Transcript Anneli Anttonen

Change of welfare state
policies and care in Europe
Anneli Anttonen
professor
University of Tampere
Department of Social Policy and Social Work
Recwowe: Second joint Doctoral Workshop
Development of Work and Welfare Reform in
European Societies
October 5-6, University of Hamburg
Questions behind the lecture
• There is an increasing theoretical and political
interest on care, care work and care policies.
• Care between work and welfare: care is work and
activity that produces welfare, social interaction.
• Ethics of care: moral obligations and principles
(cultural embeddedness), whose responsibility?
• Social policy: how to meet increasing care needs?
• Care – a new social risk (care poverty).
• Care – activity that costs money?
.
What will happen to care work?
• There ia a call for a work society for all: The
European Employment Strategy;
• If ”all” adults should do more paid work, what
will happen to informal care work?
• There is no European Care Strategy, except a kind
of childcare strategy (rights for working parents);
• What will happened to paid care work? Who are
future care workers? Professionals? Semiprofessionals? Informal carers? Paid informal
carers? Transnational and transcontinental care
workers?
From informal to formal care
arrangements
• The feminisation of labour market participation, attempts to raise
retirement age and overall individualisation of life styles reduce
informal care resources.
• Informal (unpaid) care work has to be substituted by formal
arrangements of care much broadly than earlier in history.
• The status of informal care is changing? It is increasingly managed and
controlled by state/municipal authorities.
• Formal/informal/semi-formal care ((Pfau-Effinger and Geissler 2005).
• New hybrid forms of ‘work’ and ‘care’ (Ungerson 2004) are
developing (routed wages)
• Commodification of care, economisation of care.
European context
• Anttonen & Sointu: Hoivapolitiikka
muutoksessa (Care Policies in Transition): A
comparison of 12 European countries.
Stakes, Helsinki 2006.
• Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, the
Netherlands, Germany, France, the UK,
Italy,Spain, Hungary and Poland
• Care of children, care of elderly.
Care and citizenship
Lister, Ruth; Williams, Fiona; Anttonen,
Anneli; Bussemaker, Jet; Gerhard, Ute;
Heinen, Jaqueline; Johansson, Stina;
Arnlaug, Leira; Siim, Birte; and, Tobio,
Constanza with Gavanas, Anna (2007):
Gendering Citizenship in Western Europe:
New Challenges for Citizenship Research in
a Cross-national Context. The Policy Press:
Bristol.
How to meet increasing care needs?
• Public policies of care: pensions, housing,
services, cash benefits, insurance, leaves
and so on.
• Big country variation in elder care, more
uniformity in childcare.
• History of elder care: mean, lean and local.
Some trends: public policy of care
• Increasing state/public responsibility (expenses,
coverage rates, rights);
• From institutional to home-based care
arrangements (deinstitutionalisation);
• From services to money (insurance, personal
budget, cash for care –schemes);
• Formalisation of informal care;
• Some countries seem to met their limits of public
service provision: Finland and Sweden.
Care production forms (Anttonen ja Sipilä)
Modes of
provision
Source of
resources
Care
provider
Recipient
Mode of
recruitment
Informal caring
Mutual sharing of
work and money
(reciprocity,
obligation)
Family,
household, friend,
neighbour
Member of
household or
family, friend or
neighbour
Unpaid member of
household or
family, friend or
neighbour
Voluntary and
charity work,
volunteering
Collection, work
contribution,
mutual
responsibility
Voluntary
organization,
charity, church,
community
Person approved
for help
Unpaid volunteer
Welfare
organizations NGOs
Collection,
membership fee,
public subsidy,
service fee
Non-profit or forprofit welfare
organization
Consumer,
customer
Professional or
semi-professional
paid or semipaid
worker
Commercial service
producers
Service charge,
public subsidy
Company,
independent care
worker
Consumer,
customer
Professional or
unskilled paid
worker
Public authorities
(state and local
governments)
Taxation, service
fee
Local government
and its
subcontractors
Entitled citizen
(resident)
Professional or
semi-professional
paid worker
Five regimes/Anttonen and Sipilä
(1996)
•
•
•
•
•
The Scandinavian model of public social care services
The Anglo-Saxon means-tested model of social care services
The traditional home care model
The Dutch-German model of subsidiarity
The French-Belgian model of family policy
Anttonen, Anneli & Sipilä, Jorma (1996): European Social Care
Services. Is it possible to identify models? Journal of European Social
Policy 6:2(1996): 87-100.
