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Municipal Solid Waste Management
Ingrid Håstad
Senior Consultant in Waste Management
SWECO International
ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL COURSE IN LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AREAS 2010 AFRICA
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449 964 km2

Length S – N: 1 572
km
Width E – W: 500
km
About 9 million
inhabitants
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
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MSWM - Common Situation
Oujda, Marocko
Uganda
But now,
situation in
Sweden..
ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL COURSE IN LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AREAS 2010 AFRICA
Definition of Waste?
 "Any substance or object the holder discards, intends to
discard or is required to discard" is WASTE
according to the Waste Framework Directive (European
Directive (WFD) 2006/12/EC)
 Amended by the new WFD (Directive 2008/98/EC,
coming into force in December 2010)
 Main categories: hazardous and non-hazardous
Swedish (EU) MSW Management Waste
Hierarchy
Recover energy!
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Swedish MSW Management
Characteristics
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EU member since Jan 1995
Well established municipal responsibility for MSW
People accept and comply, we do as we are told!
Producers’ responsibility since 1994
National ban on landfilling of combustible waste from
2002 and organic waste from 2005
☻ National environmental targets also for waste
☻ Landfill tax and municipal waste incineration tax
ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL COURSE IN LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AREAS 2010 AFRICA
Swedish Objectives MSW
National Environmental Waste Targets
– 50% reduction of waste to landfill (excl mining) by base year 1994
Achieved! Only 4% of generated MSW is landfilled
– Not increase the generated amount of MSW
Failed! MSW generation increased +35% from 1994 to 2007
Not yet achieved:
– Biological treatment >35% of municipal kitchen/food waste and utilise
all industrial food waste by 2010, (~10% 2006)
– Recycling (material, biological treatment) > 50% of municipal waste
generated by 2010 (~47% 2006)
– Recirculation >60% of Phosphorus in sewage sludge by 2015
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Swedish WM Responsibilities
Supervision:
Municipality Env Dept
County Adm
EPA
GENERATOR INDUSTRY
Separation of waste
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL
PRODUCER
Packaging
Newsprint/paper
Hazardous Waste
to authorised
treatment
Small batteries
(collection)
WEEE
Remaining household
waste
Car Tyres
Kitchen/food waste
Cars
Car Batteries
Small batteries
(treatment)
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Swedish WM Responsibilities
Supervision:
Municipality Env Dept
County Adm
EPA
GENERATOR Household
Separation of MSW
PRODUCER
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL
Packaging
Hazardous Waste
Newsprint/paper
Small batteries
(collection)
WEEE
Car Tyres
Remaining household
waste
Cars
Kitchen/food waste
Car Batteries
Small batteries
(treatment)
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How to Reach the Objectives?
Ban, Incentives, Control, Awareness!
 Economical and physical Producer’s responsibility (1994) for
several products
 Environmental Code - enforcement
 Stringent regulations on landfills and other waste treatment facilities
 National Ban on landfilling of combustible waste since 2002
 National Ban on landfilling of organic waste since 2005
 and…
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How to Reach the Objectives?
Ban, Incentive, Control, Awareness! Cont.
500
450
400
62 USD/ton
SEK/ton
350
300
Landfill tax
250
Incineration tax, only
thermal
Incineration, cogeneration
200
150
100
50
+VAT 25%!
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How to Reach the Objectives?
Ban, Incentives, Control, Awareness!
 Requirements for internal control for operators
 Investment Grants for biological treatment –
biogas production
 Public awareness campaigns – environmental
programs in school curricula
Cont.
How to Reach the Objectives?
Public Awareness – separation at source
 Motivation
– why?
 Information –
how?
 Incentive
– how much?
Västerås stad
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Collection of Waste from Households
•Separated
recyclables
Hazardous waste
collection, Public recycling
centre
Municipality responsibility
•Producers’
responsibility
Remaining MSW
Municipality responsibility
Public participation is crucial!
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Collection of Waste from Enterprises
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Separation at Source – The Corner Stone!
1. Always store/collect hazardous waste, chemicals,
batteries, WEEE separate!
2. Leave your recyclables at public drop-off/recycling
centres!
3. Biodegradable, landfill, inert …according to local
instructions
4. Remaining waste is incinerated to recover energy for
district heating, el.
