Transcript Cosmic rays and natural hazards from dangerous space

Moscow, IKI, 5 June 2012
Космические лучи как фактор и как
инструмент для предсказания влияния
космической погоды на биосферу
Lev Dorman (a, b)
(a) Cosmic Ray Department of IZMIRAN,
Russian Academy of Science, Troitsk,
Moscow, Russia
(b) Israel Cosmic Ray & Space Weather
Center and Emilio Segre’ Observatory,
affiliated to Tel Aviv University and Israel
Space Agency, Israel
• Работа состоит из двух частей. В первой части приводятся
результаты ряда анализов длительных рядов ежедневных
показателей инфарктов миокарда, инсультов, а также
автомобильных инцидентов с тяжелым исходом в спокойное время и в периоды сильных Форбуш-понижений интенсивности космических лучей. Обнаружено существенное (79 сигма) возрастание ежедневного числа инфарктов
миокарда, инсультов, а также автомобильных катастроф в
периоды мощных магнитных бурь, сопровождаемых
сильными Форбуш-понижениями интенсивности космических лучей. Показано, что в данном случае космические лучи
практически не воздействуют на здоровье людей, но являются индикатором воздействия космической погоды (корональных выбросов плазмы и межпланетных ударных волн)
на магнитосферу Земли и через это воздействие – на здоровье людей. Показано также как непрерывные наблюдения космических лучей могут быть использованы для предсказания ситуаций космической погоды, опасных для здоровья людей и тем самым резко снизить риск получения
инфарктов миокарда, инсультов, а также автомобильных
инцидентов с тяжелым исходом.
• Во второй части мы рассматриваем прямое воздействие космических
лучей на биосферу (так называемые радиационные эффекты). Дело в
том, что под огромной толщей атмосферы (около 1000 грамм на см2)
поток космических лучей уменьшается почти в сто раз. Тем не менее,
поток мюонов и релятивистских электронов у земной поверхности
составляет около миллиона на квадратный метр за один час, причем
каждая космическая частица в теле человека создает около 50000
ионов и разрушений молекул на сантиметре пути. Кроме того, в результате каскадных процессов возникает поток нейтронов, свободно проникающих вглубь объектов биосферы и производящих различные ядерные реакции. За многие миллионы лет биосфера практически адаптировалась к этим потокам космических лучей (более того, космические
лучи сыграли решающую роль в существенном ускорении эволюции
биосферы и довольно быстром появлении человека). Однако, когда
потоки космических лучей возрастают в несколько раз (как во время
очень мощных солнечных вспышек или при полетах на современных
самолетах на высоте около 10 км), или даже в многие десятки раз (как
при полетах на спутниках в магнитосфере Земли или на космических
кораблях в межпланетном пространстве), радиационная опасность
становится существенной. Мы описываем разработанный нами метод
предсказания ожидаемой радиационной опасности от мощных солнечных вспышек в атмосфере в зависимости от высоты и жесткости геомагнитного обрезания, а также для спутников и космических кораблей
на основе минутных данных наблюдений космических лучей на нейтронных мониторах и спутниках.
Part 1. Cosmic rays and space
weather influence on atmosphere
processes and global/local climate
change
• Determining of the part of global climate
change caused by the long-term change of
CR intensity through influence on air
ionization and planetary clouds formation;
examples from the past; method of
forecasting of the part of global climate
change caused by space weather effects
CR intensity according to Huancayo/Haleakala NM (cut off rigidity 12.9 GV,
normalized to October 1965, curve 2) in comparison with global average of
monthly cloud coverage anomalies (curves 1) for: a – high clouds, H > 6.5 km,
b – middle clouds, 6.5 km >H > 3.2 km, and c – low clouds, H < 3.2 km.
According to Marsh and Swensmark (2000a).
Situation in the Maunder minimum: a) variation in reconstructed solar
irradiance from Lean et al. (1995); b) variation in concentration from
Beer et al. (1991); c) reconstructed air surface temperature for the
northern hemisphere from Jones et al. (1998). According to Swensmark
(2000).
18. Global Climate Change and
Volcano Eruptions
• Yearly average
values of the global
air temperature, t,
near the Earth’s
surface for the
period from 1880.
Arrows show the
dates of the volcano
erup with the dust
emission to the
stratosphere and
short times cooling
after eruptions. From
Ermakov et al. (2006).
Total ionization during GLE in October 1989, July 2000,
and April 2001. According to Quack et al. (2001).
3. Cosmic Ray Influence on the Chemical
Processes in the Atmosphere and
Formation of Ozone Layer
• NO production by CR (Crutzen et al., 1975).
Percentage decrease of the O3 partial pressure versus air pressure derived
from the average of the 7 days before 4 August 1972 and 7 day periods
centered on 8 and 19 days after the GLE (solid lines).
According to Heath et al. (1977).
External Atmospheric Showers (EAS) generated by high energy CR particles
and thunderstorm discharges (Ermakov and Stozhkov, 2002, 2003)