Bettio, Francesca & Plantenga, Janneke: Comparing Care Regimes in
Europe. Feminist Economics 10:1(2004), 85-113.
Main findings
• Social care regimes make a difference.
• Care for children and care for older people might follow
different paths within one society: there are countries that
invest more on child care than on elder care and vice versa;
and there are countries that invest on both children and
older people.
• The Nordic social care regime and Southern European
family care regime are the most distinctive ones.
• New member states, for instance Poland.
• The Nordic social care regime: Denmark.
New trends in the Nordic care
policy?
•
•
•
•
From universalism towards selectivism
Informalisation of care
Marketisation
Privatisation
– Monetisation
– Contracting out
– New public management
(Szebehely 2004)
Privatisation of care
• Marketisation and commodification of care: new social
care market.
• The increased fees for service users: privatisation of
financing.
• The increased presence of private providers of statesubsidised care: privatisation of service provision
(contracting out).
• New public management: privatisation of the work
organisation.
• Increased privatisation and decreased universalism
(Szebehely 2004).
The new politics of the elder care
• The ‘old’ politics was founded on strong centralised
institutions, universal treatment of ‘clients’ or ‘patients’
and professional needs-interpretation.
• In the new politics of the elder care the figure of
client/patient has become replaced by the figure of
‘consumer’ making ‘free choices’ on the emerging social
care market (Clarke 2006, 425; Kremer 2006).
• Since the early 1990s, the transition from the ‘old’ to the
new market-related politics of the welfare state has taken
place in a number of countries.
Care as a social investment
Until these days, elder care has lacked the high
social valuation typical to health care, education or
childcare. Elder care is not seen as a social
investment needed for the economic success of the
society. Yet, social policy commentators within the
EU (Feasibility…2003) and OECD (2005) are
increasingly paying attention to elder care.
New political interest on elder care: ageing of
societies.
National and transnational politics
• In all European societies governments are seeking
for new solutions to meet the increasing service
and care needs of the growing elderly population.
National and local solutions.
• From methodological nationalism to transnational
governance (OECD, EU).
• OECD: soft instruments of governance.
• Globalisation of care and global care market:
transcontinental care market.
Transnational policy instrument:
EU’s employment strategy
• European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU):
budgetary dicipline;
• Treaty of Amsterdam (1997): employment strategy
was introduced;
• The Lisbon Summit (2000): to raise the total
employment rate in the member states to 70 % (60
% for women) by 2010;
• Promoting life-long learning and increased
employment in services;
• The Open Method of Co-ordination;
• Employment-friendly policy.
Again: what is the future of care
work?
• What will happen to care work/informal work?
Who are informal carers in the future societies.
• How to compensate losses in informal care
resources?
• Nor the family, state or market alone cannot meet
all care needs. Which needs should be met? No
admittance except with medical needs –
medicalisation of care.
Old age population, 65+, 1991-2004
Pe rce nta ge of popula tion, a ge 65 a nd ove r, ye a rs 1991, 1998 a nd 2004
time
change
change
2004/1991 2004/1998
1991
1998
2004
geo
eu27
13,9
15,3
16,4
1,18
1,07
be
bg
cz
dk
de
ee
ie
gr
es
fr
it
cy
lv
lt
lu
hu
mt
nl
at
pl
pt
ro
si
sk
fi
se
uk
no
ch
15
13,4
12,6
15,6
14,9
11,7
11,4
13,8
13,8
14
15,1
10,9
11,8
11
13,4
13,5
10,5
12,9
15
10,2
13,6
10,6
10,8
10,4
13,5
17,8
15,8
16,3
14,6
16,5
15,6
13,6
14,9
15,8
14,5
11,4
15,9
16,2
15,5
17,5
11,1
14,4
13,2
14,3
14,7
11,8
13,5
15,4
11,7
15,6
12,9
13,2
11,2
14,6
17,4
15,9
15,7
15
17,1
17,1
13,9
14,9
18
16,2
11,1
17,8
16,9
16,1
19,2
11,9
16,2
15
14,1
15,5
13
13,8
15,5
13
16,8
14,4
15
11,5
15,6
17,2
16
14,7
15,7
1,14
1,28
1,10
0,96
1,21
1,38
0,97
1,29
1,22
1,15
1,27
1,09
1,37
1,36
1,05
1,15
1,24
1,07
1,03
1,27
1,24
1,36
1,39
1,11
1,16
0,97
1,01
0,90
1,08
1,04
1,10
1,02
1,00
1,14
1,12
0,97
1,12
1,04
1,04
1,10
1,07
1,13
1,14
0,99
1,05
1,10
1,02
1,01
1,11
1,08
1,12
1,14
1,03
1,07
0,99
1,01
0,94
1,05
13,2
14,5
11,2
14,4
15,4
12,9
15,3
15,9
14,1
1,15
1,10
1,26
1,06
1,04
1,09
country mean
17 countries mean
6 countries mean
Copyright © Eurostat. All Rights Reserved.
