Transcript INFLUENCE OF DEHYDRATION AND REHYDRATION ON …

2003 Research Update
For 2004 Symposium
Sports Nutrition
With Strength and Conditioning
Exercise Physiology and
Spine/General Studies with Practical Application
G. Douglas Andersen, DC, DACBSP, CCN
INFLUENCE OF DEHYDRATION AND REHYDRATION
ON BASKETBALL FREE THROW ACCURACY
Methods:
• 16 males performed four 90-minute sessions
• 1. Control – played cards
2. Basketball with no fluids
3. Basketball with water
4. Basketball with sports drink
• After 90 minutes subjects then shot 20 free throws
Results:
• When players were dehydrated, free throw accuracy was 58%.
• When players were rehydrated with sports drink, accuracy was 71%
Solera, A., Salazar, W. Influence of Dehydration and Rehydration on Basketball Free Throw Accuracy. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex.
May 2003; 35(5): S29.
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE TRAINING INTENSITY AND
AMOUNT ON VISCERAL, SUBCUTANEOUS AND
TOTAL ABDOMINAL FAT: STRRIDE
Methods:
•
111 overweight adults, ages 40-65, 8 month study
Results:
Activity Visceral Fat Change
Control
+10%
Walk 12 mi/wk
+3.3%
Jog 12 mi/wk
-5.9%
Run 20 mi/wk
-10%
Abdominal Fat Change
+4.7%
+1.9%
-3%
-8.9%
Body Weight
+2.4 pounds
-2.9 pounds
-2.4 pounds
-7.7 pounds
Slentz, C.A., Duscha, B.D., Aiken, L.B., Jonhson, J.L., Ketchum, K.J., Tanner, C.J., Kelly, L.K., Houmard, J.A., Kraus, W.E. Effects of
Exercise Training Intensity and Amount on Visceral, Subcutaneous and Total Abdominal Fat: Strride. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5):
S34.
SWEAT AND SODIUM LOSSES IN NCAA DIVISION I
FOOTBALL PLAYERS WITH A HISTORY OF WHOLEBODY MUSCLE CRAMPING
Methods:
• 10 Division I football players, 5 with a history of cramping
• Studied on a pre-season practice day, 2.5 hour AM and 2.5 hour PM practice in
full gear
Results:
Fluid Intake
Sweat Loss
Sweat Na
Net Loss
Never Cramp
2.8 L
3.5 L
2.4 gm
23 oz
Cramp
2.6 L
4L
5.2 gm
46 oz
Stofan, J.R., Zachwieja, J.J., Horswill, C.A., Lacambra, M., Murray, R., Eichner, E.R., Anderson, S. Sweat and Sodium Losses in NCAA
Division I Football Players with a History of Whole-Body Muscle Cramping. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S48.
HYPONATREMIA AND SODIUM LOSS
Methods:
• 111 marathoners from 4 races volunteered for pre- and post-race
testing
Results:
• Hyponatremics drank more fluid and lost more sodium in sweat.
• No differences between genders
Chorley, J.N., Cianca, J.C., Divine, J.G., Hew, T. Hyponatremia and Sodium Loss. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5):
S246.
HYPONATREMIA AND ADVENTURE RACING
Methods:
• Participants in an adventure race that ranged from 18 to 30 hours
Results:
• Average weight loss 2% of body weight
• 50% of participants were hyponatremic
Abbott, K.D., Nichols, J.F. Hyponatremia and Adventure Racing. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S246.
SNAPPING HIP SYNDROME
Type
Cause
Presenting Complaint
Exam
Tx
External Posterior, proximal
ITB or anterior
gluteous maximus
rubs over greater
trochanter
snapping lateral
to greater trochanter
Patient lateral
snapping side up
Flex + extend hip
keep leg neutral
palpate
Soft tissue
mobilization,
modalities,
stretch ITB
Internal Iliopsoas tendon
rubs over anterior
capsule or iliopectineal eminence
snapping ant./medial
to greater trochanter
Patient supine
Flex, abduct &
externally rotate hip.
As you return to
neutral(Ext/add/
int.rot.) palpate
Stretch and
strengthen
hip flexors.
Soft tissue
mobilization.
R/O Ext/int
X-ray, CT or MRI
refer to ortho
Intraartular Loose bodies,
Deep snapping
acetabular tear,
chronic subluxation or
(in kids) dislocation
Idjadi, J., Meislin, R., Symptomatic Snapping Hip. The Physician and Sports Medicine 32 (1) 2004; 25-31
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND CHILDREN
•
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In children ages 9 to 16, as total physical activity (TPA) increased, fasting
insulin decreased1
TPA decreased between ages 9 and 161
In children ages 6 to 8, TPA declined with age.2
In children ages 7 to 10, TPA increase leads to increased bone mineral density,
decreased blood pressure, decreased total cholesterol.3
In children ages 5 to 12, as TPA increased, bone mineral density increased.4
Children ages 8 to 9, were observed during recess on 4 consecutive days. As
body mass index increased, activity decreased; that is, the heavier the child,
the less active.5
1Hurtig
Wennlöf, A., Yngve, A., Sjöström, M. Fasting Serum Insulin as Response to Total Physical Activity in Healthy Children. Med.
Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S64.
2Economos, C.D., Shea, K., Socorso, E. Age, Gender and Weight Status Predict Objectively Measured Physical Activity Levels in Early
Elementary School Children. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S63.
3Mjaavatn, P.E., Aa, K., Gundersen, U., Segberg, L., Bjørkelund, L.A. Physical Activity and Health-Related Variables in 6-9-Year-Old
Norwegian Children. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S63.
4DiMarco, N.M., Greathouse, L.V., Essery, E.V., Kallio, A.K., Nichols, D.L., Sanborn, C.F. Bone and Connective Tissue. Med. Sci. Sp.
Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S76.
5Foley, J.T., Yun, J.K. The Effect of Body Mass Index Level on Physical Activity During Recess. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5):
S161.
CHILDHOOD ACTIVITY, BOYS VERSUS GIRLS
•
Boys, ages 6 to 8, are more active than girls of the same age.1
• Boys, ages 10 to 11, are more active than girls of the same age.2
• Boys, ages 9 to 16, are more active than girls of the same age.3
1Economos,
C.D., Shea, K., Socorso, E. Age, Gender and Weight Status Predict Objectively Measured Physical Activity
Levels in Early Elementary School Children. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S63.
2Matsuzaka, A., Matsuzaka, K., Wilk, B., Bar-Or, O. Relationship Between Physical Activity and Aerobic Fitness in
Children. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S64.
3 Hurtig Wennlöf, A., Yngve, A., Sjöström, M. Fasting Serum Insulin as Response to Total Physical Activity in Healthy
Children. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S64.
CARDIOVASCULAR RISK
•
Overweight adults who exercise have a stronger link to cardiovascular disease
than adults who were unfit.1
• Adults with better cardiovascular fitness have lower levels of C-reactive
protein.2
• Lower levels of fitness coupled with higher levels of abdominal fat lead to
higher levels of insulin (even in 90-year-olds!)3
1Christou,
D.D., Gates, P.E., Seals, D.R. Is Fatness or Fitness the Best Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Profile in Healthy Men?
Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S67.
2Reis, J.P., LaMonte, M.J., Ainsworth, B.E., Durstine, J.L. C-Reactive Protein and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in an Adult Population.
Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S68.
3Racette, S.B., Evans, E.M., Villareal, D.T., Holloszy, J.O. Fitness and Abdominal Fat Predict Insulin Action in Old Adults. Med. Sci.
Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S68.
EFFECTS OF INCREASING FLUID MILK INTAKE ON
BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN RESPONSE TO
RESISTANCE TRAINING IN ADOLESCENT FEMALES
Methods:
• Girls, ages 12 to 17, given 24 ounces of milk for 12 weeks, or 24
ounces of juice for 12 weeks.
Results:
• Milk group gained bone mineral density, especially in the lumbar spine.
• Juice group did not gain BMD
Gómez, A.L., Volek, J.S., Rubin, M R, French, D.N., Sharman, M.J., Ratamess, N.A., McGuigian, M.R., Scheett, T.P., Kraemer,
W.J. Effects of Increasing Fluid Milk Intake on Bone Mineral Density in Response to Resistance Training in Adolescent
Females. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S76
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE COMBINED WITH DIET ON
BONE MASS
AND BIOCHEMICAL BONE MARKERS DURING
WEIGHT LOSS
Methods:
• Women, ages 35 to 48, went on a weight-loss diet for 14 weeks.
Results:
• In the non-exercise group, bone mineral density decreased.
• In the group that performed resistance exercise, i.e., weight lifting, bone
mineral density loss was prevented.
Nakata, Y., Ohkawara, K., Lee, D.J., Tanaka, K. Effects of Exercise Combined with Diet on Bone Mass and Biochemical Bone
Markers During Weight Loss. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S80.
ADDITION OF FAT TO POST-EXERCISE MEALS DOES
NOT ALTER THE EXERCISE-INDUCED REDUCTION IN
FASTING PLASMA TRIGLYCERIDES
Methods:
• On 2 occasions men biked 90 minutes including 30 minutes of high
intensity intervals, followed by a low or high fat dinner.
• Meal 1 – 12 gm of fat, Meal 2 – 165 gm of fat
Carb content was the same.
• Pre exercise triglyceride .52 and .55 mm before LF and HF
• Next morning triglyceride .37 and .32 mm after LF and HF
Conclusion:
• In this study, a high-fat meal (165 gm) did not alter the benefits of exercise
induced triglyceride clearance.
