Transcript ERS_1 - United Arab Emirates University

Land Observation Satellites
Dr. M. M. Yagoub
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
URL : http://faculty.uaeu.ac.ae/~myagoub
URL : http://www.angelfire.com/mo/yagoub
Type of Remote Sensing
Sensor
Wavelength
Region
Visible Reflective infrared
Source
Sun
Object
Reflectance
Electromagneti
c
Spectrum
RADAR System
Optical Sensor System
Visible
0.4 mm
Microwave
Thermal infrared
Transmitted by
Object
Remote sensing
System
Thermal radiation
(temperature, emissivity)
Reflective infrared - Thermal infrared
0.7 mm
3.0 mm
10 mm
1 mm
Backscattering
coefficient
Microwave
Key characteristics of Optical
Sensor
example
Spectral characteristics
SPOT (HRV/XS)
- Number of spectral bands
3 bands
- wavelength of each band
0.49 - 0.59 m m
0.61 - 0.68 m m
0.79 - 0.89 m m
Spatial characteristics
- Image swath
- Spatial resolution
Tow major characteristics of image data
acquired by optical sensor system are keys
for applications.
60 km
20 m
Landsat
•
•
•
•
•
Landsat 1-3
Launched in 1972 at an altitude of 912 Km
Onboard sensors are Returned Beam
Videcon (RBV) camera Multi Spectral
Scanner (MSS) with 4 bands and resolution
80m
Ground swath width 185 Km
Temporal resolution 18 days
End of operation 1983
Landsat -continue
•
•
•
•
•
Landsat 4-5
Launched in 1982 at an altitude of 705 Km
Onboard sensors are MSS (80m) and
Thematic Mapper (TM) with 6 bands and
resolution 30m and one band in the InfraRed (IR) with a resolution of 120m
Ground swath width 185 Km
Temporal resolution 16 days
Landsat 6: Launched in 1983 and failed
Landsat -continue
•
•
•
•
•
Landsat 7
Launched on 15 April 1999 at an altitude of 705
Km
Onboard sensors are (TM 30m) and Enhanced
Thematic Mpper plus (ETM+) with a resolution of
30m, 15m in panchromatic band and Thermal IR
with 60m resolution (10.4-12.5 m)
Ground swath width 185 Km
Temporal resolution 16 days
Joint program between NASA, NOAA, and USGS
LANDSAT 7 Satellite & Orbital Characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Swath width
185 kilometers
Image Sidelap
7.3% (0° lat.) to 83.9% (80° lat.)
Repeat coverage interval 16 days (233 orbits)
Period of Revolution
98.8 minutes
Altitude 705 kilometers, near-circular
Sensor Type
Opto-mechanical scanner
Quantization
Best 8 of 9 bits
On-board data storage ~375 Gb (solid state)
Orbit
Near-polar, sun-synchronous
Inclination 98.2 degrees
Equatorial crossing: Descending node: 10:00am +/- 15 min.
View
Nadir
Launch vehicle Delta II
Launch date
April 15, 1999
Landsat 7 ETM+ Imagery
• Researchers familiar with earlier Landsat 4 and 5 data
will note the addition of a 15-meter panchromatic band,
two gain ranges, the improved 60-meter spatial
resolution for the thermal band, and the addition of
two solar calibrators that contribute to improved
radiometric calibration accuracy
• Imagery is available from EROS Data Center DAAC in
Level 0R (essentially raw data), 1R (radiometrically
corrected 0R) and 1G (radiometrically and
systematically corrected 0R) processing levels. During
processing, the 0R image data undergo twodimensional resampling according to user-specified
parameters including output map projection, rotation
angle, pixel size, and resampling kernel. Standard data
are provided via CD, 8mm tape or electronically via
FTP
Landsat summary
15/4/99
Sensors on LANDSAT
• MSS
– 80 m resolution
Visible Near IR
B G R
Mid IR
Thermal IR
Mid IR
Thermal IR
4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4
• TM
– 30 m resolution
Visible Near IR
B G R
1 2 3
4
5
7
6
LANDSAT Satellites
high gain
antenna
solar
array
Multispectral
Scanner
(MSS)
Multispectral
Scanner
(MSS)
Return Beam Vidicon
(RBV)
Thematic Mapper
(TM)
solar
array
The first three LANDSATs
LANDSAT-4 and -5 is a
occupied spare Nimbus
modified used modified TIROS
platforms.
platform.
