Transcript 幻灯片 1 - 广东工业大学精品课程网站

最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Unit 1
Focus
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Passage 1
Preserving Languages Is About More Than Words
Language Features
Background Information
Warming-up Questions
Organization Analysis
Detailed Reading
Post-Reading
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Language Features
新闻英语中动词的生动性
在报刊新闻中，恰到好处地使用动词，能增强
报道的新鲜感、现实感和直接感。语言表述也更为
生动形象。
本文中使用生动的动词举例：
emblazoned (on green T-shirts )
十分醒目地绘制（在绿色T 恤衫）
echoing (through pubs) （在酒吧中）回响
launched (an online atlas of endangered languages）
首次推出（濒危语言在线地图册）
labeling (more than 2,400 at risk of extinction)
标注（2，400多种濒临消失的语言）
partnering （with National Geographic）
（与国家地理杂志）联手
(when hunter-gatherers) transitioned (to agriculture)
（当采猎）转向（农业时）用
（using digital equipment to）document ( their elders' voices)
（使用数码设备)记录 （长辈的声音）
较为常见的且使用较好的动词：
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dive from the car
纵身跳下… （强调动作之利落）
rocket down a side street
飞驰… （形容速度之快，犹如火箭一般）
A 4-foot Santa Claus doll towers over the cash register. …
远远高过…（强调高大程度）
Vans of well-meaning doctors regularly barrel down from
San Antonio and Houston
…飞奔… （形容行驶速度极高且无法控制）
The central bus station lay in ruins, still choked with the
wrecks of several buses.
…塞满…（强调废墟中残骸之众多和凌乱）
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Background Information
How many languages are endangered?
Most linguists agree that there are well over 5,000
languages in the world. A century from now, many of these
languages may be extinct. Some linguists believe the number
may decrease by half.
Some say the total could fall to mere hundreds as the
majority of the world's languages— most spoken by a few
thousand people or less—give way to languages like English,
Spanish, Portuguese, Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Indonesian,
Arabic, Swahili, and Hindi. By some estimates, 90% of the
world's languages may vanish within the next century.
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Background Information
How do languages become extinct?
1. Outright genocide -- When European invaders exterminated the Tasmanians
in the early 19th century, an unknown number of languages died.
2. Languages become extinct when a community finds itself under pressure to
integrate with a larger or more powerful group.
3. The people learn the outsiders’ language in addition to their own -- in
Greenland, a territory of Denmark, Kalaallisut is learned alongside Danish.
4. The community is pressured to give up its language and even its ethnic and
cultural identity -- ethnic Kurds in Turkey, are forbidden by law to print or
formally teach their language. Younger speakers of Native American
languages, as recently as the 1960s, were punished for speaking their native
languages at boarding schools.
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Background Information
What Can be done to Preserve Endangered Language
Modern Hebrew was revived as a mother tongue after centuries of being
learned and studied only in its ancient written form.
Irish has had considerable institutional and political support as the national
language of Ireland, despite major inroads by English.
In New Zealand, Maori communities established nursery schools staffed by
elders and conducted entirely in Maori, called kohangareo, 'language nests'.
In Alaska, Hawaii, and elsewhere, this model is being extended to primary
and in some cases secondary school.
In California, younger adults have become language apprentices to older
adult speakers in communities where only a few older speakers are still living.
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Warming-up Questions
Look at the following pictures and the captions.
Find out the facts and the reasons
concerning the language extinction.
Why Do Languages Die Out?
Moonrise in San Antonio
a small village
in the Amazon Basin of Peru
and the last thriving Iquito community.
Trinidad Pacaya Inuma, an especialista
and one of the remaining fluent speakers
of the Iquito language.
How to conserve cultural identity
through the recording of
disappearing languages?
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Why Do Languages Die Out?
