Transcript Slide 1

Internet of Things
Dr. Sanjay Sharma
|
Professor & Head | [email protected]
Department of
Mathematics & MCA
Topics
Defining Internet of
for novice
Key technologies
building IoT
Things
Applying IoT in real World
for
Designing the things and
IoT networks
2
Civilization advances by extending
the number of important operations
which we can perform without thinking
about them.
Introduction to Mathematics (1911)
Alfred North Whitehead
(1861 – 1947)
3
State and Data
Data,data and data everywhere
4
Everything has STATE
Expiry Date
Heart Rate
Name of a
Person
5
Current Time
State is Exhibited with Attributes
Attribute
State can be expressed
with multiple attributes
O
Temperature
30 C
Battery Level
65%
Name
Manufacturer
6
Value
Thermostat
Nest
State Machines
Few things expose internal
state using state machines
OFF
ON
Light
7
State Machines may take Inputs
Turn On
Sometimes users
for the things
set the state
OFF
ON
Turn Off
8
Light
Few Things need Data
Air-conditioner
needs current
temperature and
time
Washing machine
may need current
energy
tariff
9
Car needs road
conditions for
better control
People need Data
Location information
Detecting tree cutting
Monitoring of health
parameters
Industrial equipment
monitoring
Gas level detection
Waste level detection
predictive
maintenance
10
for
People would like
to Control
Control lights and
appliances
Access control for
security
Ambulance controlling
traffic signals
Traffic monitoring
and control
Vehicle speed
Remote parameter
setting for equipment
control
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How does the User get the Data?
Data Providers
Data Users
15
Bridging Providers and Users
Data Providers
Data Users
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The Internet
Internet of Things
Trillion nodes
Sensors, Objects
Internet Fringe
Billion nodes
Computers,
mobiles
Internet Core
Million nodes
Routers, Servers
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Key Takeaways
State
Thing
Data
User
Internet
Everything has state
State is represented using attributes
State is transitioned into data from owner to users
Many users will have same data
The data can be used for different use cases
The Internet is used to connect the data owners to users
It can scale to provide connectivity for trillions of devices
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Internet of Things
The next BIG thing on the Planet Earth!
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Irrigation - Manual
Knowledge
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Irrigation - with Internet
Comfort
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Irrigation - with IoT
Intelligence
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Irrigation - IoT allows Innovation
Smart
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Hospital
Police
Family
Care Provider
Volunteers
Ambulance
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Internet
Internet of Things - the Definition
Self-organizing and self-healing object
networks
of
Internet as the major communication medium
Exchanging information between object-toobject and object-to-men
Removes physical barriers and helps in smart
decision-making by harnessing data
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Realtime Information
Better decision making
Safety & Security
Aging Population
Better living standards
Requires better care
Lifestyle
Limited Resources
Convenien
ce
Requires conservation
Information Generation
Govt. Initiatives
Measurements and tracking
Better citizen services
Innovation
New business
models
IoT Applications
Smart Cities
Smart Water
Smart Grid
Smart Farming
Smart Environment
Industrial Control
Safety and Security
Smart Homes
Smart Retail
eHealthcare
Smart Logistics
Customer Service
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Smart Cities
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Smart Environment
Forest Fire Detection
Snow Level
Monitoring
Air Pollution
Monitoring
EMF Level Detection
Landslide and
Avalanche Detection
Earthquake Early
Detection
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Safety, Security and Emergencies
Access Control
Leakage
Detection
Radiation
Levels
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Explosive and
Hazardous
Gases
Smart Water
Quality of
Drinking
Water
Swimming
Pool
Maintenance
Water
Metering
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River
Monitori
ng
Sea
Monitori
ng
Smart Retail
Supply Chain
Control
Intelligent
Shopping
NFC Payment
32
Smart Product
Management
Smart Logistics
Quality of
Shipment
Conditions
Item Location
Tracking
Warehouse
Monitoring
33
Fleet Tracking
Industrial Control & Automation
Smart
Assembly
Visible
Factory
Plant Alarms
34
Item Tracking
Smart Farming
Precision
Farming
Green Houses
Smart
Irrigatio
n
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Microweather
Forecastin
g
Smart Animal
Farming
Smart Homes
Measurement
of Energy and
Water Usage
Smart
Lightin
g
Appliance
Control
36
Intrusion
Detection
Pet
Monitor
ing
eHealthcare
Fall Detection
Patient
Monitorin
g
Sportsman
Care
37
Women &
Child Care
UV Radiation
Detection
The Future of Customer Service
No Service
IoT
Proactive,
Preventive,
Future
Best Experience
Internet Web, Chat
Realtime
Telephone
1-800
Walk-in
Time
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Internet of Things
will have direct implications
Optimal living
on the physical world.
