Transcript No Slide Title

Food Safety: A Challenge for the Food
Science and Technology Community
Dr Gerald Moy
GEMS/Food Manager
Programme of Food Safety
World Health Organization
Food
‘…access to nutritionally adequate
and safe food is a basic
individual right.’
FAO/WHO World Declaration on Nutrition
1992
“Illness due to contaminated food is
perhaps the most widespread health
problem in the contemporary world and
an important cause of reduced economic
productivity.”
Source : FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Safety,
Geneva 1983
Our mission:
...improve human health
through safer food
Our goals:
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•
•
•
Reduce global burden of foodborne disease
Advocate a human health focus in food production and trade
Minimise the effect of new foodborne hazards
Provide a scientific basis for food safety standards
Raise the importance of food safety as a health issue
Improve countries’ capacities to improve food safety
Number of reported cases of
salmonellosis in the USA
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Source : MMWR
1996
1993
1990
1987
1984
1981
1978
1975
1972
1969
1966
1963
1960
0
Number of reported cases of
foodborne diseases in England and
Wales
50,000
45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
Campylobacters
Salmonellae
Rotavirus
Shigellae
Giardia
Cryptosporidia
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
Number of reported cases of
foodborne diseases
in Japan
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Salmonellosis
V.parahaemolyticus
1996
1993
1990
1987
1984
1981
1978
1975
1972
1969
1966
Campylobacteriosis
Source: Statistics of food poisoning in Japan
Cases of foodborne
diseases in Japan
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Salmonellosis
V.parahaemolyticus
1996
1993
1990
1987
1984
1981
1978
1975
1972
1969
1966
Campylobacteriosis
Source: Statistics of food poisoning in Japan
Number of reported cases of
foodborne diseases
in Australia
14000
Campylobacteriosis
12000
Salmonellosis
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
0
Source : National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS)
Number of reported cases
(per 100 000 population) of
foodborne diseases in Venezuela
Number of reported cases
per 100 000 population
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
Foodborne Diseases
in Developing Countries
Up to 70% of Diarrhoeal Diseases in
children under the age of five
• 1.8 million deaths per year due to
dehydration
• 4 billion episodes per year
• Millions of related deaths due to
malnutrition and disease associated with
Emerging Foodborne Pathogens
Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli
Campylobacter sp.
Listeria monocytogenes
Vibrio cholerae 0139
Salmonella enteritidis
BSE/nvCJD
Geographical Distribution of BSE
Imported and Native cases
UK 175,000
Liechtenstein 2
Canada (1)
Ireland 371 (12)
France 59
Luxembourg 1
Belgium 1
Netherlands 6
Denmark (1)
Germany (6)
Italy (2)
Portugal 257 (6)
Switzerlan
d
299
Falklands (1)
Oman (2)
BSE and vCJD potential
spread (exports & travel)
Live Cattle
Bovine tissue
used in gelatin
Food containing beef
Human and bovine
tissue used in biologicals
Blood and blood
products
(arrows indicate regions involved in trade)
Pharmaceuticals
H5N1- Influenza outbreak
Hong Kong 1997-98
The possible emergence of
an animal influenza virus
easily transmitted between
humans and with a
pandemic potential
remains.
Reasons for increasing problems
with foodborne diseases
• Population growth
• Increase in population at risk
• Increase in consumption of animal
products
• Urbanization
• Increase in international trade in food &
feed
Population Growth
Growth of World Population (total)
(million)
Source:World Population Prospects, United Nations
2050
2030
2010
1990
1970
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1950
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
Consequences:
• more food
production
• use of chemicals
(pesticides,
vet.drugs)
• “industrialization” of
food production
• potential for
contaminated food
Ageing
The Rate of the Elderly (65 years old and over) in G7 Countries (Estimates and Projections)
40
(%)
35
30
25
20
15
Canada
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
United Kingdom
United States
10
5
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Source: United Nations,World Population Prospects projection: medium variant
Consequences : Decrease in natural resistance leading to increased risk of falling ill
from foodborne hazards
Production of Foods of Animal
Origin
1000 MT meat
120000
Food production (animal100000
origin) is increasing in 80000
developing countries
60000
Developed
40000
Developing
20000
0
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
The antimicrobial resistance threat is growing and may
soon affect countries where intensive farming
techniques for food production are increasingly used.