LANDSAT Satellite Orbit
The groundtrack of a Sunsynchronous satellite for a single day.
LANDSAT Satellite Orbit
LANDSAT World Reference System (WRS)
The standard worldwide reference system as defined for Landsat series.
The WRS indexes orbits (paths) and scene centers (rows) into a global grid
system comprising 233 paths by 248 rows.
185
km
LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM)
1
6
2
3
4
0.45 - 0.52 mm 0 .52 - 0.60 mm 0.63 - 0.69 mm
mm2.08 - 2.35 mm10.4 - 12.5 mm
Visibl
e
Blue
Visibl
e
Green
Visibl
e
Red
12 3 4
7
0.5
2.5
Near
Infrare
d
5
7
0.76 - 0.90 mm
1.55 - 1.75
Short
Wave
Infrared
Short
Wave
Infrared
6
5
1.0
1.5
Thermal
Infrared
2.0
10
11
12
13
Wavelength in micron
Wavelength in micron
Color Composite Images of
LANDSAT TM
Band
123
Band
145
Band
234
Band
257
Band combinations, Colors
and Reflectance Spectra
Band 123
Electromagnetic Spectrum
UV Visible
12 3
infrared (IR)
4
5
7
LANDSAT
TM
Green
Vegetation
0.6
Reflectance
Band 234
Dry
Vegetation
0.4
0.2
Soil
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Wavelength (mm)
2.5
The SPOT orbit
• SPOT 1,2,3,4 launched in 1986, 90,93, 97 and
SPOT 5 will be launched by 2001
• Altitude of 822 km, inclination 98 deg. (i.e nearpolar orbit) (circular)
• The orbital plane have a constant angle relative to
the Sun direction (sun-synchronous)
• Repeat access to any particular point at
regular intervals (26 days) (Phased)
The SPOT payload
• The SPOT payload comprises two identical HRV
(High Resolution Visible) imaging instruments,
two tape recorders for image data, and a payload
telemetry package for image transmission to
ground receiving stations
• Each HRV offers an oblique viewing capability,
the viewing angle being adjustable through +/27deg. relative to the vertical
• The unique characteristics of SPOT imagery is the
ability to obtain Stereoscopic View which is
important in 3D applications
HRV (High Resolution Visible) imaging instruments
SPOT imaging
Orbit
60 Km
117 Km
3 Km
HRV 1
HRV 2
Imaging modes
• Two imaging modes are employed,
panchromatic (P) and multispectral (XS).