Empowers
people
Improved
living
standards
New business
opportunities
Job creation
Social Impact
Future for the
next generations
Economic
development
39
Key Takeaway
Realtime Data
Better World!
Saves money,
IoT
environment
and even lives
Enables agility and
faster exception
handling
40
More visibility
about the real
world
Technologies for IoT
Realizing IoT Networks with various connectivity technologies
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Protocol Layers
APPLICATION
TRANSPORT
NETWORK
HTTP, CoAP
TCP/UDP
IPv6, 6lowpan
MAC
PHY
IEEE 802.15.4, WiFi, Bluetooth
low energy*, 3G/LTE, Satellite
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Peer-to-peer
Connectivity
IEEE 802.15.4
Specifies the PHY and MAC layer
Support for 868/915MHz, 2.4
GHz
Data Rate: 250Kbps Range:
upto 100 meters Topology:
Star, peer-to-peer Fully
acknowledged protocol Low
power consumption Energy
detection
Link quality indication
IPv6/6LoWPAN for Internet support
Supports mesh networking
PAN Coordinator
Star Connectivity
Long range IoT applications: typically
outdoors and industrial applications
Full Function Device
Reduced Function Device
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Streetlight Connectivity using IEEE 802.15.4
Mesh connectivity
over IEEE 802.15.4
100m
Powered by battery, mains or both; solar power harvesting
30% power savings, RoI in 5 years
Multiple applications can be deployed
A key technology for smart cities
44
Bluetooth low energy (BLE
Client,
Master,
Central
Server,
Slave,
Peripheral
BLE
IP
3G, LTE,
Ethernet, WiFi
Designed for to use with mobile phone
High speed (1Mbps) with small duty cycles
Can be powered with button cells
Operates in 2.4GHz ISM band
AES 128 bit over the air encryption
End-to-end definition by Bluetooth SIG
Easy to implement and use
Supports only Star topology
Requires Central for Internet connectivity
IPv6 over BLE is under development
Support for PANs around mobile phone
Typically battery powered for years of operation
Typical power: 0.01mW (-20dBm) to 10mW (10dbm)
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BLE Applications
1
Appcessory
3
Standalone Gateway
with broadband
Mobile phone as
the Gateway
2
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IEEE 802.11 (WiFi)
Clients
Router
Pervasive in homes and offices
Mains powered or chargeable battery
Supports 2.4GHz ISM band
Defines PHY and MAC Very
matured technology
Supports only Start topology
Seamless support for IPv6, hence Internet
Pervasive in computers and
handhelds
Low power WiFi is evolving
Zero infrastructure cost*
Well understood
IEEE 802.11
IP Connectivity
DSL, Ethernet, 3G/LTE
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Smart Homes using WiFi
App
Home Router
WiFi enabled electrical switches
Mains powered
Connects to the home router
Runs full IP suite of protocols
Cloud connectivity
Easy to interwork with others
Low barrier for customer entry
Incremental deployment
Source: www.iramtech.com
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6LoWPAN
Fragmentation
Entire 802.15.4 MTU is 127 bytes
IPv6 requires all links support 1280
byte
Header Compression
Standard IPv6 header is 40
Fully compressed: 1 byte
Applications
TCP/UDP
bytes
IPv6
6LoWPAN
Mesh Routing
Mesh under routing
Mesh over routing
IEEE 802.15.4
6LoWPAN turns IEEE 802.15.4 into the IP-enabled link
Makes IPv6 suitable for resource constrained devices
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Access Technologies
- Summary
Parameter
IEEE 802.15.4
WiFi
BLE
Frequency Band
868, 915MHz
2.4GHz
2.4, 5.0 GHz
2.4GHz
Topology
Star, Mesh
Star
Star
Range
100m-3Km
250m
100m
Data Rate
250KBps
600Mbps
1Mbps
Mains
Battery
Power
Applications
Internetworking
Battery, Mains,