Kaufman, A.E., Fox, A.K., Horowitz, J.F. Addition of Fat to Post-Exercise Meals Does Not Alter the Exercise-Induced Reduction in
Fasting Plasma Triglycerides. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S85.
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE INTENSITY ON
POSTPRANDIAL LIPEMIA IN PATIENTS WITH
HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA
Methods:
• Ten 40-year-old males were studied.
• Subjects jogged 1 hour at 40%, 60%, or 70% of maximum heart rate
12 hours before a meal containing 100 gm of fat was consumed.
Results:
• From blood draws 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours after eating.
Triglyceride concentration mg/dl
Control
369
40% jog
325
60% jog
316
70% jog
294
Zhang, J.Q., Ji, L.L., Fretwell, V., Nunez, L., Zhang, K.Y., Hart, C., Yao, W.X. Effects of Exercise Intensity on Postprandial
Lipemia in Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S87.
LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIET INDUCES WEIGHT LOSS
AND CHANGES IN FUEL OXIDATION DURING
EXERCISE IN OBESE ADULTS
Methods:
• 13 obese young adults were put on a low-carbohydrate diet.
• Subjects were instructed what foods to avoid but were not instructed on
quantities.
• The study was to test changes in fuel oxidation.
Results:
• Low carb, high protein, high fat diet did increase fat oxidation during
activity.
• Analysis of diet diaries revealed an unusual finding. Calories before the
study were 2599, calories during the study were 1473.
Komorowski, J.I., Schuler, G., Murrin, J., Farnoush, M., Doucet, E., Kerr, J. Low Carbohydrate Diet Induces Weight Loss and
Changes in Fuel Oxidation During Exercise in Obese Adults. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S87.
DOSE OF EXERCISE TO PROMOTE LONG-TERM
WEIGHT LOSS IN OVERWEIGHT ADULTS
Methods:
• 184 obese women were in a 12-month program.
• Subjects were divided into 3 groups, all of which exercised 5 days a week.
• Groups were prescribed exercise ranging from 30 to 60 minutes a day.
Results:
• No group completely met their requirements. The 60-minute group averaged
265/300 minutes per week. The 45-minute group averaged 173/225 per week.
The 30-minute group averaged 113/150 per week.
• The 60-minute group lost 15%, the 45-minute group lost 10%, and the 30
minute group lost 7% bw.
Jakicic, J.M., Gallagher, K.I., Ferguson, E., Marcus, B.H., Napoitano, M. Dose of Exercise To Promote Long-Term Weight Loss in
Overweight Adults. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S106
EXERCISE HEMATOLOGY
Study:
• 280 boys and girls, ages 16 to 19, were tested.
• 55% of the girls were iron deficient, 29% of the boys were iron deficient,
and 3% of the entire group was anemic.
• Serum ferritin less than 16 mcg/dl was defined as iron deficient. Serum
ferritin less than 20 mcg/dl was defined as probable iron deficient.
Landahl, G., Börjesson, M., Rödjer, S. Exercise Hematology. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S126
PREVALENCE OF IRON DEFICIENCY AND ANEMIA
IN TOP-LEVEL BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Study:
• 103 teenage boys and girls and adults rated as top-level basketball
players.
• Testing revealed iron deficiency in 15% of the males, 35% of the females.
• Anemia was present in 18% of the males, 38% of the females.
• Iron-deficient anemia (both) were present in 5% of males and 22% of
females.
• Iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin less than 20 mcg/dl. Anemia
was defined as hemoglobin less than 14 gm/dl for boys and less than 12 gm/dl
for girls.
Constantini, N.W., Dubnov, G. Prevalance of Iron Deficiency and Anemia in Top-Level Basketball Players. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May
2003; 35(5): S126.
THE RELATION BETWEEN TRUNK STRENGTH
MEASURES AND LUMBAR DISC DEFORMATION
DURING STOOP TYPE LIFTING
Methods:
• 12 50-year-old males under lateral video fluoroscopy lifted
No load 4 times a minute for 15 minutes
A 25-pound milk crate 4 times a minute for 15 minutes
• Subjects were also measured for strength of trunk flexion and extension via a
dynamometer and abdominal endurance by the number of curl-ups performed in
60 seconds.
Results:
• Subjects with greater abdominal strength showed less shear deformation when
the trunk was flexed with a load.
• Subjects with greater abdominal endurance show less shear deformation when
the trunk was erect.
• Subjects with greater spinal erector muscle strength showed less shear
deformation when the trunk was erect.
DeBeliso, M.A., O’Shea, J.P., Harris, C., Adams, K.J. The Relation Between Trunk Strength Measures and Lumbar Disc Deformation
During Stoop Type Lifting. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S134.