X m  500 75 lg Eo 10 eV g cm
Eo  10 eV
14
15
1
FEAS  1300sec
Eo  1014 eV
2
Part 2. Global natural disaster from great
magnetic storms connected with big CR
Forbush-decreases and their assessment
by using world-wide network of CR stations
• Great geomagnetic storms affect adversely global
technology systems, high frequency radio communications
are disrupted, electric power distribution grids are blacked
out when induced currents causes safety devices to trip,
and atmospheric warming causes increased drag on
satellites and anomalies in their operation, increasing of
frequency of infarct myocardial, brain strokes, car and train
accidents; examples of electric power and long oil tubes
catastrophes in the past in Canada and other countries.
• We show that by using on-line one hour CR data from
world-wide network of stations is possible to made exact
assessment of this natural hazard for 15-20 hours before of
the storm sudden commencement
WHY MAGNETIC STORMS ARE
DANGEROUS ?
3. WHAT PRECURSORY EFFECTS
CAN BE USED FOR FORECASTING ?
• It is well known that big geomagnetic storms have an adverse
influence on technological devices and radio wave propagation.
Major geomagnetic storms, associated with Forbush decreases
(FDs) in cosmic ray (CR) intensity, have also been found to
increase the incidence of some diseases (in particular, the
frequency of myocardial infarction increases by 13 ± 1.4%).
We discuss here three phenomena that can be used for
forecasting FDs: 1) CR intensity increase, of non solar CR
origin, occurring before sudden commencement of a major
geomagnetic storm connected with FD (preincrease effect), 2)
CR intensity decrease before FD (predecrease effect), 3)
change in CR fluctuations before FD. First we investigate
several such events by the global survey method for the years
1989-1991. We analyse the behaviour of the isotropic CR
intensity and of the 3-dimensional vector of CR anisotropy
before FDs, as well as results on CR scintillation of 1-hour and
5-minute data.
Part 3. Global natural disaster from great intense
radiation hazards for astronauts, crew and
passengers on regular airline flights, for people on
the ground due to great solar flare CR events
• Statistical distribution,
• Examples from the past;
• We show that this advertisement, with high occurrence probability, can
be given 30-60 minutes before the arrival of the more dangerous
particle flux
• This method is based on the well known fact that the main part of
radiation hazard in space and in atmosphere is caused by particles with
small energy (few hundreds MeV) that reach the Earth 1-2 hours after
their acceleration on the Sun
• On the contrary the relatively small flux of high-energy ( 2 GeV)
particles, which can be detected by super neutron monitors and
practically are not involved in the radiation hazard, reach the Earth
much more quickly.
Part 3. Global natural disaster from great
intense radiation hazards due to great solar
flare CR events
• We show that 20-30 minutes of CR observation by
neutron monitors on the ground and CR on satellites
of the first-coming solar high-energy particles give
enough information for automatically determining total
flux and energy spectrum on the Sun (source function)
as well as transport parameters in the Heliosphere
• This make it possible to predict the time-space
distribution for about 48 hours of radiation hazard in
interplanetary space and in the Earth’s
magnetosphere (for astronauts and space-probe
technology) and in the Earth’s atmosphere (for crew,
passengers and technology in aircrafts, for people and
technology on the ground) as a function of
geomagnetic cut-off rigidity and altitude.
Proton events and anomalies
Mean satellite anomaly frequencies
in 0- and 1-days of proton enhancements
in dependence on the maximal > 10 MeV flux
Proton events and
anomalies
Probability of any anomaly (high altitude – high inclination group) in
dependence on the maximal proton > 10 and >60 MeV flux
The dependencies of observed frequency P (events/year) as
a function from the value of logarithm of fluency lg(F) for
solar protons with energy >10 MeV
The dependencies of observed frequency P (events/year)
as a function from the value of logarithm of fluency lg(F) for
solar protons with energy >30 MeV
FORECAST STEPS
1. AUTOMATICALLY DETERMINATION OF THE FEP
EVENT START BY NEUTRON MONITOR DATA
2. DETERMINATION OF ENERGY SPECTRUM OUT
OF MAGNETOSPHERE BY THE METHOD OF
COUPLING FUNCTIONS
3. DETERMINATION OF TIME OF EJECTION,
SOURCE FUNCTION AND PARAMETERS OF
PROPAGATION
4. FORECASTING OF EXPECTED FEP FLUXES AND
COMPARISON WITH OBSERVATIONS
5. COMBINED FORECASTING ON THE BASIS OF NM
DATA AND BEGINNING OF SATELLITE DATA
1. AUTOMATICALLY DETERMINATION OF
THE FEP EVENT START BY NEUTRON
MONITOR DATA
k  Z  60


