Transcript A+ Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting Software 2e

A+ Guide to Software
Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting
THIRD EDITION
Chapter 5
Understanding
and Installing
Windows NT and
Windows 2000
You Will Learn…

About Windows NT/2000/XP architecture

How to install Windows 2000
Professional

How to install hardware and applications
with Windows 2000

How to install and support Windows NT
Workstation
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
2
Windows NT/2000/XP
Architecture

Windows 2000 Professional

Windows 2000 Server

Windows 2000 Advanced Server

Windows 2000 Datacenter Server
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
3
Windows NT/2000/XP Modes

User mode

Kernel mode
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
4
Windows NT/2000/XP Modes
(continued)
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
5
User Mode

Nonprivileged processor mode in which
programs:



Have only limited access to system
information
Can access hardware only through other
OS services
Used by several subsystems, most
notably, Win32
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
6
User Mode (continued)
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
7
User Mode (continued)

Win32 Subsystem



DOS applications use an environment
called a NTVDM (NT virtual DOS machine)
16-bit Windows 3.x applications reside in a
WOW (Win16 on Win32) environment
32-bit Windows relate directly to Win32
• Single-threading
• Multithreading
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
8
Kernel Mode

Privileged processor mode in which
programs have extensive access to
system information and hardware

Used by two main components

HAL (hardware abstraction layer)
• Primary interaction with hardware

Executive services
• Interacts between User Mode and HAL
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
9
Networking Features

Workgroup: a logical group of
computers and users that share
resources

Domain: a group of networked
computers that share a centralized
database of user account information
and security
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
10
Windows Workgroup
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
11
Windows Workgroup (continued)

Administration, resources, and security
are controlled by each workstation

Each computer maintains its list of users
and their rights on the machine

Uses peer-to-peer model
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
12
Windows Domain
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
13
Windows Domain (continued)

Uses client/server model

Directory database controlled by Network
Operating System (NOS)
• User Accounts
• Group Accounts
• Computer Accounts
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
14
Windows NT Domain

Directory database is called security
accounts manager (SAM)

Primary Domain Controller (PDC)
holds original directory database

Backup Domain Controller (BDC)
holds read-only copy of database
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
15
Windows 2000/2003 Domain




Directory database is called Active
Directory
All domain controllers can update the
directory database
Native Mode: no Windows NT domain
controllers present
Mixed Mode: at least one Windows NT
domain controller on the network
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
16
Windows NT/2000/XP Logon

Administrator account exists by default


Has rights and permissions to all hardware
and software resources
Responsible for setting up other user
accounts and assigning privileges
• Workgroup: accounts are local to the machine
• Domain: accounts apply to the entire domain
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
17
Windows NT/2000/XP Logon
(continued)

User logon required

User acquires rights and permissions
assigned by administrator to the user and to
his/her group(s)

Windows NT/2000 require user to press
Ctrl + Alt + Del

Windows XP displays logon screen by
default
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
18
How Windows NT/2000/XP
Manages Hard Drives

System partition

Normally drive C

Active partition
• Contains OS boot record

Boot partition


Stores the Windows NT/2000/XP OS
Can be the same partition or separate
partitions
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
19
Windows NT/2000/XP Partitions
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
20
Windows NT/2000/XP Partitions
(continued)

Windows NT


Windows 2000/XP


Both partitions can be formatted with either
FAT16 or NTFS
Both partitions can be formatted with either
FAT16, FAT32, or NTFS
Recall that DOS and Windows 9x cannot
access an NTFS partition
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
21
A Choice of File Systems

FAT file system




Windows NT File System (NTFS)


File Allocation Table (FAT)
Directories
Data files
Master file table (MFT)
Windows NT/2000/XP does not support
OS/2 High Performance File System
(HPFS)
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
22
A Choice of File Systems
(continued)
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
23
The Master File Table (MFT)
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
24
Advantages of NTFS Over FAT

Recoverable file system

Supports encryption

Supports disk quotas

Supports compression
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
25
Advantages of NTFS Over FAT
(continued)

Provides added floppy disk boot security


DOS/Windows 9x boot disk cannot access
NTFS file system
Windows Recovery Console requires
Administrator account and password

Supports mirroring drives

Uses smaller cluster sizes

Supports large-volume drives
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
26
Advantages of FAT over NTFS

Less overhead

Works best for drives smaller than 500 MB

Compatible with Windows 9x and DOS

Can boot Windows NT/2000/XP from a
DOS or Windows 9x startup disk if the
active partition is FAT
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
27
Planning the Installation of
Windows 2000 Professional

Select the file system: NTFS, FAT16, or
FAT32

Verify compatibility of computer,
peripherals, and software

Check the Microsoft Web site at
http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/
professional/howtobuy/upgrading/compat
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
28
Check the Microsoft Web Site
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
29
Why Verify Compatibility?



