Transcript Stockholm Convention

ACME
Applying CLEANER PRODUCTION to MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS
Stockholm Convention on
Persistent Organic Pollutants
SESSION 8
United Nations Environment Program
Division of Technology Industry and Economy
Swedish International Development Agency
OUTLINE
Objectives of this session
1/ Background information
> What chemical properties characterize POPs ?
> What are the effects from POPs on health and environment ?
> What are the milestones of global action against POPs ?
2/ The convention
> Which chemicals are targeted ?
> What are the commitments of the Parties ?
3/ Implementation
> What is the implementation status ?
> What are the possibility to help?
4/ Cleaner Production and Stockholm Convention
> How can CP help to address POPs sources ?
> What is the role of Cleaner Production Centers (CPC) ?
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BACKGROUND
4 characteristics for POPs
POPs are carbon-based compounds characterized by:
ADVERSE EFFECTS
> POPs are toxic to humans and wildlife.
BIOACCUMULATION
> POPs become widely distributed throughout the environment.
PERSISTENCE
> POPs remain intact in the environment for a long time.
LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT
> POPs accumulate in fatty tissue of living organisms.
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BACKGROUND
Release and dispersion of POPs
POPs can be released into the environment, transported, and
redeposited in water and on land far from their sources.
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BACKGROUND
Transport through the food chain
Effects shown in food chain far away from any potential source.
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BACKGROUND
Effects of POPs on wildlife/humans
Cancers
Birth defects
Dysfunctional immune,
development, and
reproductive systems
Fertility problems
Disease susceptibility
ANIMALS
Diminished intelligence
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HUMAN BEINGS
BACKGROUND
Endocrine disruption mechanisms
Normal process
Mimicking hormones
Inhibiting hormones
RESPONSE
RESPONSE
NO RESPONSE
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BACKGROUND
Milestones
1962 - Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring”.
70’s & 80’s - Many governments take national action.
90’s - Work on POPs begun in various forums.
June 1996 - Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety
> concludes that urgent global action on the 12 POPs was warranted;
> develops recommendations.
February 1997 - UNEP/GC Decision 19/13C
> Establishes POPs Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC)
to develop global POPs treaty.
May 2001 - Conference on Stockholm Convention
> 129 countries participated in the Conference;
> 92 countries and the EC signed the treaty.
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STOCKHOLM CONVENTION
Overview of the Convention
Adopted in May 2001, entered into force in May 2004.
Status of participation (2006): 151 signatures, 124 Parties.
Objective (Article 1) :
“ To protect human health and the environment from
persistent organic pollutants. ”
3 groups of chemicals:
> Annex 1: Intentionally produced chemicals to be eliminated.
> Annex 2: Intentionally produced chemicals with restrictions.
> Annex 3: Unintentionally produced chemical.
Parties are obliged to take measures to reduce or
eliminate releases of POPs covered by the convention.
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STOCKHOLM CONVENTION
12 chemicals targeted
Aldrin
Chlordane
DDT
Dieldrin
Endrin
Heptachlor
Mirex
Toxaphene
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs)
Chlorinated dioxins
Chlorinated furans
Industrial
Pesticides chemicals By-products
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Annex A - Intentionally produced chemicals that need to be eliminated.
Annex B - Intentionally produced chemicals with restrictions.
Annex C - Unintentionally produced chemicals.
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STOCKHOLM CONVENTION
Requirements for different kinds of POP
ANNEX A - Each Party shall prohibit and/or take the legal and administrative
measures necessary to ELIMINATE:
> Its production and use of chemicals in Annex A;
> Its import and export of chemicals in Annex A.
ANNEX B - Production and use of chemicals in Annex B should be
ELIMINATED, EXCEPT FOR “acceptable purposes”:
> Currently listed: only DDT used for disease vector control.
> Industry must cease production of new PCBs immediately;
> Industry must eliminate use of in-place PCB equipment by 2025;
> Industry must achieve the environmentally sound management of PCB
wastes as soon as possible and latest by 2028.
ANNEX C - Parties are to take measures to MINIMIZE or ELIMINATE
releases of the unintentionally produced POPs.
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STOCKHOLM CONVENTION
Unintentionally produced POPs
Manufacturing process where use of chlorine-containing materials is essential:
> Pulp & paper (bleaching)
> Chlorinated chemical productions (synthesis of chlorinated aromatic chemicals, chlorinated
solvents, PVC, ..)
> Oil refining and catalyst generation
Production application/use with chlorine-containing materials:
> Preservation of wood, leather, textiles
> Textile and leather dying
> Industrial bleaching processes
> Processes which involves solvents
> Water and wastewater disinfection
Thermal processes with chlorine-containing materials incidentally present
Other thermal processes
> Metallurgical process, primary and secondary processes (Cu, Fe, Al, Zn)
> Coke production and carbo-chemical processes
> Mineral processing; especially cement kilns
Controlled combustion processes:
> Waste incineration
> Coal and oil combustion
> Landfill gas/biogas
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Priority focus for
Cleaner Production
STOCKHOLM CONVENTION
POP as by-products
To reduce release of POPs BY-PRODUCTS, each Party shall:
> Develop and implement an action plan to evaluate release and
then take steps to address them;
> Promote application of measures to achieve realistic and
meaningful levels of release reduction or source elimination;
> Promote development and use of substitute or modified materials,
products and processes to prevent release of POPs.
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STOCKHOLM CONVENTION
Stockpiles and wastes
To manage STOCKPILES and WASTE, each Party shall:
> Develop strategies for identifying stockpiles, products and
wastes containing POPs;
> Manage POPs stockpiles and wastes in an environmentally
sound manner;
> Dispose of POPs wastes in manner consistent with
international rules;
> Disposal that recycles POPs is not permitted;
> Transport of POPs wastes is not permitted without taking into
account international rules.
