Transcript Assessment of Farmers Behaviors toward wise use of

Framework of the study
Problem definition
Objectives of the study
Background of studied area
Methodology
Results and discussion
Conclusions and recommendations
Problem Definition
 The agricultural sector employs more than
55% of labors force .
 Rain, spate and spring irrigation were
predominant in the past in Sana’a Basin.
 Since thirty years ago tub-wells became the
main source for water irrigation.
 Agriculture consumed approximately 90 % of
groundwater for irrigation by using traditional
irrigation methods





Groundwater depletion is About 5-7m per year
Estimated Withdrawal is ≈ 260Mm3
Recharge of groundwater is about 46Mm3
Quality of water degradation
So agriculture activities will face a big problem in the
near future
Water Consumption(MCM)
Quantity of Water abstraction from groundwater for maigor uses
250
209.2
200
150
100 58.6
50
4.76
0.36
0
Domastic Agricultur Industrial Tourism
Study Objectives
 To discernment irrigation water management
on-field level.
 To evaluate the role of economic incentives in
groundwater depletion.
 To assess farmers awareness, policy and the
application of legislation to improve irrigating
water uses efficiency.
Background of Studied Area
<2000m
Area 3250 Km2
325000 ha
N 1666100, 1750000
>3600m
E 390000, 452150
Within districts
Touch the basin
National Capital
Bani al Harith
Sanhan including Bani Bahloul
Raydah
Khawlan
Bani Hushaish
Iyal Suraih
Nihm
Arhb
and Kharif
Bani Matar
Hamdan
Districts of Sana’a Basin
43.2%
38,891
100%
24.2%
10,046
100%
1,747,834
100%
73,957
74.9%
63,612
32.5%
11,779
28.6%
28,605
80.6%
64,832
5.9%
3,009
Rainfall
The average of
rainfall is 200250mm/y.
>315mm
<100mm
Geology
1- Quaternary
alluvium
2- Quaternary
volcanic
3- Tertiary volcanic
4- Cretaceous
sandstone
5- Jurassic limestone
Sub-basin
Groundwater aquifers
118.42
120
88.66
100
80
60
40
17.66
13.79
20
15.92
U
nk
no
w
n
es
to
ne
Li
m
on
e
an
ds
t
S
ol
ca
ni
c
V
llu
vi
um
0
A
abstraction ( MCM )
140
Previous Studies
Sana'a basin submitted to many studies but the important of them
is:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Italconsult between 1970-1973
Howard hammvi, 1980-1983
Russian study by Mosgiprovodkhoz, 1986
TNO, 1987-1996
WEC studies in 2001.
Hydrosult, SBWMP, 2003 ( continues)
GAF, 2005
JICA studies in 2007
Number of wells Used for Irrigation
9000
Number of wells
8000
7848
6786
7000
6000
5000
3463
4000
3323
3000
2000
1000
0
Wells for Irrig.
opreration Wells opreration dug
wlls
opreration deap
Wells
Well Uses for Irrigation
2500
2000
opreration
dug w lls
Number of Wells
opreration
deap Wells
994
1500
1000
199
13
734
1124
500
643
667
581
118
300
189
0
Sanhan
Sana’a
622
104
Hamdan
191
107
44
Nihm
Khaw lan
District
Arhab
66
69
Bani- Matar
11
10
Bani- Al BaniHar
Bani Hushai
Aill Soraie
Points of water for irrigation in Sana’a Basin
Distribution of Irrigated agriculture
Bani-Al-Harith
Hamdan
Banihashish
Abstraction and Irrigated Area
250
217.5
193.47
200
151.4
150
100
50
26.577
23.38
18.953
0
Irrigated
area
Abs traction
Irrigated
area
WEC-ITC 2000
Abs traction
Irrigated
area
Well Inventory 2002
Abs traction
GAF 2007
WEC-ITC 2000
Well Inventory 2002
GAF 2007
Irrigated
area
Abstraction
Irrigated
area
Abstracti
on
Irrigated
area
Abstraction
23.380*
151.4**
26.577*
217.5**
18.953*
193.47**
*hectare ×1000
**MCM
Area Proportion
Qrops Irrigated Area
Rainfed and Irrigated Agriculture Area
8% 1%
Qat
Irrigated area
Rain cultivated area
49%
Grip
51%
Other
Fruit
31%
60%
Methodology
• Library activity
• Responsible Interview
• Data collection
1.Questionnaire Design
2.Sampling Plan
3.Farmers Interviews
• Data analysis
Questionnaire design
Number of questions (87) are included
in the following factors:
1.General questions
2.Crop pattern and water management
3.Economic incentives
4.Social awareness
5.Institutional effort
6.Laws, legislations and water conflicts
issues
No. of Samples
Sanhan
Hamdan
Nihm
6
9
Alsabaeen
3
8
Khawlan
Arhab
Bani- Matar
Bani- Al Har
14
4
10
3
Farmers Interview
Results and discussion
General questions
Educational level
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
31.60%
29.80%
21.10%
12.30%
5.00%
0.00%
1.80%
as
te
r 's
de
gr
ee
m
a
m
Hi
g
h
di
pl
o
at
e
co
lle
gi
sc
ho
ol
Se
co
nd
ar
y
sc
ho
ol
ar
y
pr
im
Ille
tte
re
d
3.50%
Major income resource
3.50%
3.50%
Agriculture
Militarization
Officer
93.00%
Sources of irrigation water
90.00%
82.50%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.50%
10.00%
1.80%
1.80%
Rain
waste
water
1.80%
1.80%
Well,
Spring
Dam,
Well
0.00%
Well
Well,
Rain
Own wells percentage
60.00%
50.00%
49.10%
40.00%
27.30%
30.00%
23.60%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
One
Tow
More
Type of well
5.50%
1.80%
Borehole
12.70%
Dug-Bore
Dug
Borehole,
Dug-Bore
80.00%
Selected option under limitation of
irrigation water
Deeping well
Yes
Drilling well
45.50%
43.20%
Yes
54.50%
No
No
56.80%
cultvited crop low water
requirment
Reducing cultvation
28.30%
35.00%
Yes
Yes
No
No
65.00%
71.70%
Buy from near well
37.80%
Yes
No
62.20%
Purchase water for irrigation
Yes
No
43.60%
56.40%
From Where you buy water irrigation?
