Transcript Managing the Digital Firm
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Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e
Chapter 15
Information System Security and Control
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Objectives 1. Why are information systems so vulnerable to destruction, error, abuse, and system quality problems?
2. What types of controls are available for information systems?
3. What special measures must be taken to ensure the reliability, availability and security of electronic commerce, and digital business processes?
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Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Objectives 4.
What are the most important software quality assurance techniques?
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Why are auditing information systems and safeguarding data quality so important?
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Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Management Challenges 1. Achieving a sensible balance between too little control and too much.
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2. Applying quality assurance standards in large systems projects.
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Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
System Vulnerability and Abuse
Why Systems Are Vulnerable
• Accessibility to electronic data • Increasingly complex software, hardware • Network access points • Wireless vulnerability • Internet 15.5
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
System Vulnerability and Abuse
Threats to Computerized Information Systems
• Hardware failure • Software failure • Personnel actions • Terminal access penetration • Theft of data, services, equipment • Fire • Electrical problems • User errors • Unauthorized program changes • Telecommunication problems 15.6
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
System Vulnerability and Abuse
Telecommunications networks vulnerabilities
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Figure 15-1
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
System Vulnerability and Abuse
Window on Organizations
Credit Card Fraud: Still on the Rise
• To what extent are Internet credit card thefts management and organizational problems, and to what extent are they technical problems?
• Address the technology and management issues for both the credit card issuers and the retail companies.
• Suggest possible ways to address the problem.
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Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
System Vulnerability and Abuse
Why Systems Are Vulnerable
• Hacker • Trojan horse • Denial of service (DoS) attacks • Computer viruses • Worms • Antivirus software
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Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
System Vulnerability and Abuse
Window on Technology
Smarter Worms and Viruses: The Worst Is Yet to Come
• Why are worms so harmful?
• Describe their business and organizational impact.
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Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
System Vulnerability and Abuse
Concerns for System Builders and Users
• Disaster • Security • Administrative error • Cyberterrorism and Cyberwarfare 15.11
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
System Vulnerability and Abuse
Points in the processing cycle where errors can occur
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Figure 15-2
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Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
System Vulnerability and Abuse
System Quality Problems: Software and Data
Bugs and Defects
Complete testing not possible
The Maintenance Nightmare
Maintenance costs high due to organizational change, software complexity, and faulty system analysis and design
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
System Vulnerability and Abuse
The cost of errors over the systems development cycle
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Figure 15-3
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Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
System Vulnerability and Abuse
System Quality Problems: Software and Data
Data Quality Problems
Caused by errors during data input or faulty information system and database design
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
Controls
• Methods, policies, and procedures • Protection of organization’s assets • Accuracy and reliability of records • Operational adherence to management standards 15.16
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
General Controls and Application Controls
General Controls
• Govern design, security, use of computer programs throughout organization • Apply to all computerized applications • Combination of hardware, software, manual procedures to create overall control environment 15.17
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
General Controls and Application Controls
General Controls
• Software controls • Hardware controls • Computer operations controls • Data security controls • Implementation • Administrative controls 15.18
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
Security profiles for a personnel system
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Figure 15-4
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
General Controls and Application Controls
Application Controls
• Automated and manual procedures that ensure only authorized data are processed by application • Unique to each computerized application • Classified as (1) input controls, (2) processing controls, and (3) output controls.
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Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
General Controls and Application Controls
Application Controls
Control totals: Edit checks: Computer matching: Run control totals: Input, processing Input Input, processing Processing, output Report distribution logs: Output 15.21
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
Protecting the Digital Firm
• High-availability computing • Fault-tolerant computer systems • Disaster recovery planning • Business continuity planning • Load balancing; mirroring; clustering • Recovery-oriented computing • Managed security service providers (MSSPs) 15.22
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
Protecting the Digital Firm
Internet Security Challenges
• Public, accessible network • Abuses have widespread effect • Fixed Internet addresses • Corporate systems extended outside organization 15.23
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
Internet security challenges
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Figure 15-5
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
Protecting the Digital Firm
• Firewall screening technologies • Static packet filtering • Stateful inspection • Network address translation • Application proxy filtering • Intrusion detection systems • Scanning software • Monitoring software 15.25
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
Protecting the Digital Firm
Security and Electronic Commerce
• Encryption • Authentication • Message integrity • Digital signatures • Digital certificates • Public key infrastructure (PKI) 15.26
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
Public key encryption
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Figure 15-6
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
Digital certificates
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Figure 15-7
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
Protecting the Digital Firm
Security for Wireless Internet Access
• Service set identifiers (SSID) – Identify access points in network – Form of password for user’s radio network interface card – Broadcast multiple time per second – Easily picked up by sniffer programs, war driving 15.29