DA1Z  lnI AZ  
 lnI Ak  60  1
k  Z 120


k  Z  60


DB1Z  lnI BZ  
 lnI Bk  60  1
k  Z 120


D A1Z  2.5, D B1Z
2.5,
THE PROBABILITY OF FALSE ALARMS
THE PROBABILITY OF MISSED TRIGGERS
EXAMPLE OF INTERNET PRESENTATION
OF REAL TIME DATA FROM ESO (ISRAEL)
2. DETERMINATION OF ENERGY SPECTRUM OUT OF
MAGNETOSPHERE BY THE METHOD OF COUPLING
FUNCTIONS
 k m 1


 k m 1
1  am Rc
exp
Wm Rc , R   am k m R
and Wm Rc , R   0 , if R  Rc
 a

 km
R
, if R  Rc ,
m
I k Rc   RcWk Rc , Rc   bFk Rc , 
I m Rc  I m Rc  I mo Rc 
Fm Rc , 


DR Do R  bR



 k m 1
 k m 1 
 am km 1  exp  am Rc
R
exp  am R  k m

Rc
Wl Rc , Rc Fm Rc ,    Wm Rc , Rc Fl Rc ,  
lmn Rc ,   
Wm Rc , Rc Fn Rc ,    Wn Rc , Rc Fm Rc ,  
dR
2. DETERMINATION OF ENERGY SPECTRUM OUT OF
MAGNETOSPHERE BY THE METHOD OF COUPLING
FUNCTIONS
Wl Rc , Rc I m Rc   Wm Rc , Rc I l Rc 
lmn Rc ,   
Wm Rc , Rc I n Rc   Wn Rc , Rc I m Rc 
Fl Rc ,  I m Rc   Fm Rc ,  I l Rc 
Rc 
Fm Rc ,  I n Rc   Fn Rc ,  I m Rc 
Wl Rc , Rc I m Rc   Wm Rc , Rc I l Rc 
b
Wl Rc , Rc Fm Rc ,    Wm Rc , Rc Fl Rc ,  
3. DETERMINATION OF TIME OF EJECTION, SOURCE
FUNCTION AND PARAMETERS OF PROPAGATION (1-st
CASE: K(R) DOES NOT DEPEND FROM DISTANCE TO SUN)
t1  T1  Te  x, t 2  T2  T1  x, t3  T3  T1  x
 bT 

