Transcript Slide 1

The Urinary and Genital Systems
Functions of the Urinary System
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Excretory functions
Eliminates dissolved organic waste from cells
Regulates blood volume and blood pressure
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Adjusting the volume of water lost in the urine
Releasing the hormones erythropoietin (EPO) and renin
Regulates plasma concentrations of ions
such as sodium, potassium, chloride
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Controlling ion quantities lost in urine
Controlling calcium ion levels by synthesis of
calcitriol
Functions Cont.
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Stabilizes blood pH
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Controls the loss of hydrogen ions (H+) and
bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in urine
Conserves valuable nutrients
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Prevents excretion of nutrients (Ex. Glucose and
amino acids) in urine
Eliminates organic waste products (Ex. urea and
uric acid)
Urogenital System
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activities must be carefully regulated to keep
the composition of the blood within acceptable
limits
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A disruption of any one of these functions will
have immediate and potentially fatal
consequences
Urinary System - Kidneys
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Lg., brown, bean-shaped structures
Found on either side of the vertebral column
between the thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae
Right kidney often sits slightly lower than the left
Kidneys lie retroperitoneal (btw muscles of dorsal
body & the peritoneal lining)
Their position is maintained by:
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Overlying peritoneum
Contact with adjacent organs
Supporting connective tissue
Urinary System - Kidneys
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Each kidney is packed in protecting
Soft cushion of adipose tissue prevents
jolting and shocks
A displaced kidney is a condition called a
floating kidney
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Dangerous b/c ureters or blood vessels can get
twisted or kinked
Urinary System - Kidneys
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The indentation we see is called the hilus
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Hilus- is the pt. of entry for the renal artery and the exit
for the renal vein and ureter
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ureters - muscular tubes; communicates with the renal
pelvis to carry urine to the urinary bladder
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exit the kidney at the hilus
renal pelvis is a large, funnel-shaped chamber that
connects to the ureter at the hilus of the kidney
Urinary System - Kidneys
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The kidney can be
divided into an
outer layer cortex
and an inner
medulla
The medulla
contains 6-18
conical renal
pyramids, whose
tips or renal papilla
project into the
renal sinus (candy
corn tips)
Urinary System - Nephron
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The nephron is the functional unit of the kidneys
Each kidney has more than 1mil functioning
nephron units
A nephron consists of Bowman’s Capsule
(found in cortex of kidney) that’s connected to a
long, coiled renal tubule
Within the Bowman’s capsule is a cluster of
capillaries called glomerulus
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filtration
Nephron
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3 main regions:
Proximal convoluted tubule
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conducts the filtrate from Bowman’s capsule
Reabsorption and secretion
Loop of Henle
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an elongated, hairpin-shaped portion
Filtrate becomes concentrated as it descends and
more diluted as it ascends (countercurrent)
Nephron
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Distal convoluted tubule
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conducts the filtrate to the collecting ducts
Reabsorption and secretion
Filtrate passes from the renal tubule into a
larger connecting duct (concentrated)
Collecting Duct
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Where urine collects
Reabsorption of H2O
Eventually empties into the renal pelvis
Release of hormones
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The Kidneys release 3 hormones:
erythropoietin, renin & calcitriol
erythropoietin (EPO) –Released in response to
low oxygen levels in kidney tissue
Stimulates the production of RBC by bone
marrow
Release of hormones cont.