5. A very small amount is disposed in controlled landfill
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Hazardous Waste - Golden Rule
 HW is ALWAYS separated
at source
 to prevent uncontrolled release of
hazardous components into the
environment during treatment and
disposal
 to enable recycling, incineration
and biological treatment
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Manned HW Collection – Petrol Stations
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HW Mobile Collection Vehicle
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Producers’ Collection of Recyclables
HD-Plastic Corrugated cardboard/carton Newsprint
Metal Uncoulored glass Coulored glass
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Public Recycling Centres
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Remaining MSW is Collected 2-4 times/month
Mainly bins 190-240 l
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Remaining MSW in Large Containers
Vacuum waste collection/Envac
Underground big bag/Molok
Underground Compactor/Ecosir
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MSW Collection
City of Stockholm
(800 000 inhabitants example:
 Contracts 80-85 MSW collection
vehicles, whereof 30 are CBG fuelled
 Collects 228 000 tonnes MSW/year
 ≈ 10 t/vehicle and day, five days per
week, one shift
 Vehicle expected life time=8-10 years
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Sweden MSW Collection Results 2008
Separately collected recyclables (from mun. sector) at
Recycling centres,
packaging collection points
180 kg/cap
Total
1,7 Million tonnes
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Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste 2008
Total 4,7 million tonnes (510 kg/cap)
Hazardous Waste-households
Recycling incl WEEE
Biological Treatment
Incineration
Landfill
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Sweden Treatment of MSW 1997-2006
Total generated, MSW
tonnes/year
Treated, tonnes/year
Recycling
2500000
5000000
Biological tr
Incineration
4500000
Landfill
Total
2000000
4000000
3500000
1500000
3000000
2500000
1000000
2000000
1500000
500000
1000000
500000
0
0
1997
2002
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Recycling including Producers’ responsibility
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Share of MSW in European Countries
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MSW Treatment in Europe
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Incinerated Household MSW Composition
Newsprint
Corr cardboard
Plastic, film
Producers´
Plastic, hard
Carton, Tetra-Pak etc
Glass pack
Metal pack
Food scraps
Garden waste
Diapers
Combustible
Other glass
Metal
Producers’
WEEE
Textile
2,5-2,7 kWh/kg
Wood
Other
Haz. Waste (batteries etc)
ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL COURSE IN LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AREAS 2010 AFRICA
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Local Municipal Councils - Responsibility
• Household waste, recyclables and the hazardous
waste generated in households
– (4,7 million tonnes = 510 kg/inhabitant)
1. Household waste is waste from households and
comparable waste from other activities
2. Responsible for collection and transportation
(monopoly)
3. Helps out with battery and WEEE collection
4. Supervision of hazardous waste from industry
5. Cooperation with Producers
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Municipality MSW Economy
 Fee for MSW collection and treatment etc is set
by the local council
 Based on prime cost principle
 Must cover a wide range of activities: Collection,
transport, recycling centres, hazardous household
waste, white goods, batteries, information and
advice, planning, statistics and administration etc.
 Single-family home (2008) 2000 SEK/year incl.
taxes (280 USD) for 11.3 kg waste/week
(collection 26 times/year)
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Municipality MSW Economy
Division of household MSW fee
Base fee
Collection
Treatment
Taxes
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Producer’s Responsibility
Currently for
 Packaging waste (carton, paper, corrugated cardboard, plastic,
glass, wood, metal)
 Waste paper
 Tyres
 Cars
 WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment)
 Deposit on Al-beverage cans, glass and PET bottles
 Recovery = recycling (material/biol.treat) + energy recovery
EU Recycling of Packaging Directive 94/62/EC 55-80% recycled:
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/waste_manage
ment/l21207_en.htm
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Swedish Producer’s Recycling
Responsibilities
 The producer must arrange, inform and
finance collection and recycling systems
 Recycling targets must be attained
 Objective to Prevent Waste?
 Industry or households?
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Swedish Producer’s Recycling Targets
Packaging
material
Recycled
2008
Target
Newspaper, print
89%
75%
Office paper
(voluntary
commitm.)