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STOCKHOLM CONVENTION
Identifying new POPs
PROCEDURE for adding new POPs to the Convention :
> Any Party may submit a proposal for listing chemicals in
Annexes A, B or C;
> POPs Review Committee is to be set up under the COP to
review submissions, develop risk profiles and risk management
evaluations and make recommends to COP;
> COP makes decision, Convention must be amended
accordingly (ratification required).
5 CANDIDATES are under consideration to join the initial list :
> Chlordecone (synthetic chlorinated organic compound)
> Hexabromobiphenyl (flame retardant for synthetic fibres and plastics)
> Pentabromodiphenyl (flame retardant)
> Lindane (pesticide)
> Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)
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IMPLEMENTATION
Financial resources
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
> Parties from developed countries shall provide new and additional
funding to developing countries and countries with economies in transition.
FINANCIAL MECHANISM
> There will be a financial mechanism established under the treaty
(undefined yet) to assist countries in its implementation.
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY (GEF)
> On an interim basis GEF will serve as the principal financial
mechanism of the Convention until the COP decides on the institutional
structure of the permanent financial mechanism.
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IMPLEMENTATION
General provisions
COMMITMENTS of the Parties :
> Develop a NIP (National Implementation Plan);
> Facilitate information exchange;
> Promote public information, awareness and education;
> Encourage research, development and monitoring;
> Report to COP on measures taken;
> Evaluate effectiveness of the treaty;
> Provide technical assistance to developing countries and
countries with economies in transition;
> Promote technology transfer.
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IMPLEMENTATION
Country status (1)
What is the situation in your country?
□ Yes □ No
□ Yes □ No
□ Yes □ No
□ Yes □ No
□ Yes □ No
□ Yes □ No
Initial lists of stockpiles and concerned activities completed.
POPs are already banned under national legislation.
Organizational structure is being set up and national research
resources (labs) are identified.
Dialogue with chemical industry started.
R&D to phase out certain POPs (e.g. for pest control)
are in place.
Raising public awareness.
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IMPLEMENTATION
Country status (2)
What are the problems that need to be solved?
> Stockpiles of pesticides.
> No policies regarding disposal of stockpiles.
> Abandoned factories and storage warehouses can contain banned
POPs.
> High costs for removal and destruction of stockpiles.
> Inadequately defined responsibilities of authorities.
> Insufficient monitoring procedures for POPs sources and sites.
> Low level of awareness and environmental culture (industry &
public).
> Outdated production equipment and technologies.
> POPs related laboratory control and procedures not available.
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CP & STOCKHOLM
A relevant strategy for industry ?
Priority Focus for CP = Unintentionally produced POPs
1- Industry is mainly responsible for unintentionally produced
POP’s (dioxins and furans) and utilisation of PCB’s.
2- Expected stricter emission regulations in the near future
and/or ban of use of PCB’s.
3- End-of-pipe solutions is normally not a solution, because::
> Expensive to install equipment
> Cannot tackle all sources (esp. SMEs)
> Merely transfer pollution to other media
There is need for practical implementation of the
precautionary approach
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CP & STOCKHOLM
Examples of CP approaches
How can Cleaner Production address POPs sources ?
> Process control, adequate operation and maintenance
> Establishing closed production cycles
> Eliminating chlorine-based materials via product and
process re-design
> Choice of alternative processes/products
> Change of input materials
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CP & STOCKHOLM
Role of Cleaner Production Promoters (1)
Assistance in development of National Implementation Plans.
1) Support the NIP development process:
> Offer a forum for stakeholders dialogue on the basis of CP partnerships;
> Help to involve industry in the process by providing positive motivations.
2) Support the Inventory of POPs sources:
> Knowledge and experience of working with local industries (from pulp
and paper, metal foundry, textile industry, etc.);
> Offer services in creating inventories based on emission factors
estimations.
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CP & STOCKHOLM
Role of Cleaner Production promoters (2)
3) Assessment of national infrastructure and capacity to
manage POPs:
> Use knowledge of the local industry and assess potential for POPs
elimination while reaching economic benefits;
> Analyze results of previous Cleaner Production assessments and
initiatives;
> Focus on searching for Cleaner Production solutions that give positive
incentives for industry to minimize dioxin/furan emissions.
4) Priority setting and determination of objectives
> Elaborating BAT (Best Available Techniques) and BET (Best
Environmental Practices) adopted to local conditions.
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CP & STOCKHOLM
Role of Cleaner Production promoters (3)
5) Assessment of the needs and formulation of a NIP
> Assist national implementation actors in organizing dialogue and
cooperation with industry by emphasizing, where possible, economic
benefits of dioxin/furan emissions minimization;
> Promote multi-benefit CP solutions for minimizing POPs releases;
> Use experience of formulating National Cleaner Production Action
Plans, policies and regulations available via the NCPC network
(e.g. Czech Republic, China);
> Analyze existing BAT and BEP and suggest contribution to
developing BAT and BEP for sources of dioxin/furans in the region;
> Offer assistance in determining BAT and BEP to the national
authorities.
6) Endorsement of the NIP by the stakeholders
> Assist in conducting the stakeholder dialogue.
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CP & STOCKHOLM
Synthesis
Collaborate in enabling activities
(such as the NIP).
Cleaner
Production
Activities
Cooperate in assessments of national
infrastructure and capacity to manage POPs.
Submit projects to GEF
with National Focal Point (NFP).
Cooperate in inventorying POPs sources
and monitoring POPs release.
Awareness raising through trainings
and demonstration projects.
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Stockholm
Convention
CONCLUSION
End of session 8
Thank you for your attention…
Any questions?
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