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renin –
Released in response to a decline in blood
volume, blood pressure or both
Functions as an enzyme
calcitriol –
steroid hormone
Urinary System
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Ureters – narrow extensions of the renal pelvis
fine tubules that transport from the kidneys to
the urinary bladder
Urinary Bladder – pear shaped, located middorsally
Function- temporarily store urine coming from
the kidneys by way of the ureters
Urinary System
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Urethra – unpaired tube, transports urine
from urinary bladder out of the body
Preputial Orifice opening for urine to exit, in
males, urine as well as seminal fluid excreted
Uretheral Orifice – opening for urine to exit
Adrenal Glands
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Paired
small, round yellow masses of tissue, embedded in
fat, lie superior to kidney
Helps body cope with stress and regulate
metabolism
Each gland consists of a central portion, the adrenal
medulla and a larger outer section, the adrenal
cortex
Different types of tissues and function as different
glands
Adrenal Gland
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Coupled with the sympathetic nervous system
Secretesnorepinephrine and ephinephrine
(adrenaline)
Under normal conditions small amts. of both are
secreted
During a stressful situation, adrenal medulla
hormones initiate an alarm reaction
lg. amts. of epinephrine and norepinephrine get
released
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Enables us to think more quickly, fight harder or run faster
and metabolic rates increase (Fight or Flight Response)
Adrenal Gland
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Synthesizes steroid hormones from cholesterol
More than 30 types of steroids produce
Secretes only 3 types of hormones in lg. amts.:
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Sex hormones precursors
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Mineralocorticoids
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Testosterone (male) and estradiol (female)
Aldosterone- reg. fluid balance by reg. salt balance (Na & K)
Glucocorticoids
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Cortisol- ensures adequate fuel supplies for cells when body
is under stress;
Female Genital System
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Produces oocytes (immature gametes),
receives the penis and sperm released from it
during sexual intercourse
Houses and nourishes the embryo, gives
birth and produces milk (lactation)
Female Genital System
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Ovaries are the female gonads
Posterior and lateral to the kidneys
About the size and shape of a large almond
Produce eggs
Produce the female, gametes and female sex
hormones
Female Genital System
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Almost immediately after ovulation, the oocyte (cells
that give rise to egg cells-ova), are swept into the
funnel-shaped oviduct or uterine tube (fallopian
tube)
Cilla sweep the oocyte into the oviduct and move it
toward the uterus (bull horns)
Right Cornu of uterus – lg. tube leading to the left
ovary – fetal development
Left Cornu of uterus – lg. tube leading to the right
ovary – fetal development
Female Genital System
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Vagina receives sperm from the penis during
sexual intercourse
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Entrance for male copulation
Is an elastic tube - uterus to the exterior of
the body
Part of the birth canal
Vagina Orifice opening to the vagina
External female genitalia is collectively known
as the vulva
Female Genital System
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Vulva includes many structures
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Labia minora surrounds the vaginal and urethra
openings
Hymen is a thin ring of tissue that forms the
border around the vagina entrance
Clitoris is a sm. erectile structure
comparable to the male glans penis
Clitoridean gland – sexual attractant (similar
to preputial gland in males)
Male Genital System
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Reproductive role - reproduce sperm cells and
deliver them into the female reproductive tract
Testes (gonads) – paired, spermatogenesis,
the process of sperm production, occurs here
Primary sex organs of the male
Hang within the scrotum, a fleshy pouch,
suspended from the groin
Male Genital System
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Scrotum is divided into 2 chambers, each
with a testis (found in a flattened oval shape)
Consists of a thin layer of skin, loose
connective tissue and smooth muscle
Cremaster muscle- contract to pull testes
closer to the body (1.1°C or 2°F below body temp.)
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When body temperature rises testes lower and when body
temperature drops testes rise to maintain sperm development
Male Genital System
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Sperm production occurs in ~800 slender, tightly
coiled seminiferous tubules
Each testis contains ~ ½ mile of seminiferous
tubules
A healthy male ejaculates 3mL of sperm during
sexual climax (~100 mil sperm per mL of semen in
the 1970’s, now it is ~60 mil)
The cause of decrease is not known, may be linked
to environmental factors
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Smoking, marijuana use or alcohol abuse
Male Genital System
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Epididymis – elongated tube, 23ft long, so
twisted and coiled it takes up every little
space; surrounds testes
It takes ~2 wks for sperm to travel through the
epididymis, where it completes physical
maturation
Damaged or abnormal sperm get recycled
Corpus epididymis – head of epididymis
Caput epididymis – body of epididymis
Cauda epididymis – tail of epididymis
Male Genital System
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During ejaculation, sperm pass from each
epididymis into the vas deferens (mature)
The vas deferens empties into an ejaculatory
duct
Which passes through the prostate gland
(and opens into a single urethra
Urethra (male), at different times conducts
urine and semen, passes through the penis
and out the body
Male Genital System
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Penis an erectile copulatory organ that delivers sperm
into the female reproductive tract
 Baculum (penis bone) found at the tip, gives support
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Long shaft that enlarges to form an expanded tip glans
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Loose fitting skin (foreskin) of the penis folds down and
covers the glans forming a cuff prepuce
 Foreskins removed during circumcision
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Preputial glands are found on either side of the base
of penis (similar to clitoridean glands in female)
Male Genital System
(Accessory Glands)
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Accessory glands produce fluid portion of
semen
Vesicular glands contribute to sperm viability
Seminal Vesicles secrete a nutritive fluid rich
in fructose and prostaglandins
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Nutrients provide energy for sperm
Prostaglandins stimulate contractions of the
uterus; helps move sperm up female tract
Accessory Glands
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Coagulating Glands tiny, at the base of the
vesicular gland
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Ampullary gland increases the volume of
sperm
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Prostate Glands found dorsal, at the base of
the seminal vesicles
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Makes an alkaline environment
Accessory Glands
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During sexual arousal, paired bulbourethral
(cowpers) glands, opens to urethra; cleans
and lubricates
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This lubricates the penis, aiding in penetration
into the vagina
Dialysis
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Healthy kidneys clean your blood and make hormones
When your kidneys fail, you need treatment to replace the work your
kidneys used to do.
