Transcript No Slide Title

Villars 2004
A Future Fixed Target Programme at CERN?
Conclusions of the SPSC Villars Meeting
22nd-28th September 2004
Ian C. Brock
University of Bonn
1
Outline








Framework
Machines and Beams
Antiproton Physics
Other Topics
Flavour Physics
Heavy Ions
Soft and Hard Protons
Neutrinos
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Charge

“to review present and future activities
and opportunities in fixed-target physics,
and to consider possibilities and options
for a future fixed target programme at
CERN”
globally important
realistic (beams + resources)
short, intermediate, and long term

From the Scientific Policy Committee
SPSC not in approval/rejection mode !
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Input and Timetable


“… groups working on fixed target experiments at
CERN, and also groups which have in mind the
submission of proposals for such experiments, to
forward to the SPSC secretariat in due time a
short report indicating their ideas and plans for
the future”
SPSC67 April 2004






11 submissions received +
COMPASS
DIRAC Kπ atoms
committed
CNGS
}
beyond 2005
September: Villars
December: report to RB + SPC
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Programme
Date
Morning
Wednesday Sept 22
CERN perspective +
accelerators
Thursday Sept 23
Heavy Ion 2
Neutrino 1
Friday Sept 24
Neutrino 2
Soft and hard hadron
physics 1
Saturday Sept 25
Soft and hard hadron
physics 2
Antiproton 1
Sunday Sept 26
Antiproton 2
HF 1
Monday Sept 27
HF 2
Tuesday Sept 28
Summary, Discussion &
Conclusions
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Afternoon
MMWSPL
HIF
Other
Topics
Heavy Ion
1
Discussion
5
Machines and Beams
6
CERN 2004
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Users View of Future: pre Villars04
● as heard by HIP from users
USER
LHC
FT (COMPASS)
CNGS
ISOLDE
CERN
COMMITMENT*
USERS’ WISHES
Short term
Medium term
Long term
(low cost)
(intermediate cost ~asap)
(high cost: >2013)
Planned beams
Ultimate luminosity
Luminosity upgrades
7.2105 spills/y ?
7.2105 spills/y
4.51019 p/year
Upgrade ~ 2
1.92 mA **
Upgrade ~ 5
Future n beams
> 2 GeV / 4 MW
EURISOL
1-2 GeV / 5 MW
* Reference value for analysis
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** 1350 pulses/h – 3.21013 ppp
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Upgrades

Beam loss irradiation @ high intensity
 multi-turn ejection from PS (“island extraction”)

Period

0.6 s
>
worse

cost
0.9 s ?
>
PSB flexibility
better
only
Intensity/SPS pulse  increase CNGS flux



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machine impedance (kickers, RF…) ?
injection energy ?
bunching in the PS ?
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Fixed target  CNGS
●FT + CNGS share SPS cycles
FT vs. CNGS performance 2006, 2007, 2010
10
CNGS request
CNGS
request
4.5E1919
protons/year
4.5 10 pot/year
9
8
FT request
FT request
7.2E5 spills/year
5
7.2 10 spills/year
FT spills [10 5 ]
7
6
2006
Without
changes
5
4
Double
batch +
Linac4
2007
2010
3
J
2
J
Double
batch
1
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
CNGS protons on target [1019]
6
7
●Impossible to meet FT + CNGS demands
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10
Scope of Future Options
interest for
LHC upgrade
Neutrino physics
beyond CNGS
Radioactive ion
beams
(EURISOL)
Valuable
Very interesting for
super-beam
+ beta-beam
No
?
50 Hz SPL
(~ 2 GeV )
Valuable
Very interesting for
super-beam
+ beta-beam
Ideal
Spare flux
Þ possibility
to serve more
users
High energy
8 Hz RCS
(30-50 GeV)
Valuable
Very interesting for
neutrino factory
No
Valuable
New PS
(30-50 GeV)
Valuable
No
No
Valuable
1 TeV LHC
injector
Very interesting
for luminosity
upgrade.
Essential for LHC
energyx2
No
No
Valuable
Low energy
50 Hz RCS
(~ 400 MeV/2.5
GeV)
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Others
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Strategy (and action)



Start 2004/5:
 PS: multi-turn ejection
 Increase SPS intensity (impacts all machines)
 0.9s PSB repetition
Linac 4 design
 construction decision @ end 2006
Prepare decision on optimum future accelerator


Study of a Superconducting Proton Linac (SPL)
Alternative scenarios for the LHC upgrade
Context for SPSC strategy and input
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Antiproton Physics
13
AD
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Unique Ac Decelerator
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Unique Physics at CERN

ASACUSA, ATRAP, ATHENA
-

“routine” production of H
antiprotonic He = p e - 

yield !

