Transcript Dia 1

1970’s
Year 1998
Geological heritage in Finland as
an example of sustainable use of
geosites
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin
Geological Survey of Finland
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Carta Marina 1539
Bishop Olaus Magnus
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Zacharius Topelius 1873
"Most noticeable are the effects of this, partly still unexplained, phenomenon.
The land rises from the sea, the sea flees, shores are exposed, and the slope
is moving forward. Where in days of old ships were sailing, now hardly a ship
can travel; where once the fisherman cast his net, now his cows go grazing on
the coastal meadow. Banks and rocks appear out of the water, of which no sea
chart has had knowledge before; banks expand into islets,
these grow together and connect with the mainland.
Beaches expand; harbours dry up, seaports must
move after the fleeing sea. Every generation of men,
new arable land rises from the sea, every century
grants Finland a kingdom“.
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Kvarken Archipelago / High coast
Sweden
Finland
/Kvarken Archipelago
/High Coast
Kvarken Archipelago (Finland), nominated
2006, is a extension for the High Coast
(Sweden) World Heritage property that was
nominated year 2000 and is thus
transboundary serial property of both Finland
and Sweden with name
Kvarken Archipelago / High Coast.
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Criteria (i)
(2002 i  2005 viii) to be outstanding examples
representing major stages of earth's history, including
the record of life, significant on-going geological
processes in the development of landforms, or
significant geomorphic or physiographic features;
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Justification for Inscription for High Coast:
The site is one of the places in the world that is
experiencing isostatic uplift as a result of
deglaciation. Isostatic rebound is wellillustrated and the distinctiveness of the site is
the extent of the total isostatic uplift which,
at 294m, exceeds others. The site is the “type
area” for research on isostacy, the
phenomenon having been first recognised and
studied there.
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
Highest shore line at
Sweden after deglaciation
(285 m mpy)
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Justification for Inscription for Kvarken Archipelago:
The Kvarken Archipelago, with its 5600 islands and surrounding
sea, is of exceptional geological value for two main reasons.
1) It is an area of rapid glacio isostatic uplift with rates that are
among the highest in the world. The uplift has been ongoing for
thousands of years and is associated with major changes in the
water bodies in post glacial times. The Kvarken, along with the
existing High Coast, its Swedish equivalent on the west coast of
the Gulf of Bothnia, are key areas for the understanding of the
processes of crustal response to the melting of the continental
ice sheet.
2) The Kvarken area possesses a distinctive array of glacial
depositional landforms, such as De Greer moraines, which add
to the variety of glacial landscapes features in the region and
reinforce the previous validity of the High Coast inscription.
IUCN considers that thenominated property meets this criterion
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Kvarken Archipelago with numbers
•Area 194 400 ha, 85 % sea area
•Coast line 2416 km
•Number of islands and islets 5600
•Inhabitants 2500
•Water depth 10 – 15 m, deepest
course 25 metres near Holmö Island
(Sweden)
•Brackish water, salt content 4-5 ‰
•Ice covered 140-150 days per year
•Water flow 17 000 m3 per second
(from NE to SW)
•The total size of the KA/HC
transboundary serial property is
336,900 hectares.
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Ahtisaari avasi portin Merenkurkun
maailman luonnonperintöalueelle
Merenkurkun maailman
luonnonperintöalue vihittiin 8.9.2007
lauantaina Björkön Svedjehamnissa.
Kultareunuksen tilaisuuteen loi
presidentti Martti Ahtisaari.
Ympäristöministeri Paula Lehtomäki
lupasi, että ainokaisesta
pidetään hyvä huoli: lisäbudjetissa
tulee rahaa 1,7 miljoonaa euroa.
Pohjalainen 9.9.2007
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Ministeri lupasi pitää
ainokaisestaan huolta
Ympäristöministeri Paula Lehtomäki lupasi, että Suomen ainokaisesta
pidetään hyvää huolta. Tuskin Suomeen kovin pian saadaan toista
maailman luonnonperintöaluetta Merenkurkun saariston lisäksi.
Pohjalainen 9.9.2007
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Future trans boundary WH
initiative: Saimaa- PielinenLadoga lake area owing
outstanding universal nature
values, both biological and
geological??
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Deglaciation - The history of the Baltic Sea
Baltic Ice Lake (early)
Ancylus Lake
Baltic Ice Lake (late)
Yoldia Sea
Litorina Sea
M. Saarnisto (2003), drawings O. Sallasmaa
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Glacial isostatic land uplift
Picture Hanna Virkki (GTK)
Year 4000
Isobase mm/year
Botnian Bay
High Caost
High coast
Kvarken Archipelago
Kvarken
Archipelago
Botnian Sea
Processing Markku Poutanen
Finnish Geodetic Institute
Baltic Sea
”The main ongoing geological process – changes the shoreline
and scenery in a span of human life time.”