Throughout human history, the languages of powerful groups
have spread while the languages of smaller cultures have become
extinct. This occurs through official language policies or through the
allure that the high prestige of speaking an imperial language can
bring. These trends explain, for instance, why more language
diversity exists in Bolivia than on the entire European continent,
which has a long history of large states and imperial powers. As big
languages spread, children whose parents speak a small language
often grow up learning the dominant language. Depending on
attitudes toward the ancestral language, those children or their
children may never learn the smaller language, or they may forget it
as it falls out of use. This has occurred throughout human history,
but the rate of language disappearance has accelerated dramatically
in recent years.
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Warming-up Questions
Look at the following picture and the caption.
Discuss with your partner the possible measures
to be taken in order to preserve languages.
What can we do
to preserve dying languages?
Revitalization
David Harrison, Greg Anderson, and Ganesh Murmu
consult with Apatani speaker Vijay Punyo.
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Warming-up Questions
What can we do to preserve dying languages?
• To conduct humanitarian aid work and recruit the young for
the language revitalization project.
• To express our desire to keep the indigenous culture and
language alive.
• To document endangered languages and doing all that can be
done to maintain their use.
• To approach the municipal government for help in not only
preserving the disappearing language, but also in revitalizing it.
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Warming-up Questions
What can we do to preserve dying languages?
• To create a dictionary with all the possible entries for people to
resort to.
• To work out a concrete lesson plan for the younger generation
the to use throughout the years.
• To begin teaching classes to many of the community’s children
and adults.
• To apply for funding from the Endangered Language Fund so
as to pay the workers in the community.
• To let the government take action toward the extinction of their
precious heritage.
最新英美报刊选读_ Unit 10 Sports
Organization Analysis
Para.1-4 Irish has been preserved
Para.15-13 Language extinction and the various ways
in which the language extinguished
Para.14-18 Language preservation – for or against
Para.19-21 Building pride is the key to the revival
of endangered languages
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Organization Analysis
Part I (Para.1-4)
Main Idea: Irish has been preserved
Para.1 Irish, Ireland’s official language, also an
endangered language, is revived now.
Para.2 Irish is a core subject at school though rarely
spoken at home.
Para.3 The gap exists between being able to speak Irish
and actually speaking every day.
Para.4 Irish is to supposed to survive though half of the
remaining language may extinguish.
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Organization Analysis
Part II (Para.5-13)
Main Idea: Language extinction and the various ways
in which the languages extinguished
Para.5-6
An online atlas of endangered languages
was launched with the hot spots listed .
Para.7-13 Language extinguished in different ways
for different reasons in different times and
regions.
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Organization Analysis
Part III (Para.14-18)
Main Idea:
Language preservation – for or against
Para.14-15
Language preservation can be revived with
the help of a committed community
Preservation opponents hold that not all
languages should be preserved.
Preservation proponents hold that there are
cultural, pragmatic and linguistic reasons to
preserve languages.
Para.16-17
Para.18
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Organization Analysis
Part III (Para.19-21)
Main Idea: Building pride is the key to the revival
of endangered languages.
Para.19.
Language activists are recruited to take
pride in their own languages.
Para.20
The pride built is the key to the
resurgence of the Irish language
Para.21
The fashion and the pride in speaking
Irish
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Detailed Reading
Passage Reading
Understanding Sentences
Word Study
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Understanding Sentences
1. As long as people feel embarrassed, restrained or
openly criticized for using a particular language, it’s
only natural for them to want to avoid continuing to
do what’s causing a negative response, whether it’s
something overt like having your mouth washed out
or more subtle like discrimination.
Translation
只要是因为使用某种特定的语言让人们感觉到尴尬，拘谨
或者公然遭到谴责，那他们很自然地就想要避免继续做正
在导致负面反应的事情，不管是像让你讲话变得文明这样
公开的还是像歧视这样更为具体的事情。
Back to the Text
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Understanding Sentences
1. As long as people feel embarrassed, restrained or
openly criticized for using a particular language, it’s
only natural for them to want to avoid continuing to
do what’s causing a negative response, whether it’s
something overt like having your mouth washed out or
more subtle like discrimination.