THE EFFECT OF AN ACUTE DOSAGE OF AN
ANTIOXIDANT MIXTURE UPON FATIGUE DURING
INTERMITTENT WORK
Study:
• 25,000 IU beta carotene, 400 IU vitamin E, 500 mg vitamin C taken in a
single dose did not improve work capacity.
Guillory, I., Nelson, A.G., Glickman, E. The Effect of an Acute Dosage of an Antioxidant Mixture Upon Fatigue During
Intermittent Work. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S145.
EFFECT OF VITAMIN C SUPPLEMENTATION ON
IMMUNE PARAMETERS FOLLOWING INTERMITTENT
SHUTTLE RUNNING
Methods:
• 7 days of 800 mg of vitamin C or placebo followed by a vigorous shuttle
run.
Results:
• No differences in immune or inflammatory response (equally increased in
both groups).
Hurst, T.L., Bailey, D.M., Williams, C., Powell, J.R. Effect of Vitamin C Supplementation on Immune Parameters Following
Intermittent Shuttle Running. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S156.
ANTIOXIDANTS DO NOT ATTENUATE THE RISE IN
LIPID HYDROPEROXIDES OBSERVED AT 4300 M
ELEVATION
Methods:
• 3 weeks of 10,000 IU beta carotene, 200 IU vitamin E, 250 mg vitamin
C, 50 mcg selenium, and 15 mg of zinc.
Results:
• Did not prevent an increase in lipid peroxidation at high elevation
compared to placebo.
Friedlander, A.L., Subudhi, A.W., Hagobian, T.A., Jacobs, K.A., Fattor, J.A., Stone, K.S., Rock, P.B., Muza, S.R., Fulco, C.S.,
Hoffman, A.R., Cymerman, A. Antioxidants Do Not Attenuate the Rise in Lipid Hydroperoxides Observed at 4300 M Elevation.
Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S163.
ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT
REDUCE INCIDENCE OR SEVERITY OF ACUTE
MOUNTAIN SICKNESS AT 4300 M
Methods:
• 3 weeks of 10,000 IU beta carotene, 200 IU vitamin E, 250 mg vitamin
C, 50 mcg selenium, and 15 mg of zinc.
Results:
• Did not reduce incidence of acute mountain sickness.
Jacobs, K.A., Muza, S.R., Pidgeon, S., Hagobian, T.A., Subudhi, A.W., Stone, K.S., Fattor, J.A., Fulco, C.S., Rock, P.B., Cymerman,
A., Friedlander, A.L. Antioxidant Supplementation Does Not Reduce Incidence or Severity of Acute Mountain Sickness at 4300 M.
Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S164.
ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION HAS NO EFFECT
ON MUSCLE DAMAGE FOLLOWING AN
ULTRAMARATHON RUN
Methods:
• 400 IU vitamin E and 1000 mg vitamin C 6 weeks prior to and 1 week after a
31-mile run.
Results:
• No effect on plasma markers of muscle damage.
Mastaloudis, A., Widrick, J., Traber, M.G. Antioxidant Supplementation Has No Effect on Muscle Damage Following an
Ultramarathon Run. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S197.
DIETARY ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION DOES
NOT AFFECT CYTOKINE RESPONSE TO ECCENTRIC
EXERCISE
Methods:
• 400 mg vitamin C, 800 IU vitamin E for 29 days prior to and 6 days after a
20 minute eccentric cycle exercise designed to damage muscles
Results:
• Plasma creatine kinase increased 11 fold placebo, 3 fold antioxidant.
• All other markers including IL/TNF/mRNA were unchanged.
Condlin, M.L., Kellogg, M.D., Young, A.J. Dietary Antioxidant Supplementation Does Not Affect Cytokine Response to Eccentric
Exercise. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S156.
ARE MEN’S PERCEPTIONS OF A DESIRABLE BODY
IMAGE RELATED TO THE ACTUAL PREFERENCES OF
WOMEN?
Methods:
• 206 college males and females were shown 16 male figures of varying body
types.
Results:
• The males perceived their current body to be less muscular than they would
like.
• The body males thought females would prefer was more muscular.
• The most desirable male body picked by the women was less muscular than
the males thought they would pick.
• Women knew that men thought they preferred a more muscular physique.
Downing, A.J., Giuliano, T.A., Smith, J.C. Are Men’s Perceptions of a Desirable Body Image Related to the Actual Preferences of
Women? Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S140.
THE EFFECTS OF ECHINACEA ON THE MUCOSAL
IMMUNE RESPONSE AND UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT INFECTIONS
Methods:
• 32 adults, ages 19 to 46.
• A series of intense wingate tests known to decrease mucosal immunity were
given (decreased mucosal immunity increases rate of upper respiratory tract
infection).
Results:
• 4 weeks of echinacea or placebo revealed no change in the percentage of the
number of upper respiratory tract infections caught by each group.
• There was a significant difference in disease length – 1.7 days for echinacea,
5.4 days for placebo.