T2  T1
4K R 

 ln 1 x T2  T1  x 3 2 R   T1    T2 
xT2  T1  x 
r12
 bT2 

 bT 

T3  T1
4K R 

 ln 1 x T3  T1  x 3 2 R   T1    T3 
xT3  T1  x 
r12
 bT3 

x  T2  T1   T3  T1  1   
 bT1 
3 2  T    T 
1 
x T2  T1  x  R 2
ln
bT2 
T3  T1




T2  T1
 bT1 
3 2  T    T 
1 
x T3  T1  x  R 3
ln
 bT3 

3. DETERMINATION OF TIME OF EJECTION, SOURCE FUNCTION
AND PARAMETERS OF PROPAGATION (1-st CASE: K(R) DOES
NOT DEPEND FROM DISTANCE TO SUN)
K R   
r12 T2  T1  4 xT2  T1  x 
 bT 

ln 1 x T2  T1  x 3 2 R T2    T1 
 bT2 


r12 T3  T1  4 xT3  T1  x 
 bT 

ln 1 x T3  T1  x 3 2 R T3    T1 
 bT3 



No R  2 1/ 2bt1 R  t1 Do R K Rt1 3 / 2 exp r12 /4K Rt1   2 1/ 2bt2 R  t2 Do R
 K Rt2 3 / 2 exp r12 /4K Rt2   2 1/ 2bt3 R  t3 Do R K Rt3 3 / 2 exp r12 /4K Rt3 


nR, r , T   N o R   2 1 2 K R T  Te 3 2


1


2


r

 exp 
 4 K R T  Te  


3. DETERMINATION OF TIME OF EJECTION, SOURCE
FUNCTION AND PARAMETERS OF PROPAGATION (1-st
CASE: K(R) DOES NOT DEPEND FROM DISTANCE TO SUN)
The behavior of K R for R  10 GV with time
3. DETERMINATION OF TIME OF EJECTION, SOURCE
FUNCTION AND PARAMETERS OF PROPAGATION
(2-nd CASE: K(R, r) DEPENDS FROM DISTANCE TO THE SUN)
K R, r   K1R  r r1 
nR, r , t  
n1, n2 , n3
N o R   r13 2    K1 R t 3 2   
2   4   2   3 2   

  2  3lnt2 t1  


t1, t2 , t3
 2 


r
r
1

 exp 
 2   2 K R t 
1


 

t3 t2  t1 
t t  t 
lnt3 t1   lnn1 n2   3 2 1 lnn1 n3 
t2 t3  t1 
t2 t3  t1 
 



1

r12 t11  t31
r12 t11  t 21
K1 R  

2
32    lnt 2 t1   2    lnn1 n2  32    lnt3 t1   2   2 lnn1 n3 

N o R   n1 2   4    2    3 2   r1 3 2    K1 R t k 3 2     exp


 2   2 K R  t 
1
k 

r12
3. DETERMINATION OF TIME OF EJECTION, SOURCE FUNCTION
AND PARAMETERS OF PROPAGATION
(2-nd CASE: K(R, r) DEPENDS FROM DISTANCE TO THE SUN)
4. FORECASTING OF EXPECTED FEP FLUXES AND
COMPARISON WITH OBSERVATIONS (2-nd CASE:
K(R, r) DEPENDS FROM DISTANCE TO THE SUN)
Fig. 2 . Calculation on line parameters  , K1 R  , N o R  and forecasting
of total neutron intensity (time t is in minutes after 10.00 UT of September
29, 1989; curves – forecasting, circles – observed total neutron intensity) .
5. COMBINED FORECASTING ON THE BASIS OF NM
DATA AND BEGINNING OF SATELLITE DATA
N o R, T   N o R  T  Te   R  o  a lnEk Ek m ax
K R, r   K1R  r r1 