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Land is arising from the sea, Gåsgrund 1978 ja 2006
© Metsähallitus, Photo Seppo Lammi 2006
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Geodiversity on glaciated terrain
Geologic formations and features created by continental ice sheet
Drumlins
Flutings
Ribbed - moraines
De Geer - moraines
Hummocky moraine
Boulder field
Deep water sediments, clay/silt
Continental ice sheet
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
Drawings Harri Kutvonen (GTK)
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Geology of central area of the Kvarken Archiplago
Based on 1:20 000 mapping of Quaternary deposits and formations
Glacial till
Glacial formations, De Geer-moraines
Glacial formations, Ribbed-moraines
Deep water sediments, silt and clay
Glaciofluvial formations, sand and gravel (esker)
Littoral deposits, sand and gravel
Bedrock outcrops
N
10 km
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Schematic drawings of
formation of the De Geer –
moraines in the Kvarken
Archipelago
A) Ice push and squeeze of diamicton
B) Deepwater sedimentation
C) Land uplift and isolation of water bodies
Keijo Nenonen, drawings Harri Kutvonen (GTK)
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Svedjehamn De Geer moraine field - Interpretation of the
De Geer moraines at shallow sea area (digital airphotos)
ICE FLOW DIRECTION
Svedjehamn
Aerial photo © Maanmittauslaitos
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
Interpretation Riikka Koskinen (GTK)
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Glacial landforms
De Geer moraines on the sea floor, Replot
A) Echo sounding
Interpretation Anu Reijonen 2004
B) Aquistic reflektion sounding
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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De Geer moraine – field, Svedjehamn, Björkö
© Metsähallitus, Photo Seppo Lammi 2006
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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De Geer moraine – field , Svedjehamn, Björkö
© Metsähallitus, Photo Seppo Lammi 2006
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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De Geer moraine – field, Svedjehamn, Björkö
© Metsähallitus, Photo Seppo Lammi 2006
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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De Geer – moraine, Svedjehamn
Photo © Keijo
Jukka-Pekka
GTK 16.9.2007
2002
Nenonen and Olli Palmu,
Breilin, MAEGS-15,
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Narrow and stony water way, Svedjehamn, Björkö
Photo © Olli Breilin, GTK 2006
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Flada-klu – lagoon-lake series , Lappören
© Metsähallitus, Photo Seppo Lammi 2006
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Ribbed - moraines, Björkögrunden-islands
• Rogen like moraines at Björkögrunden.
ICE FLOW DIRECTION
© Maanmittauslaitos 13/MYY/06
Picture Jukka Ojalainen
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Ribbed – moraines, Valassaaret-islands
Picture © Metsähallitus
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Land uplift phenomena has many exiciting attracts for tourists.
Uplifted rockbridge at Valsörarna from 19th century.
Photo Olli Breilin (GTK)
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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IUCN inspection in
primitive forest of
Mickelsörarna - islands
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
Photo Olli Breilin (GTK)
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Boulder field, Bergö Gaddarna - islands
Photo Jukka Ojalainen, GTK
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Geological mapping on recently uplifted outcrop of peneplated
crystalline bedrock surface
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
Photo Olli Breilin (GTK)31
Complex flow pattern of the continental ice sheet
Age Relation of the Striations
Undefined age relation
The Youngest Local Direction
Older Local Direction
The Oldest Local Direction
Picture Jukka Ojalainen
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Complex flow pattern of the continental ice sheet
Hundreds observations of striations
– Normally 2, often 3 and even 5 different directions
45º
310º
N
355º
Picture and interpretation Jukka Ojalainen, GTK
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Littoral deposits
Raised beaches and on
going littoral processes.
Photos Olli Breilin (upper) ja
Jukka Ojalainen (lower),
Drawings Harri Kutvonen
Märäskäret
Norrskär
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Old remains of human activity
on ancient shingle fields
Field-labyrinth.
Photos Jukka Ojalainen
Editing Harri Kutvonen
A shelter for seal
hunters and fishermans
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Nordic cooperation – Geonat-project geoexcursion at Umeå area
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
Photo Olli Breilin (GTK)36
Nomination and research partners
Ympäristöministeriö
Länsi-Suomen ympäristökeskus
K. H. Renlunds
stiftelse
Korsholms kommun
Mustasaaren kunta
INTERREG IIIA KvarkenMittSkandia – program
Vaasan kaupunki
Vasa stad
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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Thank you for your attention
“Sampling” at Norra Djupörbådan
© Photo Hannu Kujala;GTK 2004
Keijo Nenonen and Olli Breilin, MAEGS-15, 16.9.2007
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