-
Deceleration and capture of p
 Production of H and He


Spectroscopy; ideally 1S 2S

Present quantum states: n~30 !
CPT matter-antimatter
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Improvements: ATRAP

Status: 4.2K antiprotons are routinely accumulated


Cooling through matter
Improvements?





Needed: much lower temperatures
Desired: more antiprotons to speed data accumulation
Desired: more antiprotons to improve spectroscopy
signal-to-noise
Decelerator? RFQD? ELENA?





Would give the much larger antiproton rate desired
Small ring would fit in AD hall
New beam lines would be needed
Magnetic fields from experimental apparatus
Substantial cost
● New experiments AEGIS ALPHA coming
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ELENA





A small machine for deceleration and cooling of antiprotons
after AD to lower energies around 100 keV is feasible
One to two orders of magnitude more antiprotons can be
available for physics.
Main challenges for the low energy decelerator like ultra low
vacuum, beam diagnostics and effective electron cooling
can be solved, using experience of AD and member-state
laboratories where similar low energy ion machines are
operational (ASTRID, Aarhus; CRYring, Stockholm).
The machine can be located inside of the AD Hall with only
minor modifications and reshuffling of the present
installation.
Machine assembling and commissioning can be done
without disturbing current AD operation
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SPSC Conclusions (1)



Opportunity for fundamental physics in the CPT
violation sector using cold antiprotons
CERN is the only place in the world to explore it and
has attracted many external users
Important scientific and technological milestones
have been achieved




-
routine production of H
anti-protonic He spectroscopy
Strong recommendation to continue the AD program
after 2005 and to implement an improved beam
switching between experiments
Installation of the additional deceleration ring ELENA
would greatly increase the effectiveness of current
experiments and offer a long term program using
very cold intense anti proton beams
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SPSC Conclusions (2)




Different potential signals of CPT violation should be
explored
A variety of approaches to trap ground state H
should continue to be pursued without
compromising the effective use of available
resources
Synergy between the different experiments is
strongly encouraged
A roadmap should be available in each collaboration
describing the medium and long term future (with
and without ELENA) towards the important goal of H
spectroscopy
-
-
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Other Projects
21
SPSC Conclusions (1)

Axions (CAST)


The Collaboration has produced the best limits to date on the
production of axions. It is interesting to note that an important
and substantial enhancement in sensitivity can be achieved in
the future by taking data with a 4He and 3He gas fill. There are
also interesting new possibilities for developing further the
experimental techniques at CERN, in particular associated with
new developments concerned with production of axions where
a laser experiment is claiming unexpected results. The SPSC
encourages the collaboration to continue to develop its ideas
and its methods.
-
AD4 p therapy

The work continues to develop its understanding of the details
of the radiation damage of biological matter. In particular the
techniques concerned with dosimetry and monitoring which
are used continue to be improved. The SPSC notes that in the
future the scope of the project could mean that increased
resources are necessary from CERN.
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SPSC Conclusions (2)

Electrodynamics in Critical Crystalline Fields


An interesting new proposal for a measurement of trident
production in a critical field was presented. It was not clear to
the SPSC quite how the proposed measurement would
contribute to the understanding and exploitation of such
physics in the context of CERN’s scientific programme.
(g-2)µ

The SPSC considers that precision measurements of (g-2)µ
continue to be an important part of understanding physics at
the energy frontier. Since the completion of the last (g-2)µ
experiment at BNL, which itself followed the pioneering
experiment at CERN, it is not yet possible to foresee a new
European initiative in the immediate future. However, the
SPSC notes that the development of a major new programme
of muon and neutrino physics at CERN will make major new
opportunities possible.
Present CERN resource level appropriate
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Flavour Physics
24
Flavour Physics (Kaon Physics)
●Precision measurements of
rare flavour decays probe
the energy scale, and then
flavour structure, of new
physics
- no SM tree
- SM suppression
- short distance dynamics
FCNC
●Experimental challenge BR~ 10-10 to 10-11
  10% crucial for
new LHC physics
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Landscape
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“NA48/3”