Both HRVs can operate in either mode, either
simultaneously or individually
• The panchromatic band covers 0.51
to 0.73 µm. This single channel imaging
mode supplies only black and white images
with a pixel of 10 m
Imaging modes -continue
• "XS" multispectral mode imaging is
performed in three spectral bands. The
bands used are band XS1 covering 0.50 to
0.59 µm (green), band XS2 covering 0.61 to
0.68 µ m (red) and band XS3 covering 0.79
to 0.89 µm (near infrared)
• By combining the data recorded in these
channels, color composite images can be
produced with a pixel size of 20 meters
SPOT’s Sensors
• Multispectral mode
– 20 meter resolution
– 3 channels
• Panchromatic mode
– 10 meter resolution
Visible Near IR
B G R
1 2
1
3
Mid IR
Thermal IR
Stereo Pair
SPOT
India’s IRS - 1C Satellite
• One of a series of satellites
• launched in 1995
– sunsynchronous orbit (10:30)
– 817 km height
• Three Detectors
– WiFS for low resolution/large area applications
– LISS - 3 is similar to LANDSAT but with less
channels
– PAN has the highest resolution of commercial
satellites
IRS-1C’s Sensors
• WiFS
–
–
–
–
whiskbroom
188m resolution
810 km swath
5 day revisit

LISS - 3
– pushbroom
– 23.5m resolution

70 m for Mid IR
– 142 km swath
– 24 day repeat
IRS 1C’s Sensors
• PAN
–
–
–
–
pushbroom that can be steered
5.8 m resolution
70 km swath
24 day revisit
Visible Near IR
B G R
Mid IR
a b
2 3
1
4
5
Thermal IR
IKONOS Satellite
The IKONOS satellite was launched on September 24, 1999
into a sun-synchronous, near-polar, circular low-earth orbit
with an altitude of 681 kilometres above the earth,
inclination of 98.1 degrees, orbit time of 98 minutes, and
swath width of 11 km. It simultaneously collects one-meter
resolution black-and-white (panchromatic) images and
four-meter resolution colour (multispectral) images. The
revisit frequency of the satellite is 2.9 days at 1-meter
resolution and 1.5 days at 1.5-meter resolution. Moreover,
users can acquire IKONOS imagery according to
programmed requests based on client's Area of Interest
(AOI) co-ordinates. For more details refer to:
http://www.spaceimaging.com
Band components of major optical sensors
Band
g-ray X-ray
UV
V
IR
Microwave
Visible
0.4
0.5
LANDSAT (MSS)
LANDSAT (TM)
SPOT (HRV/XS)
SPOT (HRV/PAN)
JERS-1 (OPS)
NOAA (AVHRR)
1
Infrared
0.6
4
4
5
6
7
0.7
5
2
0.8
6
3
1
4
2
3
Panchromatic
1
2
1
3
2
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
-
0.60mm
0.70mm
0.80mm
1.10mm
80m
80m
80m
80m
0.45
0.52
0.63
0.76
1.55
10.40
2.08
-
0.52mm
0.60mm
0.69mm
0.90mm
1.75mm
12.50mm
2.35mm
30m
30m
30m
30m
30m
120m
30m
1
2
3
Pan
0.49
0.61
0.79
0.51
-
0.59mm
0.68mm
0.89mm
0.73mm
20m
20m
20m
10m
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.52
0.63
0.76
0.76
1.60
2.01
2.13
2.27
-
0.60mm
0.69mm
0.86mm
0.86mm
1.71mm
2.12mm
2.15mm
2.40mm
18m
18m
18m
18m
18m
18m
18m
18m
1
2
3
4
5
0.58
0.725
3.55
10.3
11.5
-
0.68mm
1.10mm
3.93mm
11.3mm
12.5mm
1.1km
1.1km
1.1km
1.1km
1.1km
13.5 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
5
7
Wavelength
Resolution
6
Earth Observation Satellites
- Image coverage and spatial
resolution LANDSAT (MSS/TM)
185 x 185 km
JERS-1 (OPS)
75 x 75 km
LANDSAT TM (Band 6)
120 m
LANDSAT MSS
80 m
IRS-1C(PAN)
70 x 70 km
LANDSAT TM (Band 1-5 & 7)
30 m
SPOT (HRV/XS)
20 m
SPOT (HRV)
60 x 60 km
IKONOS
11 x 11 km
JERS-1 (OPS)
18 m
SPOT (HRV/PAN) 10 m
IRS-1C(PAN) 5.8 m
IKONOS (PAN)
1m
Geometric characteristics of image
data
IFOV (Instantaneous Field Of View) is defined
as the angle which corresponds to the
sampling unit. Information within an IFOV is
represented by a pixel in the image plane.
FOV
The maximum angle of view which a sensor
can detect the electromagnetic energy, is
called the FOV (Field OF View). The width on
IFOV
ground corresponding to the FOV is called the
swath width.
The minimum detectable area, or distance on
the ground is called the ground resolution.
Ground resolution
Sometimes the projected area on the ground
corresponding to a image pixel or IFOV also
called the ground resolution.