table
demo_pjanind
Population structure indicators on 1st January
Old age population, over 80 1991-2004
Pe rce nta ge of popula tion, 80 ye a rs a nd ove r, ye a rs 1991, 1998 a nd 2004
change
change
time
1991
1998
2004
2004/1991 2004/1998
geo
eu27
3,2
3,4
3,9
1,22
1,15
be
bg
cz
dk
de
ee
ie
gr
es
fr
it
cy
lv
lt
lu
hu
mt
nl
at
pl
pt
ro
si
sk
fi
se
uk
no
ch
3,5
2,2
2,5
3,7
3,8
2,6
2,2
3,1
3
3,7
3,3
2,4
2,8
2,7
3,1
2,6
2
2,9
3,6
2
2,6
1,8
2,3
2,1
2,9
4,3
3,7
3,8
3,7
3,6
2,1
2,4
3,9
3,7
2,7
2,5
3,1
3,6
3,7
4,1
2,6
2,6
2,4
3,2
2,6
2,2
3,2
3,5
2
3,2
1,9
2,3
1,9
3,3
4,8
3,9
4,2
4
4,1
2,9
2,9
4
4,2
3
2,6
3,3
4,2
4,3
4,8
2,6
2,9
2,8
3,1
3,2
2,7
3,4
4,1
2,4
3,7
2,2
2,9
2,3
3,7
5,3
4,3
4,6
4,3
1,17
1,32
1,16
1,08
1,11
1,15
1,18
1,06
1,40
1,16
1,45
1,08
1,04
1,04
1,00
1,23
1,35
1,17
1,14
1,20
1,42
1,22
1,26
1,10
1,28
1,23
1,16
1,21
1,16
1,14
1,38
1,21
1,03
1,14
1,11
1,04
1,06
1,17
1,16
1,17
1,00
1,12
1,17
0,97
1,23
1,23
1,06
1,17
1,20
1,16
1,16
1,26
1,21
1,12
1,10
1,10
1,10
1,08
2,9
3,3
2,4
3,1
3,6
2,3
3,5
4,0
2,8
1,19
1,20
1,15
1,13
1,11
1,20
country mean
17 countries mean
6 countries mean
Copyright © Eurostat. All Rights Reserved.
table
demo_pjanind
Population structure indicators on 1st January
Old age, monetary benefits,
% GDP, 1991-2004
Ca sh be ne fits, old a ge function, a s a pe rce nta ge of GDP, ye a rs 1991, 1998, 2004
time
geo
eu25
eu15
be
cz
dk
de
ee
ie
gr
es
fr
it
cy
lv
lt
lu
hu
mt
nl
at
pl
pt
si
sk
fi
se
uk
no
ch
1991
:
1998
:
9,6
7,9
8
9,8
:
8,7
9,0
7,7
8,6
9,2
7,3
:
3,9
10,2
7,4
9,5
11,2
:
:
:
2,6
11,7
8,1
10,6
12,5
:
8,2
6,4
7,9
8,9
:
:
:
7,7
8,6
12,4
9
11,5
:
:
5
:
:
7,3
9,3
9,4
5,8
8,4
country mean
17 countries mean
6 countries mean
6,5
10,5
6,4
7,2
9,2
10,1
5,8
11,1
10,4
10,5
9,4
7,2
9,2
11,8
5,6
2,6
11,8
7,6
10,6
12,8
8,1
5,7
5,7
5,8
6,9
8,6
8,8
12,8
10,8
8,9
10,2
6,3
7,6
9,3
10,1
5,5
11,9
10,4
8,5
7,2
9,3
11,1
:
8,4
8,4
change
change
2004 2004/1991 2004/1998
Copyright © Eurostat. All Rights Reserved.
table
spr_exp_fol
Tables by benefits and currency - old age function
1,09
1,19
1,15
1,20
1,01
1,11
1,00
0,99
1,06
0,67
1,16
1,03
1,12
1,14
1,00
1,01
0,94
1,00
1,02
0,65
0,70
0,89
0,73
0,98
1,11
1,12
1,02
1,03
1,78
1,04
1,00
1,07
0,95
1,42
1,02
1,10
1,37
0,97
0,98
1,06
1,01
1,00
0,95
1,07
0,99
1,02
0,94
Cash and services: Old age function, % GDP in 2000
Country
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Norway
Poland
Spain
Sweden
the
Netherlands
The UK
Cash and
services, old
age % GDP
10,8
7,9
10,7
11,6
7,8
12,8
7,1
9,9
8,5
11,3
9,5
Care, old age
% GDP 2000
11,6
0,9
1,7
0,7
0,1
0,4
0,3
0,1
1,8
0,3
2,5
0,6
Source: Eurostat Online Support 2005.
