Kingdom Animalia

Characteristics, Development, & Diversity

Characteristics  Multicellular, Eukaryotic, Heterotrophic  Ability to move at some point in life cycle  Cell Membrane only (no cell wall!)  Cells have centrioles for division; most animals reproduce sexually=DIVERSITY  Animal Cells are specialized – they have specific functions (digestion, respiration, excretion, etc.).

(p. 187-188) Symmetry – DRAW PIC FIGURE 9.2

 Symmetry is when two or more halves are a mirror image of each other.

 Animals display asymmetry, radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry

Asymmetry There is no plane of symmetry.

Radial Symmetry The two sides will be symmetrical at any plane.

Bilateral Symmetry There is only one plane of symmetry.

Development  Sperm + Egg = fertilization  Haploid

Development  zygote= a single diploid cell that results from fertilization  Diploid

Development  (Pp. 164-169 and 188-191)  Cell division begins and a hollow ball of cells forms = blastula

Development  The blastula starts to cave in and distinct layers of cells can be seen = gastrula

Development  Ectoderm (outer layer) – develops into the skin + nervous tissue  Endoderm (inner layer) – develops into the digestive system  Mesoderm (middle layer) – develops into muscles, circulatory, excretory, and respiratory systems

GERM LAYER DVLPMT: P.189

 DRAW AND LABEL FIGURE 9.3

Development Vocab (164-169)  Germ Layers  Diploblastic  Triploblastic  Coelom  Deuterostome  Ectoderm  Endoderm  Mesoderm    Protostome Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate (LOOK @ P.190)  Vegetal pole  Animal pole  Cleavage furrow

Directional Terms  Anterior = Towards the head

Directional Terms  Posterior = towards the tail end of an animal

Directional Terms  Dorsal = back/top side

Directional Terms  Ventral = belly or under side

Tissues  (P. 192-197)  Connective  Nervous  Muscle  Epithelial Draw/Trace figure 9.7 b/c you need to know where to find these tissues.

Regulation of body temp.

 Ectotherms –Take on the temperature of their surroundings –Control body temp. externally –Many go dormant  Invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles

Endotherms  Produce heat as part of a metabolic process  Regulate and maintain body temperature internally  Raise temp to fight infections = fever  Lower temp to be dormant = hibernation  Requires high metabolism and a lot of food exs. Birds & mammals

Reproduction  Asexual – one parent with no special reproductive organs or cells. Produces genetically identical copies  Sexual – involves two parents, each of which contributes special germ cells (gametes or sex cells) that through fertilization form a new individual.

Asexual Reproduction  No gametes  No second parent  Same genotype = clones (unless mutations occur)  Rapid reproduction

Asexual, cont.

 Define these basic types and list a few examples: (p. 139) –Binary Fission –Budding –Gemmulation –Fragmentation

Sexual Reproduction  Production of individuals from gametes  Define the basic types and list a few examples(p. 139-141) –Bisexual reproduction –Hermaphrodites –Parthogenesis

Sexual Reproduction,cont 

Define Pp 143-145 –Gametogenesis –Spermatogenesis –Oogenesis

Reproductive Patterns  Define the following and give an example of an organism that does each: (p.147) –Oviparous –Ovoviviparous –Viviparous

Oviparous  Eggs develop and hatch outside of the body  Frogs – fertilize externally  Salamanders – fertilize internally and then lay the eggs

Ovoviviparous  Fertilized egg develops inside the female, but obtains no nutrients from the female itself.

 Obtains nourishment from yolk  Stays in female until ready to hatch  Chickens, turtles, snakes

Viviparous  Embryo develops inside the body of the mother (uterus)  Nourishment comes from the mother (placenta)  Live Birth  Humans, Chimpanzees