Comments
本句开始是as long as 引导的条件状语从句， it’s
only natural for them to want to…为主句, 先行词
it 为形式主语，真正主语为不定式结构to want to…。
之后的主干是特殊疑问词what 引导的宾语从句, 后接
whether…or 引导的让步状语从句，加强语气。
Back to the Text
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Understanding Sentences
examples
1) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called
behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states
of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and
so on.
(what is called behavioral science 是what 引导的宾语从句，
相当于the things that is called behavioral science。)
2) More generally, the escape clauses could undermine the
reforms by encouraging the suspicion that the new
package will not deliver the changes that its supporters
claim, but close analysis of what is inevitable a very
complicated package might confirm the skeptics’ fears.
（介词of 加what 名词从句构成特殊介词短语，作analysis的
后置定语，what 从句本质上是介词of 的宾语从句）
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Understanding Sentences
2.
The Living Tongues Institute recruits youth who
are not fluent in their traditional tongue to become
“language activists,” using digital equipment to
document their elders’ voices and learn the language
themselves.
Translation
Comment
活语言研究所招聘那些讲其传统语言不够流利的年轻人，
将其培训成为英语保护者，并且能够使用电子设备来记
录他们长辈的声音，同时自己学习这种语言。
本句中包含一个who 引导的定语从句，修饰前面的名词
youth , 表示对前面句子内容进行补充说明。 现在分
词短语using…作定语，修饰language activists, 相
Back to the Text
当于定语从句。
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Understanding Sentences
examples
1）Those who contemplate the beauty of the earth find reserves
of strength that will endure as long as life exists.
2） Foreigners who understand the degree to which Americans
are imbued with the notion that the free, self-reliant
individual is the ideal kind of human being will be able to
understand many aspects of American behavior and
thinking that otherwise might not make sense.
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Understanding Sentences
3.
In the United States and Australia in past decades,
the government forced native peoples to abandon
their languages through vehicles such as boarding
schools that punished youth for speaking a traditional
tongue.
Translation
在过去几十年中，在美国和澳大利亚，政府通过诸
如惩罚年轻人讲传统语言的寄宿学校来迫使当地各
个原住民族放弃他们的语言。
本句包含一个由关系代词that引导的非限制性定语从
Comments
句。主语是the government, 谓语为动词短语
forced…to abandon…,
为方式状语。
介词词组through vehicles
Back to the Text
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Understanding Sentences
examples
1) The Maintenance of Parental Bill was put forth to encourage
the traditional virtues that have so far kept Asian nations from
some of the breakdown encountered in other affluent societies.
(that 引导的定语从句指代前面的the traditional virtues)
2) Many Americans do not display the degree of respect for their
parents that people in more traditional or family-oriented
societies commonly display.
(that 引导的定语从句修饰前面的the degree of respect)
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Understanding Sentences
4. Many indigenous communities have in their native
tongues vast repositories of knowledge about
medicinal herbs, information that could provide clues
to modern cures.
Translation
Comments
许多土著群族在其本族语种留存着有关草药的大量
知识，这些信息可以为现代治疗提供线索。
information that could provide clues to
modern cures 为vast repositories of
knowledge about medicinal herbs的同位语，其
后是由关系代词that 引导的后置定语从句， 对主
Back to the Text
句进行补充说明。
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Understanding Sentences
examples
1) That concept implies educational opportunity for all
children — the right of each child to receive help in learning
to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity
be small or great.
（the right 是opportunity的同位语，其后为后置定语。之
后是whether引导的让步状语从句）
2） If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a
triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the
Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
(a refinement of the Big Bang 是a triumph for yet
another scientific idea 的同位语）
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Word Study
1. emblazon v. （Para. 1）
print, draw or decorate sth. with a design/ a symbol
or words so that people will notice it easily
用鲜艳颜色印制、绘制、装饰
emblazon A with B.
emblazon B on A
baseball cap emblazoned with the team’s logo
印有球队标志的棒球帽
The team’s logo was emblazoned on the baseball
cap.