Hall, H.L., Fahlman, M.M., Engels, H.J. The Effects of Echinacea on the Mucosal Immune Response and Upper Respiratory Tract
Infections. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S156.
DOSE-EFFECT RESPONSE OF 80 WEEKS OF
RESISTANCE TRAINING ON MUSCLE STRENGTH AND
MUSCLE MASS OF OLDER MEN AND WOMEN
Methods:
• 46 men and women, ages 60 to 70, in an 80-week exercise program performed
either 2 or 3 times per week, were divided into 4 groups.
2 high intensity – weight lifting (80% of 1 repetition max, 8 repetitions to failure).
2 low intensity – weight lifting (40% of 1 repetition max, 16 repetitions).
Results:
• Gains were as follows:
Muscle mass and strength gains were the greatest in high intensity 3 times a
week, followed by high intensity 2 times a week, low intensity 3 times a week,
and low intensity 2 times a week.
Conclusion:
•
High intensity twice a week is more beneficial than low intensity 3 times a week.
Bemben, M.G., Bemben, D.A. Dose-Effect Response of 80 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass of Older
Men and Women. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S171.
EFFECTS OF RED PEPPER INTAKE ON MUSCLE
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN HUMANS
Methods:
• 1 gm of dried, powdered, red hot pepper increased metabolic rate for 2-1/2
hours.
Results:
• The red pepper group had a 10% increase in pulmonary oxygen uptake and
a 15% increase in muscle oxygen consumption.
Ueda, C., Hamaoka, T., Murase, N., Sako, T., Murakami, M., Kime, R., Homma, T., Nagasawa, T., Kitahara, A., Ichimura, S.,
Motobe, M., Nakagawa, N., Katsumura, T. Effects of Red Pepper Intake on Muscle Oxygen Consumption in Humans. Med. Sci.
Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S248.
ACUTE EFFECTS OF TRANS-10,CIS-12 CONJUGATED
LINOLEIC ACID CONSUMPTION ON FUEL USE
•
An acute (4.8 gm) dose of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) 80 minutes before
exercise was given to 13 participants.
Results:
• CLA was absorbed in 8/13 subjects.
• CLA did not affect resting metabolic rate, exercise metabolic rate, or fuel
source indicators (glucose, glycerol, lipolysis).
Conclusion:
• Animal studies that show acute ingestion raises metabolic rate and fat
oxidation. This was not seen in humans.
Shute, M., Rankin, J.W., Herbein, J. Acute Effects of Trans-10,Cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Consumption on Fuel Use. Med.
Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S248
THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE CITRUS AURENTIUM
INGESTION ON ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN MILDLY
OBESE SUBJECTS
•
24 subjects mean age 25 - mean BMI 26.5
• 3 doses on day 1 + am dose day 2 tested pre/post
Results:
Day 1
Calorie Expenditure
CA
1.18 kcal/min
placebo 1.26 kcal/min
Oxygen update
CA
230 mL/min
placebo 250 mL/min
• CA (Synephrine) increased calorie expenditure 8%
Day 2
1.26 kcal/min
1.24 kcal/min
250 mL/min
250 mL/min
Seifert, J.G., Burke, E.R., Devonish, J., Nelson, A., Bacharach, D.W. The Effects of Acute Citrus Aurentium Ingestion on Energy
Expenditure in Mildly Obese Subjects. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S248.
REPEATED EXERCISE PERFORMANCE AND
CAFFEINE INGESTION
Methods:
• 9 male caffeine users were tested on 4 occasions.
• Testing consisted of morning workout (80% VO2 max ride to exhaustion)
followed by a second bout 5 hours later.
Results:
AM caffeine
5 mg/kg/bw
0 mg/kg/bw
5 mg/kg/bw
0 mg/kg/bw
PM caffeine
2.5 mg/kg/bw
0 mg/kg/bw
0 mg/kg/bw
5 mg/kg/bw
AM Times
24.9 minutes
18.0 minutes
21.8 minutes
17.7 minutes
PM Times
21.5 minutes
18.3 minutes
21.0 minutes
22.4 minutes
• A single morning dose of caffeine has a carryover effect in exhaustive exercise 5
hours later.
Bell, D.G., McLellan, T.M. Repeated Exercise Performance and Caffeine Ingestion. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S267
THE EFFECTS OF OXYGENATED WATER ON HEART
RATE AND ARTERIAL SATURATION RESPONSES
DURING HYPOXIA
Methods:
• 20 subjects given 20 oz of oxygenated water or placebo water following an
induced hypoxia.
Results:
• There was no difference in heart rate or oxygen saturation between 2 types
of water.
Porcari, J.P., Witt, L., Foster, C., Aiuppa, T., Doberstein, S. The Effects of Oxygenated Water on Heart Rate and Arterial Saturation
Responses During Hypoxia. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S269.