Old age, services,
PPP-euros per inhabitant, 1991-2004
Standardised with change of GDP and population 80+
benefits in kind, euros PPP
per inhabitant
geo
eu27
be
bg
cz
dk
de
ee
ie
gr
es
fr
it
cy
lv
lt
lu
hu
mt
nl
at
pl
pt
ro
si
sk
fi
se
uk
no
ch
country mean
17 countries
standardised standardised
change
change
1991
1998
2004
2004/1991
2004/1998
2,3
18,9
40,7
8,23
1,67
376,7
51,1
54,1
407,8
39,5
0,75
0,55
1,05
1,02
0,61
1,65
1,05
1,32
0,51
1,30
0,91
2,39
1,65
1,35
0,00
0,87
0,85
0,00
1,23
2,36
1,07
1,23
1,57
1,44
1,75
:
14,3
29,6
58,1
512,3
48,6
14,4
107
20,6
79,5
78,5
29,6
14,4
13,7
18,9
0
76,6
96,9
247,2
139,5
3
64,4
134
408,9
55,2
327,4
58,9
7,1
34,2
157,7
542,1
109,7
506,1
63,4
8,3
30,5
249,4
711,4
155,8
672
76,5
0,73
0,76
1,21
0,69
0,73
0,84
0,65
1,23
1,03
1,06
0,88
1,04
102,1
102,1
109,7
136,9
132,1
190,2
0,74
0,94
0,91
1,06
:
:
50,7
6,5
22,2
30,6
20
:
:
:
55,5
15,6
24,8
38,3
19,2
:
9,6
13,7
71,8
57,6
:
:
:
75,6
156,1
72
89,3
30,1
:
:
:
:
Female population, aged 55-64, 1992-2004
Fe ma le popula tion a ge d 55-64, a ctive in the la bour ma rke t, ye a rs 1992, 1998 a nd 2004
time
geo
eu27
eu25
eu15
be
bg
cz
dk
de
ee
ie
gr
es
fr
it
cy
lv
lt
lu
hu
mt
nl
at
pl
pt
ro
si
sk
fi
se
uk
no
ch
1992
:
:
1998
:
:
:
29,1
31,4
35,4
39,4
:
23,9
45,3
34,1
43,1
24,2
24,4
21,4
26,7
15,7
48,5
26,3
:
17,9
22,6
19,0
26,5
:
:
:
:
:
29,2
30,4
15,8
10,2
15,1
:
:
:
17,1
20,9
17,7
25,6
39,1
44,5
16,4
10,3
38,9
62,6
40,4
:
:
35,5
:
:
:
38,9
64,0
39,0
:
:
country mean
14 countries mean
52,4
33,7
34,0
35,5
22,1
26,8
31,3
56,5
37,8
51,9
34,4
25,2
27,2
35,9
20,4
31,6
46,1
44,2
22,6
25,8
11,9
34,4
19,9
21,4
44,8
31,9
18,1
14,8
54,3
69,7
47,9
61,2
56
28,0
29,0
14,8
25,6
11,8
:
29,4
29,4
2004
Copyright © Eurostat. All Rights Reserved.
table
lfsi_act_a
Population, activity and inactivity - Annual averages
change
change
2004/1992 2004/1998
1,39
1,87
1,16
1,44
1,92
1,12
1,43
1,35
1,50
2,01
1,26
1,40
1,09
1,23
1,22
1,49
1,31
1,25
1,11
1,20
1,42
1,03
1,27
1,34
1,30
1,58
1,45
1,43
2,53
1,65
1,12
0,84
1,15
0,72
1,10
1,44
1,40
1,11
1,19
1,07
1,20
1,34
1,22
1,26
THERE IS A NEED FOR
COMPARATIVE
KNOWLEDGE ON CARE
 To avoid ethnocentrism and to understand and
interpret differences;
 To advance theory;
 To solve economic, social and moral problems;
 To learn from others’ experiences;
 To find new political alternatives/innovations.
Kiitos!