2004
 Launch GIGATRACKER R&D
 Vacuum tests
 Evaluate straw tracker
 Start realistic cost estimation
 Complete analysis of beam-test data
2005
 Complete of the above
 Complete specifications
 Submit proposal to SPSC
2006-2008
 Construction, installation and beam-tests
2009-2010
 Data taking
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~80 K+  πνν
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SPSC Conclusions (1)


There is a strong physics case for pursuing an ambitious
programme of kaon physics at CERN, exploiting the highenergy proton beams available at the SPS for decay-inflight rare kaon decay measurements. Building on its great
expertise in high-intensity neutral and charged kaon beams
and on the outstanding physics achievements of the NA48,
NA48/1 and NA48/2 experiments in the last decade, CERN
should remain in the future a major laboratory for kaon
physics at the sensitivity frontier.
The SPSC welcomes the expression of interest for a precise
measurement of the K+  π+vv transition. According to
present studies the proposed experiment appears
competitive in the context of the worldwide kaon physics
program. The goal is to detect more than 100 signal events
over two years starting in 2009. A major upgrade of the
present NA48/2 setup is necessary and the needed R&D
and detector developments should be supported.
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SPSC Conclusions (2)


In a longer term future CERN could aim at
precision measurements in the neutral channels,
K0L  π0e+e- and K0L  π0vv, which by then may
have been observed elsewhere.
The SPSC takes note of the extended, compelling
and competitive kaon program that could be
made possible by a new high-intensity (MMW)
high-energy proton machine.
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SPSC Conclusions (3)

The NA60 Collaboration has developed over the years a
high-precision detector, comprising a muon spectrometer
coupled with a silicon-pixel vertex telescope, capable of
handling large track multiplicities. The SPSC takes note of
the opportunity of exploiting the excellent di-muon mass
and vertex position resolution of the NA60 detector to
search for rare open charm decays in p-U collisions,
including the highly-suppressed D0  μ+μ- decay. The
feasibility of observing or setting a competitive limit for this
decay with the proposed experiment still needs to be
demonstrated.
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Heavy Ions
31
SPbS Panorama
photons
chemistry
e+e-
J/ψ
HBT
●
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expt
@ SPbS + theory  QGP
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The SP[b]S
spectra
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Chromodynamic Phase Equilibria
● SPS @ phase transition
Early universe
RHIC, LHC
T
QGP
Critical endpoint
Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP)
Meson
Dominated HG
Hadronic
matter
Chiral symmetry
restored
Baryon
Dominated HG
Color
superconductor
Chiral symmetry
broken
Nuclei
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Neutron stars
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mB
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Critical Point
● theoretical guidance model dependent
Stephanov
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North Area: Heavy Ions >2005
After the long shut-down ions will be injected into the SPS via LEIR.
The LEIR project has been launched for filling the LHC with ions.
Filling the SPS instead will require more resources.
It should be noted that ion injection via LEIR for fixed target
has not yet been studied in depth. More studies are required
at the source, Linac3, LEIR, PS and at the SPS.
If the ions are required for the SPS fixed target program and if the
required resources are made available, one might expect to get:
• Lead ions from 2009 (after PS-SPS-LHC ions running-in)
• Other (lighter) ions depending on LHC ion physics program.
It should be noted that many relevant non-radioactive ion species
are possible ‘in principle’, but with significant preparation time and effort.
Note that North Area and LHC ions are exclusive if not the same ion
Possible intensities are up to 109 Pb54+ from LEIR per transfer (3.6 sec).
They can be limited in LEIR with an interlock based on a BCT measurement.
Limitation of flux in EHN1 requires new TAX blocks (up to 300 kCHF/beam).
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Low Mass Dileptons
● Excess dileptons – thermal radiation ?
σ
400 GeV
NA60
CERES/NA45
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Mee
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Mµµ
36
Input Elements for SPSC Conclusions


The CERN fixed target programme with heavy ions
has, by any measure, been a spectacular success.
CERN results have contributed to the development
of theoretical interpretations of the measurements
in terms of a phase change in hadronic matter to
quark-gluon, coloured, degrees of freedom.
Recent developments confirm that heavy ion
beams at the CERN SPS energies and luminosity
remain an ideal tool to observe the features of the
phase transition whereas higher energy machines
are better suited to study the properties of this
new state of matter.
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
NA60