球队的标志印在了棒球帽上。
Back to the Text
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Word Study
2. extinct adj. (Para. 5)
1) (of a type of plant, animal, language, etc. ) no longer in existence
灭绝，绝种，消失
an extinct species 濒临灭绝的物种
become extinct 开始消逝
2) (of a type of person, custom, job or way of life) no longer in
existence because society has changed 不复存在，消失
Servants are now almost extinct in modern society.
如今佣人在现代社会中几乎消失了。
3) (of a volcano) no longer active
extinct volcano 死火山
Back to the Text
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Word Study
extinction n.
a tribe threatened with / in danger of extinction
濒临消失的部落
plans to save the mining industry from extinction
拯救快要消失的采矿业的计划
extinguish v.
Firefighters tried to extinguish the flames.
消防队员奋力救火。
News of the bombing extinguished all hope of peace.
轰炸的消息使和平的希望全部破灭。
Back to the Text
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Word Study
3. aggregate v. (Para.8)
1) aggregate sth. with sth.
to add amounts together, to amount to, total 总计达
The scores were aggregated with the first rounds totals to
decide the winner.
此次得分与第一轮所得总分合计决出优胜者。
2) to gather into a whole or mass, to put things together in a group
使聚集，使积聚
The data were aggregated for reference. 资料汇集以作参考。
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Word Study
4. aboriginal adj. (Para.12)
1) relating to the original people living in Australia 澳大利亚土著的
the issue of Aboriginal land rights 澳大利亚土著土地权问题
2) relating to the people or animals that have lived in a place or country
since the earliest times 土著的；土生土长的
the aboriginal inhabitants of the island 岛上的原住民
the aboriginal peoples of Canada 加拿大土著
aboriginal culture / art 土著文化 / 艺术
rel. origin n.
开端,起源
original adj. 原始的,最早的
originate v. 发端,起源
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Word Study
5. indigenous adj. (Para.13)
1) belonging to a particular place rather than coming to it from
somewhere else (人) 本地的；当地的
Syn. native
the indigenous people of the area 该地区的本地人
2) Indigenous plants and animals belong to a region because they
developed there (动、植物）原产地的；土生土长的
The Kangaroo is indigenous to Australia.
袋鼠原产于澳大利亚。
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Word Study
6. immortal adj. (Para. 16)
1) living, lasting, existing for ever 永生的； 永存的
The soul is immortal. 灵魂永存。
2) famous and likely to be remembered forever 流芳百世的
In the immortal words of Henry Ford,“If it ain’t broken, don’t fix it.”
亨利·福特的不朽名言：“如果没有坏掉就不要去修理。
immortal n.
1) a person who is so famous that they will be remembered for ever
不朽的人物，万古流芳的人物
She is one of the Hollywood immortals.
她是好莱坞千古流芳的一个人物。
2) a god or other being who is believed to live for ever
Back to the Text
永生之神 (复数)指古希腊、罗马神话中的诸神）
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Word Study
7.proponent n. (Para. 18)
1）a person who publicly and actively espouses or supports an idea,
policy, plan, a cause or course of action etc. 拥护者；倡导者
Halsey was identified as a leading proponent of the values of
progressive education.
赫尔赛作为循序渐进教育的主要倡导者而为人所知。
2）a person who make a proposal or proposition 提议者，主张者
pro- in favor of; supporting 拥护；支持；赞成；亲善
e.g. pro-democracy 拥护民主 pro-European 亲欧洲的
Syn. advocate
Ant. opponent
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Word Study
8. pragmatic adj. (Para. 18)
solving problem in a practical and sensible way
讲求实际的，注重实效的，务实的
He found a pragmatic approach to management problems.