Hybrid
Industrial,
outdoors
Residential and
office environment
6lowpan
IPv6
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Residential and
personal
Under
development
CoAP - Constrained Application
Protocol
CoAP
HTTP
HTTP
Client
Proxy
CoAP
Client
The Internet
Constrained Environment
CoAP is the HTTP for constrained device
UDP binding with reliability and multicast
GET, POST, PUT, DELETE methods
Push model with subscribe and notify
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URI support
DTLS based security
Support for resource discovery
Stateless HTTP mapping
Web of Things (WoT)
Smart
Web
Apps
CoAP over UDP
(Optional: SMS, TCP)
Integration of cyber-world and physical-world
RESTful web transfer protocol
Exposes the web services for the objects
coap:// is ~ http
coaps:// is ~ https
Internet
of
Things
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Key Takeaways
WoT
CoAP to build Web-of-Things
Any-application over IPv6 over any-access
technology
IPv6
Multiple access technologies for different use cases
WiFi
for re-usability
IEEE 802.15.4
for long range
and metro area
IoT networks
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Bluetooth low
energy
for convenience
personal IoT
networks
Designing the Things
A scalable approach
for designing
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the Internet of Things
'Things' - Design Considerations
Low Cost
Low Power
Low
Range
Lossy Links
Low
BoM
Less
Code
Physical
Constraints
Small
Footprin
t
Minimal
or no UI
Low Data
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Self
Healin
g
'Things' - The Constrained
Devices
Size of
Class 0
Class 1
Class 2
Code
<100 KiB
~100 KiB
~250 KiB
Data
<10 KiB
~10 KiB
~50 KiB
IP Connectivity
Gateway
CoAP
TCP/IP
Processing
One simple
Function
Multiple
Functions
Flexible
Power
Energy Harvesting, Battery, Rechargeable Battery,
Mains Power
Moore's law will be used for reduction of cost and power requirements
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Designing the Things
Inputs
Outputs
SoC (System On Chip
Battery
Sensors
Design for sleep
Receiving is expensive
Time is energy - transmit quick
Define the state model
Define the characteristics a
Define set of services
Size is cost
Button cell > AAA > AA > Mains
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Autonomous
User 1
User 2
Services
User n
Attributes
A temperature service
A time service
No bleeding between users or services
Device
Different users might use the same service
for different purpose
Service
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Read Service
User 1
User 2
Service
Readable
Attributes
User n
Current temperature
Current time
Device
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Write Service
User 1
User 2
Service
Writable
Attributes
User n
Room temperature for air-condition
Time to synchronize with network time
Allows sending commands to the
service
Device
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Control Service
User 1
User 2
Turn On
OFF ON
User n
Exposing the state of a finite state machine
Control points define the device behavior
Turn Off
Bulb provides:
Device
Status Atrribute: ON/OFF
Control Point: Switch ON/Switch OFF
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Client - Server Architecture
Behavior of the device independent
Client
1
Client
2
of the clients
Client
n
Server need not know how a client uses a service
Client behavior need not be defined
Server
Easy to unit testing
Client use case determines the use of a service
Allows innovation in client implementation
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Use Case
Use case1: Switching AC on
Use case: random light on/off
Client
AC
Servic
e
Use case defines
Temp.