Windows NT/2000/XP does not use
system BIOS to interface with hardware
Software applications must qualify for
Windows 2000
A “good BIOS” meets Advanced
Configuration and Power Interface
(ACPI) standards

Takes full advantage of Windows power
management
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
30
Installing Windows 2000 on
Networked Computers

For multiple installations, consider
copying the \I386 folder to a file server

Unattended installation reads answers
to installation questions from answer file

Drive imaging or disk cloning
replicates a drive to a new computer

Use Sysprep.exe to remove unique info

Clone with third-party software
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
31
Things to Know Before Installation

For peer-to-peer network: Computer name
and workgroup name

For domain network: username, user
password, computer name, domain name

For TCP/IP network: how IP address is
assigned

If static assignment: IP address
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
32
Upgrade or Clean Install?

Clean install overwrites existing
operating system and applications

Upgrade installation carries forward
applications, data, and most OS settings

Dual-boot: Windows 2000 installed into a
second partition on the hard drive
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
33
Clean Install, Overwriting the
Existing Installations

Fresh start

Ensures that the registry as well as
applications are as clean as possible

Must reinstall applications


Verify possession of application CDs or
floppies and documentation before starting
Must restore data from backup

Perform backup and verify before starting
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
34
Perform an Upgrade Installation
System

Applications, data, and most OS settings
are carried forward into Windows 2000

Faster
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
35
Create a Dual Boot

Dual boot is the ability to boot from both
Windows NT/2000 and another OS

Windows 2000 does not support a
second OS on the same partition

Applications must be reinstalled on each
partition
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
36
Create a Dual Boot (continued)

For dual boot with DOS, Windows 2000
system partition must be FAT16

For dual boot with Windows 9x,
Windows 2000 system partition must be
FAT16 or FAT32

Because Windows 2000 NTFS is a
newer version than Windows NT NTFS,
this dual boot is not recommended
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
37
Planning an Upgrade from
Windows 9x to Windows 2000

Registries are not compatible


Transfer of information will not be as
complete as an upgrade from Windows NT
to 2000
Run Winnt /Checkupgradeonly
to test the system for potential problems
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
38
Hardware Compatibility

Windows 2000 attempts to install all
compatible hardware devices


Windows 2000 does not import device
drivers from Windows 98
You may have to download device drivers
from either the Microsoft Web site or
manufacturer’s Web site
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
39
Software Compatibility

Windows 9x applications store registry
data differently from Windows 2000
applications



An application may or may not work in
Windows 2000 after an upgrade
Try reinstalling
Check manufacturer’s Web site for patch or
upgrade
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
40
Planning an Upgrade from
Windows NT to Windows 2000

Setup automatically upgrades to the
Windows 2000 version of NTFS

If the Windows NT installation used FAT
or FAT32, Windows 2000 offers to
upgrade the file system to NTFS
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
41
Hardware Compatibility

Generally, most Windows NT hardware
devices also work under Windows 2000

Check the HCL on Microsoft Web site

Run Winnt /Checkupgradeonly
to test the system for potential problems
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
42
Software Compatibility


Nearly all applications that run on
Windows NT will run on Windows 2000
Exceptions:






Antivirus software
Third-party networking software
Some disk management tools
Custom power management tools
Custom Plug and Play solutions
Uninterruptible Power Supply software
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
43
Steps to Install Windows 2000


Clean install options

Boot from Windows 2000 CD

Run Winnt.exe from DOS

Run Winnt32.exe from Windows
Upgrade install options

Boot from Windows 2000 CD

Run Winnt32.exe from Windows 9x or NT 4.0

Cannot be done over the network
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
44
Steps to Install Windows 2000
(continued)

Access CMOS and verify:



Boot sequence is CD-ROM first, hard drive
second for a CD-ROM boot installation
Boot sector antivirus protection is disabled
Motherboard BIOS Plug and Play is
disabled
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
45
Clean Installation
To make Windows 2000 setup disks

1.
Format four floppy disks
2.
Insert Windows 2000 CD-ROM and run
D:\bootdisk\makeboot.exe A:
3.
4.
5.
Insert new disks as requested
Boot PC from first setup disk, followed by
the other three and the CD-ROM
Accept the license agreement
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
46
Windows 2000 Setup Wizard
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
47
Clean Installation (continued)
CD-ROM setup begins here or floppy
disk setup continues

