COLLECTIVE RIGHTS

CHAPTER 4

COLLECTIVE RIGHTS

CHAPTER 4 QUIZ – TAKE HOME ; DUE FRIDAY

THOUGHT EXPERIMENT

What if all other provinces spoke French All business transactions, bosses… Education….

And yet the language of the majority was different?

•

PROLOGUE

1960s QUIET REVOLUTION • • Economic nationalism Pride in French Language • 1961 – Tommy Douglas, Saskatewan Premier, passes Medical Care Act • • Becomes leader of NDP in 1961 1966 Canada passed Medical Care Act • TRUDEAU’S EARLY YEARS • JUSTICE MINISTER 1967 for Lester B. Pearson • Liberalized homosexual, abortion and lottery laws • Against Quebec Nationalism, for Canadian Federalism > TRUDEAUMANIA

1968 Election

• First televised National Debate (English only) • Pierre Elliot Trudeau wins, win a “mandate for national unity”

TRUDEAU & the 1969 White Paper

• Federalism • 1969 Policy White Paper on Indian • •

Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau

Minister of

Chrétien Indian Affairs

,

Jean

and • unveiled a policy paper that proposed ending the special legal relationship between Aboriginal peoples and the Canadian state and dismantling the Indian Act.

TRUDEAU: 1968-79, 1980-84

• Federalism • 1969 Official Language Act • Official Languages Act (1969), federal statute that declares French and English to be the official languages of Canada, and under which all federal institutions must provide their services in English or French at the customer's choice.

TRUDEAU: 1968-79, 1980-84

• 1969 Official Language Act • Reaction: • English Canada, especially out West, is not exactly bilingual….the federalist vision is questioned

RESULT OF 1970 OCTOBER CRISIS •

Separatist movement seeks change via political means

• Violence is condemned • Disassociation with radicals • Association with labour • Social-democrat & separatists • Quebec nationalism rising • Other parts of Canada cautious about gov’t

1972 Election - CANADA

• 1972 Trudeau wins, but loses the majority • Tommy Douglas steps down from NDP party leadership, but stays in gov’t until 1979 • Trudeau Forms a minority gov’t with support of the NDP

1972 Election - USA • 1972 Nixon wins over Mc Govern • Found to abuse & intimidate opponents by using CIA, FBI, IRS, concealed tapes – “watergate scandal” • Corruption is widespread, 69 people are charged • Resigns in 1974

1974 – BOURASSA & BILL 22

• BILL 22 • made French the language of civic administration and services, and of the workplace.

1976

Québec

election

• Anglophone and ethnic groups thought the language tests imposed by the law were unjust • Bourassa Calls an election • René

Lévesque

& the

Québécois Parti

sweep Quebec • ..much to the consternation of Trudeau’s aims for a bilingual, united country

1979 Election: Tories take it

• Liberals are under fire: Canadian labour economy is stalled • Unemployment • Inflation • Liberals lose the election and Trudeau resigns • Joe Clark is youngest PM in Canadian history, just 39

…but not for long

• Minority government, unsupported by NDP • Privatization of Petro-Canada, mortage tax credit, and austerity financing platform •

Vote of non-confidence

in the budget topples the government in March 1980 • Government in power only 7 months….

TRUDEAU:1980-84

• 1980

Trudeau wins a majority government

• Reminds people of Canadian federalism just in time for…

1980

Québec Referendum

•

Lévesque

promises a vote for

Québec

to secede from

Canada

• 3.7 million ppl vote, 85% turnout • NO/ NON – 59% • YES/OUI – 40%

TRUDEAU & The Charter 1982

• Trudeau talks about a new constitution for Canada, completely free of Britain • Talks dominate politics 1981-1982 • 1982 Charter of Rights and Freedoms • Official Languages • Minority Language Rights • Language Education Rights

Jean Chrétien, Justice Minister, helps to craft the Charter ** LEVESQUE DOES NOT SIGN **

Dancing Around the Table

• The Trudeau government pledged to hold constitutional conferences on the issue of Aboriginal rights • following the repatriation of the Constitution. • The conferences that took place between 1983 and 1985 • “loud, noisy, and vulgar”

1984 – Resignation & Election

• Trudeau steps down after a decade of economic turmoil • “this is the first day of the rest of my life” •

FIRST FRENCH TV DEBATE

• Tories take power • Brian Mulroney is PM • GST, FTA, NAFTA • $olution is the global market

• 1987 Meech Lake Accord

Mulroney tries to get Québec to sign Constitution with these revisions:

•

Distinct Society

• The Accord recognized the province of Québec as a distinct society within Canada. At the same time, it recognized as fundamental characteristics of Canada both the anglophone minority in Québec, and the francophone minority elsewhere.

• 1987 Meech Lake Accord

Mulroney tries to get Québec to sign Constitution with these revisions:

•

Increased Provincial Powers

• Can opt out of federal programs if there is a provincial equivalent • Nominate people to Senate & Supreme Court • joint or parallel jurisdiction over immigration • Pierre Trudeau comes out of retirement to lead the attack on the Accord, accusing Mulroney of having "sold out" to the provinces.

• 1987 Meech Lake Accord

Had to be signed by all 10 premiers within 3 years

•

Manitoba and Newfoundland & Labrador do not sign

•

Meech Lake Accord Fails

•

Québec is re-offended

•

Nationalism starts up again

•

Le Bloc Québécois is formed to advocate for Québéc in federal politics

• 1993 Election

Le Bloc Québécois sweeps federal polls, winning 54 out of 75 seats

• Gilles Duceppe is leader Mulroney is accused of selling out Canada to America Kim Campbell is PM for a few months •

Jean Chrétien

is Prime Minister

1995 Québec Referendum • Vote for

Québec to secede from Canada

• •

VERY CLOSE: No/Non – 50.58%

•

1998 Supreme Court ruled against unilateral province secession – negotiations instead

•

Chrétien embroiled in Sponsorship scandal – gov’t $pending on the NO vote, $ going to liberal party, all sorts of $ problems in Quebec

• 1997 – Calgary Declaration

Chrétien makes a motion to recognize distinct society - anywhere

• “The Calgary Declaration, which was presented for discussion in 1997 by all the provincial premiers except Québec’s, recognized the unique character of Québec society • but added the condition that all the provinces would be equal and would receive whatever was given to Québec by virtue of the interpretation of the “distinct society” clause. • All the provincial legislatures adopted the Calgary Declaration except Québec’s National Assembly .”

Epilogue

•

Chrétien cuts the deficit and federal spending to the provinces

•

Says NO TO IRAQ

•

Re-elected three terms

•

Brought down by the inside – people supported Paul Martin, the Finance Minister, instead

Epilogue

•

2003 Chrétien steps down, Paul Martin is elected PM

•

Liberal brand tainted by scandal, lack-lustre

•

2008 – Harper with majority is elected, Bloc has 49 seats – $olution is global

•

2011 – Harper with minority, Bloc is destroyed with 4 seats, Liberals only 33

•

Jack Layton’s NDP sweeps Québéc

•

NDP is the Official Opposition

•

Jack Layton RIP 2011 Justin Trudeau is Liberal leader ELECTION: 2015