Unless you have a kidney transplant, you’ll need a treatment called
dialysis
Dialysis essentially filters your blood to rid your body of harmful
wastes, extra salt and water
Treatments are 3 times a week
Patients usually require dialysis when the waste products in their
body become so high that they start to become sick from them.
These wastes build up slowly
Can live productive and useful lives, even though their kidneys no
longer work adequately.
~ 200,000 ppl in the United States use dialysis
Kidney Stones
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Kidney stones are small, hard deposits of mineral and acid
salts on the inner surfaces of your kidneys. Normally, the
substances that form kidney stones are diluted in the urine
Concentrated urine may cause minerals to crystallize, stick
together and solidify  stone
Passing kidney stones can be excruciating
Usually cause no permanent damage
Treatments vary, depending on the type of stone and the
cause
May be able to pass a stone through your urinary tract simply
by drinking plenty of water and staying active
Stones that can't be treated with more-conservative measures
— either because they're too large to pass on their own—
may need professional treatment.
Urinary Tract Infection
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Typically occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract (urethra) and begin to
multiply in the bladder
can be painful and annoying. But serious consequences can occur if the
infection spreads to your kidneys
Women are most at risk; In fact,1/2 of all women will develop a UTI during
their lifetimes
Antibiotics are the typical treatment
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Signs / symptoms: Not everyone has them, but most people have some:
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A strong, persistent urge to urinate
A burning sensation when urinating Passing frequent
small amounts of urine
blood in the urine or cloudy
strong-smelling urine
Prevention
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Drink plenty of liquids, especially water. Cranberry juice or cranberry pills
Urinate promptly when the urge arises
Wipe from front to back
Avoid potentially irritating feminine products
Prostate Cancer
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below a man's bladder - produces fluid for semen.
3rd most common cause of death from cancer in men of all ages;
rare in men younger than 40.
Symptoms:
 Problems passing urine, such as pain, difficulty starting or
stopping the stream, or dribbling
 Low back pain
 Pain with ejaculation
Treatments:
 depends on the stage of the cancer
 how fast the cancer grows
 surgery
 radiation therapy, chemotherapy
Ovarian Cancer
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More common in women over age 50, but it can also affect younger women
Its cause is unknown
Ovarian cancer is hard to detect early
The sooner ovarian cancer is found and treated, the better your chance for
recovery
Many times, women with ovarian cancer have no symptoms or just mild
symptoms until the disease is in an advanced stage and hard to treat
Symptoms may include:
 Heavy feeling in pelvis
 Pain in lower abdomen
 Bleeding from the vagina
 Weight gain or loss
 Abnormal periods
 Unexplained back pain that gets worse
 Gas, nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite
Treatment
 is usually surgery followed by treatment chemotherapy
Endometriosis
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Also called: Endo
Endometriosis is a problem affecting a woman's uterus
Endometriosis is when the kind of tissue that normally lines the
uterus grows somewhere else such as the ovaries, behind the
uterus or on the bowels or bladder
This "misplaced" tissue can cause pain, infertility and very heavy
periods.
Cause of endometriosis is not known.
Symptoms:
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pain is usually in the abdomen, lower back or pelvic areas
Some women have no symptoms at all. Having trouble getting
pregnant may be the first sign.
Pain medicines and hormones often help. Severe cases may
need surgery.
Hysterectomy
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an operation to remove a woman's uterus; sometimes along with
the ovaries and fallopian tubes
Hysterectomies are very common - one in three women in the
United States has had one by age 60.
Reasons for a hysterectomy:
 Women suffering from Endometriosis may have one if endo
cannot be cured by medicine or surgery
 Uterine prolapse - when the uterus drops into the vagina
 Cancer of the uterus, cervix, or ovaries
 Vaginal bleeding that persists despite treatment
A hysterectomy will stop your periods, and you will no longer be
able to get pregnant. If the surgery removes both ovaries, you
will enter menopause