K1R  K1  v c  R R1 

 2 


N o R   r13 2    T  Te K1R 3 2   
r
r
1


nR, r , T  

exp

 2   2 T  T K R  
2   4   2   3 2   
e 1




Te
Rc T 
Fs Rc T    dT  No R
 
r13 2 T Te K1R3 2 
2   4  2 3 2   
 2   2 r 2 
1 dRd
exp 
 T Te K1R 


5. COMBINED FORECASTING ON THE BASIS OF NM
DATA AND BEGINNING OF SATELLITE DATA
5. COMBINED FORECASTING ON THE BASIS OF NM
DATA AND BEGINNING OF SATELLITE DATA
5. COMBINED FORECASTING ON THE BASIS OF NM
DATA AND BEGINNING OF SATELLITE DATA
5. COMBINED FORECASTING ON THE BASIS OF NM
DATA AND BEGINNING OF SATELLITE DATA
CONCLUSION
BY ONE-MINUTE NEUTRON MONITOR DATA AND
ONE-MINUTE AVAILABLE FROM INTERNET
COSMIC RAY SATELLITE DATA FOR 20-30 MIN
DATA IT IS POSSIBLE TO DETERMINE THE TIME OF
EJECTION, SOURCE FUNCTION, AND DIFFUSION
COEFFICIENT IN DEPENDENCE FROM ENERGY AND
DISTANCE FROM THE SUN.
THEN IT IS POSSIBLE TO FORECAST OF FEP FLUXES
AND FLUENCY IN HIGH AND LOW ENERGY RANGES UP
TO ABOUT TWO DAYS.
SEPTEMBER 1989 EVENT IS USED AS A TEST CASE.
The inverse problem for SEP propagation and
generation in the frame of anisotropic diffusion and
in kinetic approach
•
It is well known that energy spectrum of solar energetic particles (SEP), observed by
ground based neutron monitors and muon telescopes (in high energy region; the
transfer to the space from the ground observations is made by the method of
coupling functions, see in Chapter 3 of Dorman, 2004), and by detectors on satellites
and space-probes (in small energy region) changed with time very much (usually
from very hard at the beginning of event to very soft at the end of event). The
observed spectrum of SEP and its change with time are determined by three main
parameters: energy spectrum in source, time of ejection, and propagation mode. In
the past we considered the first step for forecasting of radiation hazard: the simple
isotropic mode of SEP propagation in the interplanetary space (see Chapter 2 in
Dorman, 2006). It was shown that on the basis of observation data at several
moments of time could be solved the inverse problem and determined energy
spectrum in source, time of ejection, and diffusion coefficient in dependence of
energy and distance from the Sun. Here we consider the inverse problem for the
complicated case: mode of anisotropic diffusion and kinetic approach. We show that
in this case also the inverse problem can be solved, but it needs NM data at least at
several locations on the Earth. We show that in this case the solution of inverse
problem starts to work well sufficiently earlier than solution for isotropic diffusion, but
after 20-25 minutes both solutions give about the same results. It is important that
obtained results and reality of used model can be controlled by independent data on
SEP energy spectrum in other moments of time (does not used at solving of inverse
problem). On the basis of obtained results can be estimate the total release energy in
the SEP event and radiation environment in the inner Heliosphere, in the
magnetosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth during SEP event.
R
THE STEPS OF FORECASTING 1-3
• For realization of the first step of forecasting we need one
minute real-time data from about all NM of the world network.
On the each NM must work automatically the program for the
search of the start SEP events as it was described in Sections
1-3. This search will help to determine which NM from about 50
of total number operated in the world network show the narrow
peak of the anisotropic stream of the first arrived solar CR (NM
of the 1-st type) and which show a diffusive tail with a wide
maximum at a later time (NM of the 2-nd type). In the second
step we determine rigidity spectrum of arrived solar CR by
using separately NM of the 1-st type and 2-nd type by using
method of coupling functions as it was described above in
Section 4 (in more detail see Chapter 3 in Dorman, 2004). In
the third step we need to determine for different NM the mean
Rc, λ and λ characterized for this event.
THE STEPS OF FORECASTING 4-6
• By using these parameters and experimental data on NM time
profiles in the beginning time we cane determine parameters
of solar CR non-scattering and diffusive propagation,
described in Section 12 (the fourth step). On the basis of
determined parameters of solar CR non-scattering and
diffusive propagation we then determine expected CR fluxes
and pitch-angle distribution for total event in interplanetary
space in dependence of time after ejection (the fifth step). In
the sixth step by using again method of coupling functions we
can determine expected radiation doze which will be obtain
during this event inside space probes in interplanetary space,
satellites in the magnetosphere, aircrafts at different altitudes
and cutoff rigidities, for people and technologies on the
ground.
Part 4. The great hazard for the Earth’s civilization