THE EFFECTS OF HMB SUPPLEMENTATION ON INDICES
OF EXERCISE-INDUCED MUSCLE DAMAGE IN MAN
Methods:
• 14 days of 3 gm of HMB or placebo followed by a single bout of 3 sets of
10 repetitions of eccentric arm curls designed to provoke muscle damage.
Results:
• HMB had reduced DOMs 24 hours post exercise.
• HMB had lower levels of plasma creatine kinase activity.
Van Someren, K.A., Edwards, A.J., Howatson, G. The Effects of HMB Supplementation on Indices of Exercise-Induced Muscle
Damage in Man. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S270.
EFFECTS OF ORAL D- RIBOSE SUPPLEMENTATION
ON ANAEROBIC CAPACITY AND SELECTED
METABOLIC MARKERS IN HEALTHY MALES
•
19 trained males
• Pre and post supplementation Wingate sprint (30sec) tests separated by 3
minute recovery
• Placebo or Ribose 10gr/d for 5 days
• Ribose did not alter peak power, average power, torque, fatigue index,
lactate, ammonia, glucose, uric acid or anaerobic exercise capacity.
Kreider, R.B., Melton, C., et al Effects or Oral D-Ribose Supplementation on Anaerobic capacity and Selected Metabolic Markers
in Healthy Males. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2003, 13, 76-86
REHYDRATION WITH FLUIDS CONTAINING BETAINE:
RUNNING PERFORMANCE AND METABOLISM IN A
31°C ENVIRONMENT
•
Betaine at 5 gm per liter when added to sports drink improved sprint time to
exhaustion following 75 minutes of running in 88° weather.
• This improvement was not seen with a placebo beverage, or a placebo
beverage and betaine. It was a greater improvement than 6% carbohydrate –
electrolyte drink
Conclusion:
• Betaine added to a carbohydrate electrolyte drink may be synergistic.
Armstrong, L.E., Roti, M.W., Hatch, H.L., Sutherland, J.W., Mahood, N.V., Clements, J.M., Seen, A.D., Fiala, K.A., Craig, S.A.S.,
Casa, D.J., Maresh, C.M. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S311.
INFLUENCE OF PRE-EXERCISE CARBOHYDRATE
MEALS ON A 21-KM RUN
Methods:
• 8 endurance-trained male runners, averaging 33 years of age, in a random,
crossover study.
• Testing was performed on 2 occasions with a meal, 2 hours prior to testing,
that provided 15% protein, 65% carbohydrate, and 20% fat, totaling
approximately 580 calories. One meal contained high glycemic index
carbohydrates (77), the other low glycemic index carbohydrates (37). Protein
and fat sources were unchanged.
Results:
• All 8 improved their time in a 21K (12.5 mile) run following the low
glycemic index meal.
• Average improvement was 98 minutes versus 101 minutes.
• Low glycemic index also increased fat oxidation 17.9% and decreased
carbohydrate oxidation 9.5%.
Wong, S.H., Lok, A., Morris, J. Influence of Pre-exercise Carbohydrate Meals on a 21-KM Run. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S298.
EFFECT OF MODERATE AND HIGH INTENSITY
AEROBIC EXERCISE ON BODY COMPOSITION IN
OVERWEIGHT MEN
Methods:
• 16 overweight males in the military, ages 18 to 33 years, were trained for 14
weeks.
• All meals were consumed on the base.
• Training protocol was as follows: 3 times a week for 5 weeks a 3K run (1.8
miles), followed by 3 times a week for 9 weeks a 4K run (2.4 miles).
• One group ran with high intensity (75-90% max heart rate), the other group
with medium intensity (60-70% max heart rate).
Results:
• High intensity group lost 4.91% body fat.
• Medium intensity group lost 1.4% body fat.
Marra, C.C., Bottaro, M.M., Oliveira, R.J., Novacs, J.S. Effect of Moderate and High Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Body Composition
in Overweight Men. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S308.
THE EFFECT OF HIGH INTENSITY RESISTANCE
TRAINING ON BODY COMPOSITION AMONG
COLLEGIATE FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Methods:
• 40 Division I college football players were divided into 2 groups.
• Over 10 weeks subjects used 2 exercise protocols: 1 set to failure 6-10 RM,
versus 3 sets to fatigue 6-10 RM.
Results:
• The 1-set high intensity group reduced body fat by 1.5%.
• The 3-set medium intensity group reduced body fat by 0.45%.
Fincher, G.E. The Effect of High Intensity Resistance Training on Body Composition Among Collegiate Football Players. Med. Sci.
Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S324.
INDUCTION OF LOW T3 SYNDROME IN FEMALE
SWIMMERS DURING A COMPETITIVE SEASON
Methods:
• 10 sub-elite adolescent female swimmers were evaluated during a 12-week
period.
