE
NEXT IS VOLUNTARY MUSCLE USE
MAY NEED MORE FOR BODY
TEMPERATURE
ALSO NEED MORE FOR GROWTH
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USUALLY HOMEOSTATIC
POSITIVE ENERGY BALANCE
NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE
500C /DAY = 3500 C /WEEK =1 POUND
/WEEK
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BMI: WEIGHT AND HEIGHT
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS REQUIRED IN
SMALL AMOUNTS FOR METABOLISM,
WHICH BODY CAN NOT MANUFACTURE
ENOUGH OF
PROVITAMINS : PRECURSOR TO VITAMINS
CLASSIFIED BY SOLUBILITY ?
FAT SOLUBLE; A,D,E,K
WATER SOLUBLE: REST, B, C
ARE THEY STORED IN BODY? RESULTS?
WHO NEEDS SUPPLEMENTS?
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DISSOLVE IN FATS: LIPID SOLUBLE:
STORED
CAN BE TOXIC
STABLE TO HEAT SO COOKING?
A: RHODOSPIN: ?; ONLY FROM FOODS
FROM ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANT: BREAK
DOWN FREE RADICALS THAT CAN
DESTORY TISSUES
D: STEROIDS, ACTIVATED FORM HELPS
ABSORB CALCIUM; HARD TO GET
NATURALLY, SUN HELPS (SUNSCREEN)
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E: ANTIOXIDANT;
K: SOME PRODUCED BY BACTERIA E. COLI;
FORMATION OF SOME CLOTTING
PROTEIN
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SOME DESTROYED BY COOKING
C AND B VITAMINS
B: FAD + NAD FORMATION; AI9DS ACETYL
COENZYME A; AIDS FORMATION OF
PROTIENS; HELP AMINO ACID
METABOLISM; COLLAGEN PRODUCTION;
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INORGANIC
PLANTS PICK MINERALS
HUMANS FROM FOOD CHAIN
4% OF BODY WEIGHT
MOSTLY FOUND IN? (75% OF WEIGHT OF
MINERALS IN BONE AND TEETH)
IN ORGANIC MOLECULES
SOME INORGANIC (CALCIUM
PHOSPHATE)
SOME FREE IONS (CHLORIDE IONS)
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STRUCTURAL, IN ENZYMES, OSMOTIC
PRESSURE, NERVE IMPULSE
CONDUCTION, MUSCLE CONTRACTION,
COAGULATION, pH MAINTAINANCE
HOMEOSTASIS
INTAKE = EXCRETION
PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FORM IS ION ?
CONTROLLED BY HOMEOSTASIS
MINERAL TOXICITY: FOOD, POLLUTION,
DISEASE, TRAUMA
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75%: CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS
CALCIUM FOR ?
NOT A LOT OF SOURCES
DEFICIENCY IS MORE COMMON THAN
TOXICITY
PHOSPHRUS FOR ?
USUALLY HAVE ENOUGH UNLESS THERE
IS A DISEASE
POTASSIUM, SULFUR, SODIUM,
CHLORINE, MAGNESIUM
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MICROMINERALS: ESSENTIAL
LESS THAN .005%
MANGANESE, IRON, COPPER, IODINE,
COBALT, ZINC, FLOURINE, SELENIUM,
CHROMIUM
IRON: LIVER IS ONLY RICH SOURCE BUT
OTHER SOURCES
IODINE: MAIN SOURCE?
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ADEQUATE DIET: SUPPORT OPTIMAL
GROWTH AND REPAIR BODY TISSUE
RDA GUIDELINES: UPPER LIMIT; LOOKED
AT EVERY 5 YEARS why?
RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE IS
DIFFERENT FOR DIFFERENT GROUPS
FOOD PYRAMIDS: GEARED TO AGE,
GENDER, FOOD PREFERANCE, HEALTH,
GOALS
FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES OVER
PROCESSED FOOD
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UNDERNUTRITION
OVERNUTRITION
PRIMARY MALNUTRITION: DIET
SECONDARY MALNUTRITION: CAUSES AN
ADEQUATE DIET TO BE INADEQUATE
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50-70 DAYS
MARASMUS
LACK OF NUTRIENTS
KWASHIORKOR
PROTEIN STARVATION
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
SELF IMPOSED STARVATION
BULIMIA
BINGE AND PURGE
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DIETARY REQUIREMENTS STAY ABOUT
THE SAME BUT OFTEN CAN’T GET
NUTRIENTS
BMR CHANGES
RISES, DROPS, RISES, DECLINES
@ 50 WEIGHT USUALLY RISES
OFTEN AFFECTED BY MEDICATIONS AND
POVERTY WITH AGE
SOME DEFICIENCIES TAKE A LONG TIME TO
SHOW UP
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