Comparison of
LANDSAT,SPOT, IRS-1C,
and
Russian KVR-1000
LANDSAT TM (30 m)
SPOT Pan (10 m)
IRS-1C (5.8m)
KVR-1000 (2m)
IKONOS 0.84 m resolution Image over the Diet Building, Tokyo, Japan
COMMERCIAL SPACEBORNE INSTRUMENTS FOR EARTH REMOTE SENSING
Landsat-5 SPOT-1, 2
SENSORS
RESOLUTIO
NS
WAVELENGTHS
APPLICATIONS
WEB SITE
LAUNCH
DATE OR
MISSION
DURATION
MSS (80m)
TM (30m)
Visible infrared
Near infrared
SW infrared
TIR infrared
HRV-X (20m)
HRV-P (10m)
Visible infrared
ERS-1, 2
IRS-1C, 1D
RADARSAT
SPOT-4
Landsat-7
SAR (30m)
LISS-3 (21-23m)
Pan (5.2-5.8m)
SAR (10-100m)
HRV-X (20m)
HRV-P (10m)
Panchromatic (15m)
Visible infrared
Visible infrared
Near infrared
SW infrared
TIR infrared
Microwave
Visible infrared
Land use and cover,Land use and cover,
Land use and cover,
Oceanographic
biomass, geologic, biomass, geologic,
biomass, geologic,
Studies,
ice sheet and
ice sheet and
ice sheet and
Interferometry
glacier mapping
glacier mapping
glacier mapping.
http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/
http://www.spotimage.fr
sge/landsat/landsat.html
1984 -
Feb 1986 Jan 1990 -
Microwave
Mapping
Monitoring,
DEM,
Interfermetry.
TM (30m)
Land use and cover,Land use and cover,
biomass, geologic, biomass, geologic,
ice sheet and
ice sheet and
glacier mapping. glacier mapping.
http://earth1.esrin.esa.it/
http://www.nrsa.gov.in
http://www.rsi.ca/
http://www.spotimage.fr
http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/
sge/landsat/landsat.html
May 1991 Apr 1995 -
Dec 1995 Sep 1997 -
Nov 1995 -
Mar 1998 -
Apr 1999 -
HIGH RESOLUTION INSTRUMENTS FOR EARTH REMOTE SENSING
SENSORS
RESOLUTIO
NS
WAVELENGTH
S
APPLICATIO
NS
ORBVIEW4
IKONOS2/3
Panchromatic (1m)
Multispectral (4m)
Panchromatic (1m)
Multispectral (4m)
Hyperspectral (8m)
High Spatial
Resolution (0.5m)
Visible
Near Infrared
Visible
Near Infrared
Visible
Near Infrared
SPIN-2
KOMETA
IKONOS-1b
ORBVIEW3
QUICBIRD
High Spatial
Resolution (2~15m)
Camera Type
KVR-1000 (2m)
TK-350 (10m)
Camera Type
Multispectral (4m)
Panchromatic (1m)
Panchromatic (1m)
Multispectral (4m)
Visible
Visible
Visible
Near Infrared
Visible
Near Infrared
Mapping,
GIS resource
Mapping
GIS resources
WEB SITE
http://www.spin-2.com/
LAUNCH
DATE OR
MISSION
DURATION
1981 -
Mapping and
Mapping and
Surveying gas and oil, Survering
pil,
Surveyinggass
gas and oil,
agriculture and forestry, agriculture
agricultureand
andforestry,
fresty,
national security,
natinal security,
national
security,
mineral exploration
mineral exploration
http:/geo.arc.nasa.gov/
http://www.orbimage.com/ sge/health/sensor/sensors/
ikonos.html
1998 -
Sep 1999 -
http://www.orbimage.co
m/
2000
Mapping,
GIS resource
Mapping and
Surveying gas and oil,
agriculture and forestry,
national security,
mineral exploration
.
Mapping,
GIS resource
http://yyy.tksc.nasda.go.jp
http:/geo.arc.nasa.gov/
http://www.orbimage.com/ sge/health/sensor/sensors/
/Home/This
ikonos.html
/This_j/adeos2_j.html
2000
2000
2003