他找到了解决管理问题的实用方法。
He is a pragmatic world leader .
他是个实干的世界领导。
Back to the Text
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Word Study
9. linguistics n. （Para. 18）
the scientific study of the structure, development, etc. of
language or of a particular language 语言学
English linguistics 英语语言学
applied linguistics 应用语言学
psychological linguistics 心理语言学
comparative linguistics 比较语言学
computational linguistics 计算机语言学
structural linguistics 结构语言学
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Word Study
linguistic adj. 语言学的
linguistic and cultural barrier 语言和文化上的障碍
A child’s innate linguistic ability 儿童的先天语言能力
linguist n. 通晓数国语言的人；语言学家
She is an excellent linguist. 她精通数国语言。
I’m afraid I’m no linguist. 对不起，我不懂
外语。
bilingual adj. 会说两种语言的
bilingual education 双语教育
bilingual dictionary 双语教育
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Word Study
10. resurgence. v. (Para.20)
The start of sth. again that quickly increases in influence, effect,
etc. the return and growth of an activity that has stopped
复兴，兴起,
复活
+ of
e.g a resurgence of nationalism 民族主义再次兴起
+ in
e.g the evidence of a resurgence in spending just
before Christmas 圣诞节前夕再次出现的消费高的迹象
Police say drugs traffickers are behind the resurgence of violence.
警方称就在暴力再次出现之后就有贩毒者。
a period of economic resurgence 一个时期的经济复苏
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Post-Reading
1. Comprehension
2. Translation
3. Question on the Article
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
1. Comprehension
1. Traditional Irish language is ____________________.
A.a remaining language which has been kept alive in
today’s society.
B. an official tongue which has been used by most Irish
adults and children
C. a hidden culture which has been discovered in most
cities in Ireland
D. a core subject which has been taught in Irish schools
and universities
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
1. Comprehension
2. According to the experts, ______________________.
A.almost all endangered languages are regarded as
extinct
B. more than 2,400 languages are forced to disappear
C. many small languages are bound to be removed
D.around 3,500 remaining languages are likely to die
out
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
3. Director of the Living Tongues Institute said that________.
A.larger languages developed if larger population groups
aggregated
B.little languages would die if small language groups were
C.dominated
C. little languages would be popular if it was in the preagricultural state
D.small languages would be wiped out if global migration
existed
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
4. President of the Endangered Language Fund_________.
A. disagreed that all languages should be preserved and
revived
B. thought that extinct languages was not at all easy to be
recovered
C.said that a really indigenous community would be of
great help
D.considered it natural for all languages to change and
disappear over time.
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
5. Which of the following is key to language preservation?
______________________________
A.Give grants to language-preservation projects.
B. Document indigenous people’s voices.
C. Build up pride in the youth in their native tongue.
D. Bring up children from birth in the second language.
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
2. Translation
1) 语言保存倡导者说，拯救消失中的语言有文化和务实的原因
Preservation proponents say there are cultural and
。
pragmatic reasons to save dying languages.
2) 语言保存也是语言学的关键，它可以提供一个通往大脑活动
Preserving
languages is also key to the field of linguistics,
的窗口。
which could offer a window into the workings of the brain.
extinction has been a phenomenon for at least
3)Language
语言消亡是一种现象，从农业开始出现，至少10，000年。
10,000 years, since the dawn of agriculture.
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
4) 当我们因为自己对这些群体所做的事情致使原住民语言濒危
时，才是真正的原因。
When we have indigenous languages in danger
because of what we’ve done to these communities,
that’s the real reason.
5) 上个月联合国教科文组织发布了濒危语言在线地图册，标示
了2，400 多种濒临消亡的语言。
Last month, the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
launched an online atlas of endangered languages,
labeling more than 2,400 at risk of extinction.
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
3. Question on the Article
1) Why preserving languages is about more
than words?
2) In what way can endangered languages
survive?
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 1 Focus
Thanks for Your Attention!