Steady developments in
radiation hard detectors have
resulted in more refined
measurements. In particular,
recent results from NA60 show
the improvements that can be
made using a pixel vertex
telescope.
The p and In data from NA60
should provide answers to a set
of open questions (open charm,
rho mass shift, thermal
radiation) arising from
previous experimental CERN
results.
Their requested Pb-Pb data
would extend the
measurements to the highest
energy densities available at
the SPS
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NA49


High pT suppression, a
potential signature of jet
quenching in the QGP, is a
highlight of the RHIC heavy
ion results. It has not yet
been properly addressed at
SPS energies.
In light of this, the NA49
Pb-Pb data should be
reanalysed. Only then could
a proton run for reference
data be considered. These
data would clarify the
interplay between the
Cronin effect and high pT
suppression.
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SPSC General Recommendations



A major step in the field would certainly be achieved
through the challenging observation of the critical point of
the QCD phase transition. In addition, QCD lattice
calculations are expected to constrain better its position in
the next few years
Signatures have to be refined and quantified and the
corresponding experimental signal, or signals, have to be
understood theoretically. In addition, the experimental
sensitivity for such measurements must be optimised
The opportunity to pursue a heavy ion physics program at
the CERN SPS within the framework and constraints
imposed by the LHC should be preserved. Once the LHC has
been commissioned with ions, an SPS programme aimed at
the study of rare process signatures and important specific
issues such as the identification of the critical point as well
as the study of its properties would be possible
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Soft and Hard Hadron
Physics
40
H1 ZEUS - DESY
Hadron Physics

Energy frontier


Precision frontier



Colliders
Colliders + FT
Intensity frontier
Theoretical symbiosis



Lattice
ChPT
pQCD
GSI
 CDF D0 - FNAL
 BABAR - SLAC
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





1996: Proposal
1997: Conditional approval
1999 – 2000: Construction and installation
2001: Commissioning run 
 
2002 -2004: Data taking µp and µp
Precision hadron structure gluons


Precision hadron dynamics



nucleon spin structure (valence  sea)
approved
COMPASS
pQCD  n-pQCD (Q2, pT2)
resonant phenomena
Into the future: GPDs and precision structure
functions
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COMPASS ΔG/G
●Finding charm
σ(ΔG/G) proposal = 0.14
c
2002+3+4
σ(ΔG/G) = 0.24
c
●ΔG/G from high pT hadrons pairs
h
-
h
h
Photon Gluon Fusion
(PGF)
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Leading process
h
h
h
Gluon radiation (Compton)
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DIRAC
●ππ and Kπ “atoms” - scattering lengths ≠ Ke decay
●
- PT
excess at very small
pL and pT
“atomic pairs”
● data 2001 – 2003 (PS)
● setting up 2006 (PS)
“free pairs”
● running 2007/8 (PS)
● planning > 2008 (SPS ?)
● experimental = theoretical uncertainty @ SPS
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SPSC Conclusions (1)



The PS/SPS facility is competitive worldwide, even with the
advent of new machines. It allows CERN to have significant
impact in the understanding of the strong interaction in
low and high energy domains (Lattice QCD, ChPT and
pQCD).
The COMPASS experiment plays an important role in the
CERN fixed target program with the SPS beam. The
experiment should complete in the medium term their
original proposal (especially ΔG/G, as well as transversity,
polarisabilities and hadron spectroscopy). The SPSC is
concerned about a possible shortage of protons, and thus
encourages the collaboration to prioritise their physics
program.
In the longer term, a new programme of measurements is
proposed. The GPD determinations would be in a unique
kinematical domain. The remaining part of the programme
concerns structure function measurements using lepton DIS
and Drell Yan.
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SPSC Conclusions (2)



The physics case for the DIRAC experiment, including its
extension at the PS which has already been recommended
for approval by the SPSC, is important. For the longer term,
with installation of the existing set-up at the SPS, it would
be possible to reach a precision matching the theoretical
predictions.
The SPSC took note of an Expression of Interest to measure
lepton flavor violation in the µ-τ sector
(µ+N  τ +N’) using the SPS.
The SPSC is not convinced that the part of the conceived
p-A NA49 program related to the pentaquark search can
lead to a significant advance.
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SPSC Conclusions (3)