Tyres
Vehicles
WEEE
(collected/cap,
year)
68%
50%
97%
91%
16,5
kg/cap
80%
85%
EU 2006/07: 4 kg
Source: Swedish EPA Report 6328
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Producer’s Recycling Targets
Target
85%
70%
65%
70%
90% (deposit)
Source: Swedish EPA Report 6328
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Swedish Producer’s Recycling Targets
 Beverage packaging with deposit
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
PET recyclable
Al-can recyclable
 No target in legislation
 PET refillable (0,5 Euro)
 Glass bottles (0,05 Euro)
84% (90%) deposit 0,3 USD
91% (90%) deposit 0,07 USD
99% reused
99% reused
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Swedish Financing of Producer
Responsibility
 Producers levies, 2010 e.g. :
Plastic
1,37
SEK/kg
Metal, al
2,10
SEK/kg
Carton
0,75
SEK/kg
Corr. Cardboard
0,52-1,22
SEK/kg
 The producer pays the fee to REPA
 The consumer pays the fee as a part of the purchased
product:
300-500 SEK/year (42 – 70 USD) for an
average family of 3-4 persons
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Swedish Landfills
 EC directive 1999/31/EC Landfill of waste
 Stringent standards from 2009
 Sweden has reduced no of landfills for MSW from
300 to 80 in ten years.
 Larger, well controlled landfill sites remain
(10 main landfills receive > 40% of landfilled
household waste)
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Swedish Landfills Cont.
 Not just a landfill, also a separation and pre-treatment
facility!
 Landfill gas 310 GWh/year whereof 24 GWh electricity
(decreasing)
 …but still 65 GWh of landfill gas was flared
 3 million tonnes of residues/soil etc used for final cover,
construction on sites
EU Landfills
 EC directive 1999/31/EC Landfill of waste
 http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:
011:0027:0049:EN:PDF
 Criteria and waste characterization for the
acceptance at landfills.
 European Waste Catalogue – EWC – for waste
statistics in EU
 Main categories: hazardous and non-hazardous
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Oujda modern landfill!
SWECO design
First load of waste
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Swedish Incineration of Waste
Energy facilities!
 31 facilities in Sweden (2009)
 Incinerate 2,3 Mill. t/y of MSW + 2,3 Mill. t/y of
industrial combustible waste
 Recovery of 12,2 TWh heat and 1,5 TWh
electricity (of a total heating demand 150 TWh)
 Covers >20% of district heating demand
 About 15-20% (w) as residues (slag and ashes)
 Dioxin emission 2008: 0,8 g total
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Waste Incinerator
SWEDISH Incineration of Waste
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SWEDISH Biological Treatment
 13% of MSW to composting plants (31) or
anaerobic digestion facilities with production of
biogas (18)
 272 700 tonnes of “biofertilizer”
 181 000 MWh of raw biogas, whereof 80 000
MWh were upgraded to vehicle fuel (CBG)
 About 110 municipalities offer separate
collection and handling of organic waste to biotreatment
 High quality requirements in order to use the
digestate in agriculture – certification!
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Biological Treatment
Biogas facility in Helsingborg
Wind row composing in Lahore, Pakistan
SWEDISH Biological Treatment
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Sweden average MSW Treatment Fees 2008
Treatment fee /ton incl VAT,
tax
Landfill
700–1200 SEK
100-170
USD
Incineration
550-1100 SEK
78-157
USD
Composting,
anaerobic
digestion
400-800 SEK
57-114
USD
Only for the treatment, not including collection, planning, recycling etc
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Hazardous Waste Treatment Fees/SAKAB
Waste Type
Prices in
SEK/ton
Waste oil, water content  10 %
140
(20 USD)
Waste oil, water content 90 %
1000
(140 USD)
Waste oil – PCB-contaminated (513 300
500 ppm)
(470 USD)
Hg-cont. chemicals
120 000
(17 000 USD)
Assorted chemicals (e.g. HW
120 000
collection points)
(17 000 USD)
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How to Develop a New SWM System?
•
•
•
•
Separation at source! HW first!
Go slow, allow time for introducing new systems
Most important is to raise the awareness
Simple solutions in the beginning (e.g. separate cell for
healthcare waste, compost green waste, etc)
• Be critical of donors’ concepts