Service
Time
Service
how to use the services exposed
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Light
Service
by the devices
Autonomous Services - Innovation
1 Service
2 Services
3 Services
8 Services =
=1
=3
=7
255
Use
Use
Use
Use
case
cases
cases
cases
100 Services = 1 267 650 600 228 229 401 496
Possible Use cases
200 Services = (2^200)-1 Possible Use cases,
the number of atoms on the Earth
703 205 375
more than
Autonomous services allow Unlimited Innovation!
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Building Context
Context: approximation
of a real world situation
Door Closed
Projector ON
Chairs occupied
Meeting in progress
Context
Table Interactions
Other inputs
Lights OFF
Bed Occupied
No movement
Person sleeping
Context
Time
Other inputs
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Key Takeaway
Application
Use cases
Services
State/
Attribute
s
67
Designing the IoT Networks
Realizing IoT Networks with IPv6
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The IoT Trends
Scale
The number of nodes would grow billions to trillions
IoT will be common denominator across humans and things
Heterogeneity
Different types of nodes with different types of connectivity
Various types of information and applications
Horizontalization
Nodes may be participating in multiple applications
Allows innovation to develop variety of applications
Mobility
The objects are being more and more wirelessly connected
Some nodes may be attached to be carried by mobile entities
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Deployment Considerations
Installation
Connectivity
Random,
organized
Incremental
Always connected
Intermittent
Network Size
Mobility
One to thousands
Fixed nodes, Mobile or
Network Mobility
Network Topology
Quality of Service
Star, Mesh
P2P, P2M, M2P
Priority for realtime
information
Power Source
Security
Battery, mains,
hybrid or other
sources
Access control
Privacy
70
The Diversity and Bridging
The diversity
Different types of HW configurations
Different types of operating systems
Different types of applications
Different types of data
Different types of connectivity:
Ethernet, IEEE 802.15.4, WiFi, PLC
IPv6 - Bridging the diversity
Open standards
Everything-over-IPv6-over-Everything
Unique and uniform addressing
Simple network architecture
Seamless web services
End-to-end security
Existing resources and knowledge
71
Network Architecture
Autonomous IoT Networks: private
networks
Extended IoT Networks: limited, controlled Interconnectivity
True IoT Networks: end-to-end Internet connectivity
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App deployment - PAN
Controlled
Access
Store
Retrieval
Personal Area Networks
73
App deployment
in Metro Areas
Controlled
Access
Large scale/metro area IoT networks
74
Security Considerations
People are not typically trained in security
Hospital
Access control should be easier
Police
Selective access
Family
Ability to disallow the tracking
Denial of service attacks
Care
Provide
r
Ambulance
Volunteers
Default secure access control
settings
Interface adaptable to novice
users.
Governance, security, and privacy need to be considered.
75
Key Takeaways
All-IP
Network
s
IPv6
IoT
Challen
ges
Easy to build apps, cloud connectivity, and new application
deployments
Bridging the diversity, reuse of Internet standards and
knowledge
Diversity
Scalability
Mobility
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Privacy &
Security
Usability
References
1.
2.
3.
Syam Madanapalli : IEEE Smart Tech Series - An Introduction to IoT.
IEEE Computer Society, "IEEE Std. 802.15.4-2003", October 2003
BLUETOOTH Special Interest Group, "BLUETOOTH Specification! Version 4.0",
June 2010
4. RFC4944, Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., and D. Culler,
"Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4 Networks", September 2007
5. RFC7252, Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
Application Protocol (CoAP)", June 2014
6. RFC7102, Vasseur, JP., "Terms Used in Routing for Low-Power and
Lossy Networks", January 2014
7. IETF IPv6 over Networks of Resource-constrained Nodes (6lo) WG, http://
datatracker.ietf.org/wg/6lo/charter/
8. IETF Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environment WG,
https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/ace/charter/
9. IETF Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks (roll) WG, http://
datatracker.ietf.org/wg/roll/charter/
10. "Contiki: The Open Source OS for the Internet of Things", March 2014
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