• Swimmers were divided into improved an unimproved groups.
Results:
• Testing revealed that the group that did not improve had signs of low T3
syndrome.
VanHeest, J.L., Mahoney, C.E., Cappaert, J.M., Hill, K.W., DeSouza, M.J., Rodgers, C.D. Induction of Low T3 Syndrome in Female
Swimmers During a Competitive Season. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S330.
THE EFFECTS OF CREATINE ON CAST
IMMOBILIZATION INDUCED MUSCLE ATROPHY AND
DETRAINING
Methods:
• Subjects were given 20 gm of creatine,(5gm-4x/d for 7 days),
or a placebo while 1 arm was in a cast.
• The study was then repeated with the opposite arm in a cast.
Upon removal results were:
• When subjects’ arms were in a cast and they consumed creatine, 0.17% lean
mass was lost on the casted arms.
• Placebo beverage losses for the casted arms were 4.0%.
• Single repetition strength was reduced 29% with placebo and 6% with
creatine.
• Maximum number of repetitions was reduced 46% with placebo and 5%
with creatine.
Johnston, A.W., Burke, D.G., MacNeil, L.G. The Effects of Creatine on Cast Immobilization Induced Muscle Atrophy and
Detraining. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S401.
OXYGENATED WATER AND ATHLETIC
PERFORMANCE
Methods:
• 5 brands of oxygenated water plus tap water were analyzed for their oxygen
content.
Results:
Brands:
1
mL O2 per 355 mL (12 oz) 8.9
2
33.7
3
37.3
4
42.6
5 Tap Water
80.2
8.9
Hampson, N.B., Pollock, N.W., Piantadosi, C.A. Oxygenated Water and Athletic Performance. JAMA.2003; 290(18): 2408-9.
OXYGENATED WATER AND ATHLETIC
PERFORMANCE
•
Air contains 20.9% oxygen.
• Normal human breath contains 500 mL of air.
• .209 x 500 = 104.5 mL O2 – average single breath
•
“Given that hemoglobin is already nearly saturated with oxygen during air
breathing, and that only a small amount of additional oxygen can be
dissolved in plasma, it is not surprising that oxygenated water did not
improve maximal exercise performance.” Hampson et al
Hampson, N.B., Pollock, N.W., Piantadosi, C.A. Oxygenated Water and Athletic Performance. JAMA.2003; 290(18): 2408-9.
DOES REJECTION HURT? FMRI STUDY OF SOCIAL
EXCLUSION
Methods:
• 13 subjects from UCLA underwent MRI brain scans on 3 different
occasions.
• 1 – as bystanders
2 – as participants in a virtual video game
3 – as a participant in a video game where systematic exclusion resulted in a
sense of social rejection
Results:
• As social isolation increased, so did blood flow to the anterior cingulate
cortex.
• This is very similar to the blood flow pattern found in physical pain.
• Social and physical pain share common neuroanatomical brain blood flow
patterns.
Eisenberger, N.I. Does Rejection Hurt? fMRI Study of Social Exclusion. Science. 2003; 302: 290-2.
A META-ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE THE DOSE
RESPONSE FOR STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT
Methods:
• 140 studies with a total of 1433 subjects analyzed.
Results
• Optimal Loads – maximum strength gains attained:
Untrained subjects, 60% of 1-rep maximum.
Trained subjects, 80% of 1-rep maximum.
• Frequency – maximum gains attained (muscle group):
Untrained subjects, 3 times per week.
Trained subjects, 2 times per week.
Rhea, M.R., Alvar, B.A, Burkett, L.N., Ball, S.D. A Meta-Analysis to Determine the Dose Response for Strength
Development. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. 2003; 35(3): 456-64.
EFFECTS OF GINSENG ON SECRETORY IGA,
PERFORMANCE, AND RECOVERY FROM
INTERVAL EXERCISE
Methods:
• 400 mg a day of a standardized ginseng concentrate equivalent to 2000 mg
of Panax ginseng powder or placebo was consumed for 8 weeks.
Results:
• Ginseng did not enhance immune response, exercise performance, or heart
rate recovery following repeated bouts of exhaustive exercise.
Engels, H.J., Falman, M.M., Wirth, J.C. Effects of Ginseng on Secretory IgA, Performance, and Recovery from Interval Exercise.
Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. April 2003; 35(4): 690-6.
EFFECT OF ALPHA LIPOIC ACID COMBINED WITH
CREATINE MONOHYDRATE ON HUMAN SKELETAL
MUSCLE CREATINE AND PHOSPHAGEN
CONCENTRATION
Methods:
• Experienced weight lifters with higher than normal levels of creatine who eat
red meat on a regular basis were tested following 3 protocols.
