Transcript Anti-hero
LITERARY TERMS Poetry Terms Alliteration repetition in words of initial consonant sounds Assonance repetition of vowel sounds without repeating consonants Blank Verse Verse consisting of unrhymed iambic pentameter Example of a Blank Verse: Excerpt from Macbeth By William Shakespeare Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more: it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. Concrete Poetry A poem that visually resembles something found in the physical world. A poem about a wormy apple written so that the words form the shape of an apple, as in the following, is an example: QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Consonance repetition of consonant sounds, not limited to the first letters of words Couplet pair of lines of verse of the same length that usually rhyme End Rhyme rhyming of words that appear at the ends of two or more lines of poetry Foot smallest repeated pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a poetic line Free Verse no regular meter or rhyme Haiku form of Japanese poetry (usually about nature) that has three lines: 1st line = 5 syllables; 2nd line = 7 syllables; 3rd line = 5 syllables Haiku Internal Rhyme rhyming words occur inside the same line of poetry Meter patterned repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables Repetition repeating of a word, phrase or idea for emphasis or rhythmic effect Rhythm regular or random occurrence of sound in poetry. Regular rhythm is called meter and can be measured in feet. Random rhythm is called free verse. Stanza division of poetry named for the number of lines it contains: Couplet – 2 lines Triplet – 3 lines Quatrain – 4 lines Quintet – 5 lines Sestet – 6 lines Septet – 7 lines Octave – 8 lines Verse metric line of poetry named according to the kind and number of feet composing it – one foot Dimeter – two feet Trimeter – three feet Tetrameter – four feet Pentameter – five feet Hexameter – six feet Heptameter – seven feet Octometer - eight feet Monometer Literary Styles of Writing OR (isms) Classicism A movement or tendency in art, music, and literature to retain the characteristics found in work originating in classical Greece and Rome. It differs from Romanticism in that while Romanticism dwells on the emotional impact of a work, classicism concerns itself with form and discipline. Romanticism – literary movement with an emphasis on the imagination and emotions Impressionism recording of events or situations as they have been impressed upon the mind; literature characterized by the selection of a few details to convey the sense impressions left by a scene or incident. This style of writing occurs when characters, scenes, or actions are portrayed from an objective point of view of reality. Naturalism Philosophy that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings and allow the reader to form his own opinions on the subject; extreme form of realism in which the author tries to show the relationship of the person to the environment or surroundings Realism 19th century) philosophy that attempts to represent life the way it really is; focuses on literary technique; a representation of the common life; opponents of realism debate that nothing can completely and fully represent truth from all sides (late Transcendentalism philosophy that requires human being to go beyond reason to search for truth. It assumes that an individual can arrive at the basic truths of life through spiritual insight if he or she takes the time to think seriously about them Modernism (post WWI) philosophy that attempts to represent the whole experience of modern life while finding solutions to societal issues Genres Anecdote Short summary of humorous event Autobiography Account of one’s own life Ballad Poem in verse that tells a story Biography Story of a person’s life written by another person Comedy Literature in which human errors appear funny. Comedies often end on a happy note. Drama Plays; also refers to the type of serious play often concerned with the characters’ relationship to society Epic – long narrative poem that tells of the deeds and adventures of a hero Gothic Novels type of fiction characterized by gloomy castles, ghosts, supernatural happenings Memoirs writing based on a memory of a particular time, place or incident Novel Lengthy fiction story Novella Prose work longer than the standard short story and shorter than a novel Short Story Brief fictional work usually containing one major conflict and at least one main character Tragedy Literary work in which the hero is destroyed by some character flaw or by forces beyond his control Format of Typical Dramatic Plot Exposition The part of the plot in which the reader is given important background information Characterization The way an author portrays each character Rising Action Series of struggles which build the story or play to the climax Conflict Struggle which occurs in the story Climax The point at which the character or the action of the story changes Falling Action Series of actions leading to the resolution Denouement (day-new-maa) Final resolution or outcome of the play or story Resolution Same as a denouement INSIDE the text (Literary Devices) Allusion Literary reference to a familiar person, place, thing or event Analogy Comparison of two or more similar objects, suggesting that if they are alike in certain ways, they will be alike in other ways Aside A device in which a character in a drama makes a short speech which is heard by the audience but not by other characters in the play Dialogue conversation Words Diction the author uses Types of Diction Archaic – words that are old-fashioned and no longer sound natural Colloquialism – expression that is usually accepted in informal situations and certain locations Jargon – specialized language used by a specific group, such as those who use computers (override, interface, download) Profanity – language that shows disrespect for someone or something regarded as honorable Slang – informal language used by a particular group of people among themselves; also used in literature to lend color and feeling Vulgarity – language that is considered crude, gross and, at times, offensive. Sometimes used in fiction to add realism Flashback When the time of the story moves from present to the past Foreshadowing Hint event by the author of some future Hyperbole Overstating the truth for effect (My shoes are killing me.) Imagery Words creating a mental picture, sound, taste, etc. Irony Just the opposite of what is expected happens Irony of Situation An event which happens in the story contrary to what was expected Metaphor Indirect or “as” comparison NOT using “like” Onomatopoeia Sound word Oxymoron A combination of contradictory terms such as “jumbo shrimp” and “tough love” Paradox Statement that seems contradictory to common sense, yet may actually be true “The coach says that this is a good loss.” Personification Giving human qualities to non-humans Plot Chronological order of events Point of View The “person” telling the story Pun Play on words Setting Time and place Simile Direct comparison using “like” or “as” Soliloquy Long speech made by a character to himself revealing his thoughts Symbol Object which stands for an idea Characters in the Text Antagonist Bad guy; character who gets in the way of the protagonist’s goals Antihero Character we cheer for but isn’t necessarily good Foil Someone who serves as a contrast to another character often going through similar situations, but dealing with them differently Narrator The character telling the story This is not the same as the author Protagonist Good guy; person with whom the audience most closely identifies Stereotype A form of character that does not change; a stereotypical character is one that fits into the mold of that particular “kind” of person STEP AWAY from the text (to analyze) Character Sketch Short piece of writing that reveals or shows something important about a character in the text Genre Category of literature based on style, form, and content Mood/Atmosphere Feeling the author is trying to create in the story through the use of plot, character, the author’s descriptions, etc. Examples:The moods evoked by the stories of Edgar Allen Poe tend to be gloomy, horrific, and desperate. Moral Value or lesson the author is trying to convey to the reader Poetic Justice Describes a character “getting what he deserves,” especially if the person gets punished Theme Truth about life or lesson learned Tone The author’s attitude, stated or implied, toward a subject. Possible attitudes are pessimism, optimism, earnestness, seriousness, bitterness, humorous, and joyful (Can be revealed through choice of words and details) Topic Subjects touched on in the story