In 2006, until OPERA is ready to take physics data with its
nominal target mass, it is important to take advantage of
the opportunity to complete as much as possible of the
remaining approved COMPASS physics programme. To this
end, it is important that beam delivery starts as early as
possible in 2006. At the same time, it is also important that
COMPASS optimise its overall physics efficiency. Beyond
2006, the SPSC encourages solutions allowing the delivery
and use of the maximum numbers of protons to satisfy the
completion of physics experiments using the SPS/PS
beams.
In the longer term future, it is interesting to note that any
high intensity facility at CERN will make possible new
opportunities for hadron physics using neutrino and muon
beams.
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Neutrinos
48
ν-oscillations
SuperK
Early Solar Neutrino Exps.
71±5
New KamLAND
SNO
71±5
Soudan II
Super-K
L/E
KamLAND
MACRO
LSND
K2K
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Hierarchy
Solar + KamLAND
Super-K
~sin2q23
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CERN  LNGS = CNGS
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CERN  LNGS = CNGS
CERN Commitment 5 x 4.5 ·1019 protons on target
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● Ready end 2006
OPERA
~2 kTon (Pb)
0.04 kTon emulsion
Plastic base
1 mm
t
n
56 emulsion films / brick
Pb
• for the full detector:
2 supermodules
9 kt-yr
Emulsion layers
31 walls /
Δm2=1.2x10-3 eV2 2.7 events
supermodule
Δm2=2.4x10-3 eV2 11 events
52 x 64 bricks /wall
Δm2=5.4x10-3 eV2 54 events
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53
200 000 bricks Future CERN Fixed Target Programme?
1.8kT ready end 2007?
Statistics and background with 3kT
similar to OPERA
ICARUS
LAr drift
muon spectrometer
≈2 kton Fe B=1.8 T
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3m
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Next ?
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≡ T2K
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Strategy



High statistics by high intensity n beam
Tune En at oscillation maximum
Sub-GeV n beam



Low particle multiplicity suited for Water Cherenkov
Good En resolution : dominated by nm + n m + p
Narrow band beam to reduce BG
0.75MW 50GeV-PS
Off-Axis n beam
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Super-Kamiokande
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PPAP
Mar. 25
’04
CERN: -beam baseline
scenario
Nuclear
Physics
SPL
Decay
ISOL target
& Ion source
Ring
SPS
Decay ring
Brho = 1500 Tm
B=5T
ECR
Lss = 2500 m
Cyclotrons,
linac or FFAG
Rapid
cycling
synchrotron
PS
6
2
He 36 Li e  n
Average Ecms  1.937 M eV
P. Zucchelli, Phys. Lett. B, 532 (2002) 166-172
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Slide from M. Lindroos
Ian C. study
Brock group
Beta-beam
Future CERN Fixed Target Programme?
18
10
Ne189 Fe e +n
Average Ecms  1.86 M eV
58
Dave Wark
Imperial College/RAL
PPAP
Mar. 25
’04
CERN to FREJUS
Ge
ne
ve
CERN
km
130
40kt
400kt
17/07/2015
SPL @ CERN
2.2GeV, 50Hz, 2.3x1014p/pulse
4MW
Now under R&D phase
Italy
Ian C. study
Brock group
Beta-beam
Future CERN Fixed Target Programme?
Megatonne
?
59
Dave Wark
Imperial College/RAL
Towards Neutrino Factory Horizon
θ13
17/07/2015
CP sensitivity
Ian C. Brock
Future CERN Fixed Target Programme?
60
SPL Proposed Roadmap
Consistent with the content of a talk by L. Maiani at the “Celebration of the Discovery of the
W and Z bosons”. Contribution to a document to be submitted to the December
Council (“CERN Future Projects and Associated R&D”).
Assumptions:
•
construction of Linac4 in 2007/10 (with complementary resources, before end of
LHC payment)
•
construction of SPL in 2008/15 (after end of LHC payments)
Linac 4
approval
SPL
approval
LHC
upgrade
Warning: Compressor ring and detector (8 years) are not quoted
Protons from the SPL ready in 2015
17/07/2015
Ian C. Brock
Future CERN Fixed Target Programme?
61
Proton Driver  ν
Mezzetto
● expensive
● likelihood improves
with synergy
● ν beam R&D for
new technology
- target
- cooling (MICE)
● νe - β beam
νμ - superbeam
● ν Fact
17/07/2015
Ian C. Brock
Future CERN Fixed Target Programme?
62
CNGS Proton Budget