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
Wi-Fi security challenges
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Figure 15-8
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
Protecting the Digital Firm
• Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP): – Initial security standard – Call for access point and all users to share the same 40 bit encrypted password • Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) specification – 128-bit, non-static encryption key – Data-packet checking 15.31
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
Developing a Control Structure: Costs and Benefits
Criteria for Determining Control Structure
• Importance of data • Cost effectiveness of control technique – Efficiency – Complexity – Expense • Risk assessment: Level of risk if not properly controlled – Potential frequency of problem – Potential damage 15.32
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
The Role of Auditing in the Control Process
MIS Audit
• Identifies all controls that govern individual information systems and assesses their effectiveness • Lists and ranks all control weaknesses and estimates the probability of their occurrence 15.33
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Creating a Control Environment
Sample auditor’s list of control weaknesses
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Figure 15-9
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Ensuring System Quality: Software and Data
Software Quality Assurance Methodologies and Tools
Development Methodology
• Collection of methods • One or more method for every activity in every phase of development project 15.35
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Ensuring System Quality: Software and Data
Software Quality Assurance Methodologies and Tools
Structured Methodologies
• Used to document, analyze, design information systems • Top-down • Process-oriented • Linear • Includes: – Structured analysis – Structured design – Structured programming 15.36
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Ensuring System Quality: Software and Data
Software Quality Assurance Methodologies and Tools
Structured Analysis
• Defines system inputs, processes, outputs • Logical graphic model of information flow • Data flow diagram • Data dictionary • Process specifications 15.37
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Ensuring System Quality: Software and Data
Data flow diagram for mail-in university registration system
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Figure 15-10
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Ensuring System Quality: Software and Data
Software Quality Assurance Methodologies and Tools
Structured Design
• Set of design rules and techniques • Promotes program clarity and simplicity • Design from top-down; main functions and subfunctions • Structure chart 15.39
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Ensuring System Quality: Software and Data
High-level structure chart for a payroll system
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Figure 15-11
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Ensuring System Quality: Software and Data
Software Quality Assurance Methodologies and Tools
Structured Programming
• Organizes and codes programs to simplify control paths for easy use and modification • Independent modules with one entry and exit point • Three basic control constructs: – Simple sequence – Selection – Iteration 15.41
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Ensuring System Quality: Software and Data
Basic program control constructs
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Figure 15-12
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Ensuring System Quality: Software and Data
Software Quality Assurance Methodologies and Tools
Limitations of Traditional Methods
• Can be inflexible and time-consuming • Programming depends on completion of analysis and design phases • Specification changes require changes in analysis and design documents first • Function-oriented 15.43
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Ensuring System Quality: Software and Data
Software Quality Assurance Methodologies and Tools
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
• Industry standard for analysis and design of object-oriented systems • Represents different views using graphical diagrams • Underlying model integrates views for consistency during analysis, design, and implementation 15.44
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Ensuring System Quality: Software and Data
Software Quality Assurance Methodologies and Tools
UML Components • Things: – Structural things – Behavioral things – Grouping things – Annotational things Classes, interfaces, collaborations, use cases, active classes, components, nodes Interactions, state machines Packages Notes 15.45
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Ensuring System Quality: Software and Data
Software Quality Assurance Methodologies and Tools
UML Components • Relationships – Structural – Behavioral • Diagrams – Structural – Behavioral Dependencies, aggregations, associations, generalizations Communicates, includes, extends, generalizes Class, object, component, and deployment diagrams Use case, sequence, collaboration, stateschart, and activity diagrams 15.46
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Ensuring System Quality: Software and Data
A UML use-case diagram
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Figure 15-13
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Ensuring System Quality: Software and Data
A UML sequence diagram
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Figure 15-14
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Ensuring System Quality: Software and Data
Software Quality Assurance Methodologies and Tools
Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) • Automation of step-by-step methodologies • Reduce repetitive development work • Support documentation creation and revisions • Organize design components; design repository • Support code generation • Require organizational discipline 15.49
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Ensuring System Quality: Software and Data
Software Quality Assurance Methodologies and Tools
• Resource Allocation: Assigning costs, time, personnel to different development phases • Software Metrics: Quantified measurements of systems performance • Testing: Walkthroughs, debugging 15.50
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Ensuring System Quality: Software and Data
Data Quality Audits and Data Cleansing
• Data Quality Audit – Survey end users for perceptions of data quality – Survey entire data files – Survey samples from data files • Data Cleansing – Correcting errors and inconsistencies in data between business units 15.51
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Chapter 15 Case Study
Could a Missing Hard Drive Create Canada’s Biggest Identity Theft?
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Summarize the ISM security problem and its impact on ISM and its clients.
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Describe the control weaknesses of ISM and those of its clients that made it possible for this problem to occur. What management, organization, and technology factors contributed to those weaknesses?
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Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 15 Information System Security and Control
Chapter 15 Case Study
Could a Missing Hard Drive Create Canada’s Biggest Identity Theft?
3.
Was the disappearance of the hard drive a management problem, an organization problem, or a technical problem? Explain your answer.
4.
If you were responsible for designing security at ISM and its client companies, what would you have done differently? How would you have solved their control problems?
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