6.
7.
Hard drive partitioning and formatting is
selected
Keyboard, language, name, product key,
date, time, and administrator’s password
8.
Network settings configured
9.
Reboot and network setup completed
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
48
Clean Install When the Hard Drive
Has an OS Installed
1.
2.
3.
4.
Scan for viruses
Answer No to question about
upgrading to a new version of Windows
Click Install Windows 2000, then
select Install a new copy of Windows
2000 (Clean Install), accept license
agreement, and enter the product key
After reboot, installation continues as
described earlier
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
49
Windows 2000 Setup Window
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
50
Upgrade Installation
Prepare for the installation

1.
2.
3.
4.
Verify devices and applications are
compatible, download patches and
upgrades as necessary
Scan for viruses
Back up critical system files, the registry,
and data files
Close all applications and antivirus
software, decompress hard drive
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
51
Upgrade Installation (continued)
Insert Windows 2000 CD-ROM
1.

Select Upgrade to Windows 2000
(Recommended)
Report phase
2.


Current hardware, drivers, OS and
applications are scanned for compatibility
Setup creates an answer file, installs boot
loader, copies installation files to the hard
drive
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
52
Upgrade Installation (continued)
PC reboots, Text Mode phase begins
3.


Setup installs Windows 2000 base into the
same folder as the old OS
Setup moves the registry and profiles
PC reboots, GUI Mode phase begins
4.

Setup makes registry changes, migrates
application DLLs, and reboots for the final
time
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
53
After the Installation: Backing Up
the System State
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Download and install all OS service
packs, updates, and patches
Verify that all hardware functions, install
additional devices as needed
Create user accounts
Install additional Windows components
and install applications
Verify system functions properly, back
up the system state data
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
54
Back Up the System State Data
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
55
Installing Hardware

If a device is Plug and Play, Windows
2000 automatically:


Identifies the device
Assigns system resources as needed
without causing conflicts with other devices

Configures the device

Loads any necessary device drivers

Informs the system of configuration changes
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
56
Update a Device Driver
1.
In Control Panel, click the System icon,
select the Hardware tab
2.
Click on Device Manager, expand the
class, locate the device to be updated
3.
Right-click the device, select
Properties from shortcut menu
4.
On the Drivers tab, click Update
Driver
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
57
Device Manager
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
58
Device Property Window
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
59
Installing Applications

Installing applications in Windows 2000
similar to Windows 9x

Windows 2000 Add/Remove Programs
utility provides more options

Change or remove installed programs

Add new programs

Add/remove Windows components

Sort the view in various ways
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
60
Add/Remove Programs
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
61
Installing Windows NT as the Only
OS

If hard drive does not contain an OS,
installation begins by booting the
computer with three NT boot disks

Winnt.exe continues the installation by
accessing the CD-ROM drive

Winnt32.exe can be used to upgrade
from an earlier version of Windows NT or
to reinstall a corrupted version
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
62
Troubleshooting the Windows NT
Boot Process


If possible, use Last Known Good
Boot from the three NT boot disks




Check for corrupt boot and system files
Select the repair option
Try reinstalling the OS into same folder
as an upgrade
To recover data, install the hard drive as
a secondary drive on another Windows
NT system
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
63
Last Known Good Configuration

A copy of the hardware configuration
from the registry, saved after a
successful logon

Allows user to revert to previous
hardware configuration

Causes loss of any changes made to
hardware configuration since the Last
Known God was saved
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
64
Windows NT Boot Disks


Click Start, click Run, enter either

E:\i386\winnt32.exe /ox

E:\i386\winnt.exe /ox
When prompted for the location of the
installation files, enter E:\i386
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
65
Using Winnt32.exe to Create a Set
of Boot Disks
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
66
Windows NT Emergency Repair
Disk

Contains information unique to the OS
and hard drive

Enables restoration of Windows registry
on the hard drive, which contains all
configuration information for Windows

Also includes information used to build a
command window to run DOS-like
commands
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
67
Files on the Windows NT
Emergency Repair Disk
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
68
Using the Boot Disks and the ERD
to Recover from a Failed Boot
Select the option to repair damaged
installation and follow directions on screen
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
69
Summary

Windows NT/2000/XP architecture

How to install Windows 2000
Professional

How to install hardware and applications
with Windows 2000

How to install and support Windows NT
Workstation
A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Edition
70