89
93
97
Urbanization
Urban population (%)
60
Consequences :
• longer food-chain
• increased
opportunities for
food contamination
• survival and growth
of pathogens
50
40
30
20
10
0
1955 1975 1995 2025
Source : United Nations,World Population
Prospects, the 1996 Revision
International Trade in Food
300
250
200
150
100
1996
1994
1992
1990
0
1988
50
1986
Export billion $
350
Source:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
International Travel
•
•
•
•
1992
1994
1995
2000
476 million
545 million
597 million
660 million
Source : World Tourism Organization
700
Number of international
arrivals
International arrivals
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1992
1994
1995
2000
More Reasons for increasing
problems with foodborne
diseases
• Emergence of new foodborne pathogens
• Industrialized/centralized food production
and processing
• Improper food preparation practices
• Better understanding of risks of toxic
chemicals
Chemical Hazards
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•
•
•
•
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Food Additives
Residues of pesticides and veterinary drugs
Heavy metals
Aflatoxins and other mycotoxins
Dioxins and PCBs
Radionuclides
Many others
Dietary Intake of Lead by Adults
Unite d State s (88)
FAO/WHO Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake
25 ug/kg body weight
Yugoslavia (88)
Finland (88)
Swe de n (88)
Switz e rland (88)
Australia* (85)
Ne the rlands (88)
C hina (81)
C anada (81)
Turke y (88)
De nmark (85)
Unite d Kingdom (88)
Kore a, Re p. O f
Japan (88)
Poland (87)
Hungary (84)
Ire land (85)
France (83)
Be lgium (82)
Ne w Ze aland (82)
Ge rmany (87)
Guate mala (88)
Italy (81)
Thailand (87)
India (81)
C uba (88)
0
* Median Intake
10
20
30
Mean Weekly Intake (uk/kg body weight)
40
50
60
70
Dietary Intake of Lead by Infants and Children
FAO/WHO Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake
25 ug/kg body weight
Country (most recent year)
Guatemala* (80)
Zaire (83)
United States (88)
Niger* (83)
Cuba (85)
Hungary (83)
Australia ( 85)
Phillipines* (83)
Sweden* (83)
United Kingdom (85)
Germany (80)
Poland (85)
Finland (80)
Switzerland (82)
Mean Weekly Intake (ug/kg body weight)
*Median Weekly Intake
0
5
10
15
20
25
Trends in Dietary Intake of Lead
by Infants and Children
FAO/WHO Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake
25 ug/kg body weight
Weekly Intake (ug/kg body weight)
60
50
Infant (Australia)*
Child (Australia)*
Infant (USA)**
Child (USA)**
40
30
20
10
0
1980
1982
1984
* Median Intake: 1987 data for 95th percentile consumer
** Median Intake
1986
1988
Food Safety From
Production to Consumption
Vehicle
emission
Crops
Processing
Agricultural
practices
Retail
Livestock
Sewage
Storage
Seafood
Industrial emissions
and effluents
Distribution
Cooking
WHO Strategic
planning meeting
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Microbiological risk
Chemical risk
Biotechnology
Codex
Technology transfer
Microbiological Risk Assessment
Two year process
Selection of
experts
Call for data
Hazard
Characterization
Exposure
Assessment
JEMRA
July 2000
Risk
Characterization
Public Review
JEMRA
May 2001
Peer Review
Final Risk
Assessment
SURVEILLANCE OF FOODBORNE
DISEASE
(Joint activity with
APH)
WHAT WE KNOW
Burden
WHAT WE NEED
TO KNOW
DECREASE THE BURDEN?
Good Hygiene
(Traditional
approach)
Burden
Mitigation
options
(Risk analysis)
Chemical Hazards
in Food
• Global hazard characterisation (JECFA, JMPR)
• Global exposure assessments (JECFA, JMPR)
• Global monitoring and capacity building for
contaminants in food (GEMS/Food)
• Risk management advice to Member States
WHO’s Policy Guidance on
Foods derived from Biotechnology
Fears from
consumers
Scientific debate
Trade and health
disputes
WHO
(WHO’s Scientific Advisory Body)
WHO’s Policy Guidance
Codex Alimentarius
Commission
(165 Member States)
National legislation in WHO
Member States
Possible health and trade
disputes in WTO, etc.
Codex Standards and Poverty Reduction
- from a developing country’s viewpoint-
Codex Standards
(by 165 Member States)
Application to export
products
(by trade sector)
Application to
Domestic legislation
(by health sector)
Safety assurance
and improved access
to Importing country 1
Improvement of Health
Increased foreign
exchange earnings
Economic and Social Development
& poverty reduction
Note: WTO/SPS Agreement requires its Members States to base their sanitary
measures on international standards (i.e. Codex Standards on Food Safety)
Educational
and
promotional
materials