CERN committed to delivering 5x4.5·1019 p.o.t. to CNGS aimed at
uniquely demonstrating t appearance. The physics case remains
as valid as it was at the time of approval, and therefore CERN
should make every reasonable effort to fulfill this commitment.
However, no compelling scientific case has been offered for CERN
to increase the scope of this commitment.
It appears that with the current machine performance it is not
possible to simultaneously satisfy CNGS and COMPASS. We
therefore consider it very important that efforts continue to
achieve more available p.o.t., including the earliest practicable
implementation of multi-turn extraction. The experiments should
be prepared for a longer running period than originally planned to
achieve their allocation of p.o.t.
On current schedule the full OPERA detector will not be completely
ready in early 2006, implying that the most efficient use of the
available p.o.t. will be for the COMPASS programme until OPERA is
fully constructed later in 2006.
NEW: 60% of ICARUS could be ready at end of 2007
17/07/2015
Ian C. Brock
Future CERN Fixed Target Programme?
63
CERN participation in the development of
future neutrino facilities





Future neutrino facilities offer great promise for fundamental
discoveries (such as CP violation) in neutrino physics, and a postLHC construction window may exist for a facility to be sited at
CERN.
CERN should arrange a budget and personnel to enhance its
participation in further developing the physics case and the
technologies necessary for the realization of such facilities. This
would allow CERN to play a significant role in such projects
wherever they are sited.
A high-power proton driver is a main building block of future
projects, and is therefore required.
A direct superbeam from a 2.2 GeV SPL does not appear to be the
most attractive option for a future CERN neutrino experiment as it
does not produce a significant advance on T2K.
We welcome the effort, partly funded by the EU, concerned with
the conceptual design of a beta beam. At the same time CERN
should support the European neutrino factory initiative in its
conceptual design.
17/07/2015
Ian C. Brock
Future CERN Fixed Target Programme?
64
CERN participation in the development of
future neutrino facilities



Detectors – new detector technologies are necessary to
take full advantage of the physics capabilities of future
neutrino facilities.
Examples of needed advances are cheaper, higher
efficiency, large-area, light sensors and magnetized
detectors capable of distinguishing electrons from
positrons.
Given its central role as Europe’s particle physics
laboratory, CERN should support, participate, and
coordinate such technical developments.
We did not discuss CLIC
CERN has to decide on relative priorities for
CLIC and/or Neutrino Factory
17/07/2015
Ian C. Brock
Future CERN Fixed Target Programme?
65
Other Experiments

Hadron Production



Further hadron production experiments specifically
designed to meet the needs of neutrino experiments are
essential.
There are several existing CERN detectors which could,
with some modifications, fulfill this requirement. This
would be a scientifically important and cost-effective use
of CERN resources.
C2GT

This is an interesting idea which would require
substantial technical development before its feasibility
could be demonstrated. It also requires modifications to
the CNGS beamline. No such modifications should be
made until CERN’s existing commitment to the CNGS
programme has been met. By that time C2GT’s
competitiveness would be doubtful.
17/07/2015
Ian C. Brock
Future CERN Fixed Target Programme?
66
Fixed target physics at CERN? (1)

≤ 2011: Physics vibrant, important, leading








SPS p.o.t ?
schedule/prioritise/improve
Completion of hadron program essential
CNGS window before T2K
Hadron production for ν physics
ion+ion ≥ 2009 (synergy with LHC)
Rare flavour ≥ 2009 (synergy with LHC)
- atoms (+medical)
Fundamental physics with p
increasing p.o.t
17/07/2015
Ian C. Brock
Future CERN Fixed Target Programme?
67
Fixed target physics at CERN? (2)

>2011: Physics must be vibrant, important,
leading
 ion+ion ≥ 2009 (synergy with LHC)
 Rare flavour ≥ 2009 (synergy with LHC)
 Fundamental physics with p atoms
… if appropriate ?
 Hadron structure: GPDs


dynamics: low energy, resonance
ν physics: evaluation & R&D @ CERN
 p-driver  superbeam  detector
 global context  NF
17/07/2015
synergies
with other
science?
SPL?
All but HI benefit from/require high intensity
Ian C. Brock
68
Future
CERN
Fixed
Target
Programme?
RCPSB RCPS …