Transcript Latin America

Latin America
WWI & Its Impact
Populism, Marxism, and Ideology
Economic Impact
Previously, economic boom w/ resource specialization
Import substitution industrialization
Lack of capital, low technology, limited internal markets
War = false economic stimulation
Population growth
Massive urban migration
Accompanying social problems
Economic Impact
Elimination of European sources
Manufacturing spurt
Beginning of economic independence
Emergence of US as economic power in Latin
America
Political Impact
Land-owning elite opened up to allow middle class in
gov’t
Critques
Export-import capitalism
Growing industrial & urban gov’t voice
Immigration:
Unionization
Growing nationalism
New ideologies (anarchy on)
Latin American Ideology
Growth of Socialist & Communist ideologies
Establish own
Roman Catholic Church
Populism
Corporatism
Fascism
Social Reform
Came to a fore w/ 1929 world economic crash
Land reform
Populism
What’s up in Mexico?
Previously, Diaz
False sense of prosperity
Foreign economic control
Hacienda system
Repressed workers
1910-1920 revolution
Workers united: N=Pancho Villa, S = Zapata
What’s up in Mexico?
Revolution
Zapata: “Tierra y Libertad;” peasant-based
United & joined by middle class
Soldaderas
US intervention
1920, end of WW1 & Mex. Rev, Obregon = new
pres; consolidated power & strengthen country
New constitution
What’s up in Mexico? (global
context)
Boxer Rebellion
1911 Chinese Revolution
1905 Russian Revolution
1917 Russian Revolution
What was the foreign
economic role in these
rebellions/revolutions?
What was the role of the
world banking crisis?
What was the role of
growing nationalism?
What’s up in Mexico?
Nationalism and indigenism (arts & literature)
“indianize” the country
Corridos
New elite attracted to Marxism
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Diego Rivera (painter)
Jose Clementa Orozco (painter)
Frida Kahlo (painter)
Mariano Azuela (novelist)
Diego Rivera, The Agitator, 1926,
Autonomous University of Chapingo
Diego Rivera, Epic of the Mexican People - Mexico Today
and Tomorrow, 1934-35, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City
Diego Rivera,
Pan-American
Unity, 1940,
2/10
transportable
panels
Jose Clemente Orozco, The Trench, 1926,
National Preparatory School, Mexico City
Frida Kahlo,
Self-Portrait
Dedicated to
Leon Trotsky
(Between
the
Curtains),
1937
Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas, 1939
Corridos
http://www.corridos.org/Default.asp?Language=
E
Convey themes of social justice
Unify the culture around cultural issues
American response to Mexican
nationalism:
Elite attracted to Marxism
Fear of new government
Nationalism of petroleum led to decline of economic
dependence
Cuba
Former Spanish sugar colony
1868, achieved independence
North Americans flooded in
1896, US purchased 87% of Cuban exports
Cuba
Continuation of racial segregation & discrimination
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White supremacy
Interracial marriage illegal
Created “2 Cubas”
• Spanish cultural ancestor
• African cultural ancestor
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African-Cubans began to unite around cultural heritage
1890, El Partido Revolucionario Cubano
Cuba
1890, El Partido Revolucionario Cubano
Women joined independence movement
Rebellion widespread
Racial divide
US fear of spread, occupied 1899-1902
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Self-governing protectorate
Repair destruction & improve infrastructure
Absorb Cuba into US economic sphere of influence
Cuba
Rural masses impoverished
Factories & mills run by imported labor
1905, 1st elections, presidents dependent upon
the US
“whitening” of Cuba
Workers unionized
Widespread critique of US economic involvement
Cuba
WW1 & Cuba
Sugar boom & bust
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Labor shortage
Brought in other laborers
By 1919, ½ of sugar mills under control of US companies (Coca-Cola,
Hershey’s, Hires)
1916, sugar = 4 cents a pound (exporting 3 million tons)
May 1920, 22.5 cents a pound
December 1920, 3.75 cents a pound
Defaulted on bank loans
Cuba
University students (1/4
= women) entered
political arena
1922 began
demonstrations
Pressed for equal rights,
particularly for women
Cuba
Machado, 1925-1933 (president)
Close links to US
Neglected women’s suffrage promise
1925, strikes stopped with violence
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Communist leader
Continued economic crisis mirrored in political unrest
8/12/1933, exiled
Cuba
Revolution of 1933
Sugar workers joined w/ university students, Communist
Fulgencio Batista overthrew gov’t (& others)
Grau Interlude
Labor reform:
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8 hour day
Children from low $$ to university
Women’s suffrage
Land to peasants
Cuba
Grau Interlude
Social impact:
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7 women congressional representatives
12-week maternity leave
Employer provided childcare
Illegal to fire women for getting married
Alienated US
Populist Interlude, 1938-1952
Cuba
Populist Interlude
Batista ruled through
puppet presidents & then
himself for 4 years
1940 constitution
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Protect labor
Women equal rights
Limited property rights vs.
public property
Cuba
Continuities:
Economy closely linked to sugar throughout
Cycle of corrupt, “good ol’ boy” presidents
Increasing dissatisfaction
Cuba
Fidel Castro
1953, led rebels against Batista dictatorship
“history will absolve me.”
Women revolutionaries”Mariana grajales”
Fled in 1956
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Led guerillas from a distance
Batista fled, 1959
Prime minister, 1959, 1st secretary of Communist party
1960, purged moderates; established friendly relationships w/
USSR (sugar!)
Further Latin American Case
Studies:
Peru
Torre, American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
(ARPA)
Emulate: Mexican Revolution, socialism,
nationalism, fascismanti-imperialism, nationalistic,
nationalize land & industries
Middle-class support
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POPULISMnationalist, anti-establishment
Further Latin American Case
Studies:
Brazil
Coffee-export economy
Crashed in 1929
Vargas
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1937, new constitution: Estado Novo
• Authoritarian regime
• Limiting immigration
• Eliminating opposition parties/regimes
Further Latin American Case
Studies:
Brazil
Vargas:
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Tried to secure arms & trade agreements
State-run economy: corporatist
Nationalized petroleum
Joined allies in WW2
Further Latin American Case
Studies:
Argentina:
Dependent on foreign markets & investments
1929, economy collapsed, military coup
1943, new coup: nationalists
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Industrialize & modernize
Peron:
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Sympathy w/ Axis powers
Alliances between workers, industrialists, & military
Nationalized RR, telephones, petroleum
Radicalized, anti-Catholic church