from the interaction of a dust-molecular cloud with
the Solar system
• From the past we know that the dust from clouds between the Sun and the
Earth leads to decrease of solar irradiation flux with sufficient decreasing of
global planetary temperature (on 5-7 in comparison with 0.8 from green
effect for the last hundred years).
• The plasma in a moving molecular dust cloud contains a frozen-in magnetic
field; this field could modify the stationary galactic cosmic rays (CR)
distribution function outside the Heliosphere.
• The change in the CR distribution function can be significant, and it should
be possible to identify these changes when the distance between the cloud
and the Sun becomes comparable with the dimension of the cloud.
• The continuous observations of a time variation of the CR distribution
function for many years should provide the possibility of determining the
direction and the speed of the cloud relative to the Sun, as well as its
geometry.
• Therefore by CR measurements we may predict its evolution in space and
determine whether the dust-molecular cloud will catch the Sun or not.
• In the case of high probability of capture, we could predict the time of the
capture and how long the solar system will be inside the cloud.
Part 5. Great radiation hazard for the earth’s
civilization from CR particles generated in a
nearby Supernova Explosion (SE)
• From the energetic balance of CR in the Galaxy it was estimated that the full
power for CR production is WCR ~ 31040 erg/s.
• Now it is common accepted that the Supernova explosions are the main
source of galactic CR.
• At each explosion the average energy transferred to CR is ESE ~ 1050 erg.
• From this we can determine the expected frequency of SE in our Galaxy and
in vicinity of the Sun.
• We estimate the probability of Supernova explosions inside different
distances from the Sun and expected radiation hazard, and its variation with
time.
• We show that in some cases the level of radiation may increases about 1000
times in comparison with present level, and it will be very dangerous for the
Earth's civilization and biosphere.
Part 5. Great radiation hazard for the earth’s
civilization from CR particles generated in a
nearby Supernova Explosion (SE)
• We show that by high energy CR measurements by ground and
underground muon telescopes and low-latitude neutron monitors on the
Earth will be obtain information on the source function and diffusion
coefficient in the interstellar space for many years before when real radiation
hazard will be formatted on the Earth.
• We show how on the basis of this information we can made exact
forecasting on developing in time of the radiation hazard in space and in the
atmosphere on different altitudes and cutoff rigidities (different geomagnetic
latitudes) by using method of coupling functions
• On the basis of this information experts must to decide how to prevent the
Earth's civilization (in some cases it will be necessary for people to live
underground or in special protected buildings for several hundred years, and
go out only for very short time).
• It is important that on the basis of obtained forecast the Earth's civilization
will have time at least several tens years to prepare the life underground and
in special protected buildings.
References
• Dorman L.I., 1963. Geophysical and Astrophysical
Aspects of Cosmic Rays. North-Holland Publ. Co.,
Amsterdam (In series "Progress in Physics of Cosmic
Ray and Elementary Particles", ed. by J.G. Wilson and
S.A. Wouthuysen, Vol. 7), pp 320.
• Dorman L.I., 1974. Cosmic Rays: Variations and Space
Exploration. North-Holland Publ.Co., Amsterdam, pp
675.
• Dorman L.I., 1975. Experimental and Theoretical
Principles of Cosmic Ray Astrophysics. FIZMATGIZ,
Moscow, pp 464.
• Dorman L.I, N. Iucci, and G. Villoresi, 1993. "The use of
cosmic rays for continues monitoring and prediction of
some dangerous phenomena for the Earth's civilization”,
Astrophysics and Space Science, 208, 55-68.
References
• Munakata K., J.W. Bieber, S.-I. Yasue, C. Kato, M. Koyama,
S. Akahane, K. Fujimoto, Z. Fujii, J.E. Humble, and M.L.
Duldig, 2000 “Precursors of geomagnetic storms observed by
the muon detector network”, J. Geophys. Res., 105, No. A12,
27457-27468.
• Lev I. Dorman, 2002. “Solar Energetic Particle Events and
Geomagnetic Storms Influence on People’s Health and
Technology: Principles of Monitoring and Forecasting of
Space Dangerous Phenomena by Using On-Line Cosmic Ray
Data”, in Proc. 22nd ISTC Japan Workshop on Space
Weather Forecast (ed. Y. Muraki), Nagoya University, Vol. 2,
pp. 133-151.
• Lev I. Dorman, 2004. Cosmic Rays in the Earth's Atmosphere
and Underground, Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht/Boston/London.
• Lev I. Dorman, 2006. Cosmic Ray Interactions, Propagation,
and Acceleration in Space Plasmas, Springer, Netherlands.