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
65.5%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
20.7%
13.8%
0.0%
transport
near well
transport, near well
Crop Pattern and Water Management in
the Field
Type of irrigation
28.90%
Irrigated
Rained
Supplementary
6.70%
64.40%
Irrigation method
100.00%
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
90.70%
Flood
4.70%
4.70%
Drip
Drip ,
Flood
Estimated distance between the farm and source of
irrigation water
60.00%
48.10%
50.00%
40.00%
30.80%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
11.50%
9.60%
0.00%
<101
101-500
501-1000
distance(m)
>1000
Economic Incentives
Type of used pump
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
77.20%
14.00%
5.30%
diesel
diesel and
electric
electric
pump
Do you get more yield If you add more
water for crops?
37.50%
Yes
No
62.50%
Are you using modern irrigation
technologies?
10.70%
Yes
No
89.30%
Reasons which delay using modern
irrigation methods
Problems accompanying using modern
irrigation methods
1. Blockage
2. Design difficulties
3. Unsuitable for big tree
4. Expensive
5. Bad quality
6. Lack of instructions
7. Tilling
8. Scattering of frame parts
9. Low yield
10.Change crops
11.Long distance between farm and well
Crops need more water irrigation
50.00%
45.00%
40.00%
35.00%
28.07%
30.00%
25.00%
17.54%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
8.77%
3.51%
3.51%
1.75%
1.75%
3.51%
5.26%
1.75%
at
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Q
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Ve
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ab
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,
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at
,F
Q
Fo
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0.00%
Are you cultivated crops need more water?
7%
Yes
No
93%
Reasons
Selfsufficiency
Good
income
and produce
Easy
cultivated
For sale
No
alternative
Social Awareness
Are your region suffer from water lack?
5.50%
Yes
No
94.50%
Are there any WUA in your Village?
Are you member in WUA?
20%
Yes
Yes
No
No
80%
89%
11%
Goals of WUA
1. Rationing water used by using modern irrigation Methods
2. Guidance farmers to use modern irrigation Methods, non
expended in area of cultivation and no flooding
3. Water saving
4. Awareness and advice
5. Subsidies and entering modern irrigation Methods
Reasons of non existence of WUA
Awareness absence
Illiteracy
Mistrust
Aware around problem is lately.
Useless
The absence governmental role.
No agreement between the farmers themselves.
Interest conflict
Institutional Efforts
Is their any support for using modern
irrigation methods?
18.20%
Yes
No
81.80%
Are their any obstacles due to using
modern irrigation methods?
24.40%
35.60%
Yes
No
do't know
40.00%
Are their any institutional program for increasing your
awareness about importance of modern irrigation?
34.50%
Yes
No
65.50%
Are their any institution responsible for
given well licenses?
43.60%
Yes
No
56.40%
Who is given you licenses?
National water
resources Authority
Water project
Ministry of water
10.00%
5.00%
40.00%
15.00%
Local councel
30.00%
I don’t not know
Laws, Legislations and Conflicts
Are their any laws and legislation
governing the use of water?
15.70%
Yes
No
84.30%
Have you heard about Water Law?
16.10%
Yes
No
83.90%
Customs and Traditions relevant to water
used
21.80%
Yes
No
78.20%
Traditions and Customs
Distance between wells
Arbitration
Shaike guidelines
Public and private rights
Documents
Al-ala fl al-ala
Contribution of Payment
Priorities upon farm size
Water conflicts
35.70%
Yes
No
64.30%
Type water conflicts
•
•
•
•
•
•
Partnerships problems
Random drilling
Short distance between wells
Water Transfer by Tankers
Irrigation schedule
Pumping
Water conflicts solutions
Customs and traditions
Customs and traditions,
Sheikh
4.40%
4.40%
22.20%
Customs and traditions
and the law
Customs and traditions
and the law, Sheikh
Law
55.60%
13.30%
Conclusions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Educational weakness
Increasing population
Income weakness
Increase number of wells
Increase irrigation Area
Institutional Weakness
Water quantity and quality degradation
Reliance ( responsible & farmer )
Misunderstanding
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Absence role of law ( force & application)
Low distribution modern irrigation methods
Absence role of WUA, WUG among farmers
Increase water competition
Absence water meter, registration, permit
subsidies fuel
Absence Water tax
Absence role of media
Absence role of law in solve water competition
Recommendation
 Enhancement education
 Enforce water law
 Uplift subsidies on fuel
 Increase reliance between responsible and
farmers
 Create WUA, WUG among farmers
 Increase applied studies around water and
agriculture
 Increase awareness of importance modern
irrigation methods
 Encourage exploitation among farmers
 Subsidies and enforcement using
modern irrigation methods
 Encourage and enforce wells permit and
registration, water meter
 Make Workshops of operation and
maintenance modern irrigation methods
 Studies update
 Water harvesting for irrigation
 Planning according on scientific studies
 Increase role of Sana’a Basin committee
 Cooperation between different
institutional sector in MWE, MAI
 Aware farmers about importance using
wastewater treatment in limited irrigation
 Prevent farmers from used wastewater
before treatment.
Thank you for attention