Creatine 5 gm, 4 times a day for 5 days
Creatine 5 gm plus 25 gm of sucrose, 4 times a day for 5 days
Creatine 5 gm plus 25 gm of sucrose plus 250 mg of alpha lipoic acid, 4 times
a day for 5 days
Results:
• When lipoic acid was added to loading regimen, there was a significant
increase in intramuscular phosphocreatine and total creatine compared to
creatine and creatine with a small amount of sugar in trained participants who
consumed red meat.
Burke, D.G, Chilibeck, P.D., Parise, G., et al. Effect of Alpha Lipoic Acid Combined with Creatine Monohydrate on Human Skeletal
Muscle Creatine and Phosphagen Concentration. Int. J Sport Nutr. Ex. Meta. 2003; 13(3): 294-302.
EFFECTS OF A CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEIN
SUPPLEMENT ON ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE
DURING EXERCISE OF VARYING INTENSITY
Methods:
• 12 trained cyclists on 3 separate occasions rode 3 hours of variable intensity
followed by an 85% VO2 max sprint to exhaustion.
Results:
• Sprint to exhaustion times:
Placebo beverage – 13 minutes
Carbohydrate beverage (7.75% CHO) – 20 minutes
Carbohydrate-protein beverage (7.75% CHO-1.94% protein) – 27 minutes
• Carbohydrate versus placebo: Endurance improved in 10 of 12 subjects with
carbohydrate
• Carbohydrate-protein versus carbohydrate: Endurance improved in 10 of 12
subjects with protein
Ivy, J.L., Res, P.T., Sprague, R.C., Widzer, M.O. Effects of a Carbohydrate-Protein Supplement on Endurance Performance During
Exercise of Varying Intensity. Int. J Sport Nutr. Ex. Meta. 2003; 13(3): 382-95.
Vitamin D and Adolescents
Methods:
• 307 teens - mean age 15 were tested
Results:
• 40% insufficient
• 24% deficiency breaks down as follows:
35% of Blacks; 22% of Latinos; 17% of Asians; 6% Whites
• Summer levels are 20% higher than Winter and Spring
• 0/307 had excessive Vitamin D levels
MacReady, N. Many Teens May Not Get Enough Vitamin D, Family Practice News, January 1 2004; P77
New Side Effect of Iron Deficiency
Study:
• Women who complain of hair loss when compared to normal controls
had much lower mean Ferritin levels.
Kantor, J., Cotsarelis, G. Decreased Serum Ferritin Is Associated With Alopecia in Women, J Invest Dermatol, November
2003; 121(5) :P985-988
Restless Legs Syndrome
•
21/22 patients with normal serum iron had resolution after Fe
supplementation
• When serum ferritin is at 15 or below 50 mcg/dl, a high percent
respond to Fe.
Earley, C.J. Restless Legs Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 348 (21) 2003; 2103-9
Vitamin B-12 and Seniors
•
•
•
•
•
24% deficient over 60; 32% deficient over 70; 37% deficient over 80
B-12 in food is protein bound. GI inflammation and atrophy can not
break the protein bonds.
Vitamins that are not protein bound are absorbed.
RX- Oral deficiency replacement 100-500 mcg/day (RDA 2mcg/day)
to insure enough gets absorbed.
Consider referral for IM delivering.
Zoler, MC. B12 Deficiency Can Escape Detection, Family Practice News, January 1 2004, P25
EFFECT OF POST-EXERCISE ETHANOL
INTOXICATION ON THE FREE TESTOSTERONE
RESPONSE TO RESISTANCE EXERCISE IN MEN
Methods:
• 9 physically fit subjects (10.8±1.8 body fat), ages 21 to 34, on 3 different
occasions performed each of the following:
1. Resistance exercise – 45 minute whole body circuit weight training with
a heavy load (5-RM).
2. The same resistance workout followed by ethanol ingestion to a blood
alcohol level of 0.10 g/dL.
3. No exercise or alcohol.
EFFECT OF POST-EXERCISE ETHANOL
INTOXICATION CONTINUED
Results:
• Getting intoxicated following exercise not only prevented a post-resistance
testosterone decrease, but actually increased testosterone 25% over resting
conditions. This increase was present beginning at 60 minutes post exercise.
Free testosterone continued to be elevated over the 5-hour period of
monitoring.
Recommendations:
• This study must be repeated with a much larger sample size and a much
longer time period before the American Board of Chiropractic Sports
Physicians can issue a position statement recommending that our patients
get hammered following workouts.
Vingren, J.L., Koziris, L.P., Ben-Ezra, V., Kraemer, W.J. Effect of Post-Exercise Ethanol Intoxication on the Free Testosterone
Response to Resistance Exercise in Men. Med. Sci. Sp. Ex. May 2003; 35(5): S330.
FOOD PSYCHOLOGY BONUS SLIDE
•
•
•
•
•
Carrots Study
Popcorn Study
Glass Size Study
M&Ms Study
Hershey Kiss Study