Transcript Medical Terminology

Medical Terminology
Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP
Assistant Professor
Introduction
Medical Terminology is the study of
words that relate to body systems,
anatomical structures, medical
processes and procedures, and
a variety of diseases that afflict
human organism.
Word Root (WR)
It is the basic stem word, usually derived
from Greek or Latin language.
WR is the building blocks for many Prefixes,
Suffixes, Anatomical Words, Medical
procedures.
Greek Word
Word Root (WR)
Kardia (heart)
osteon (bone)
nephros (kidney)
gastros (stomach)
erythros (red)
cardi
oste
nephr
gastr
erythr
Combining Form (CF)
It is a WR to which a final vowel (usually “O”) is
added (CF = WR / O).
WR
CF
cardi
cyt
oste
nephr
gastr
erythr
cardi / o
cyt / o
oste / o
nephr / o
gastr / o
erythr / o
Meaning
heart
cell
bone
kidney
stomach
red
Building Compound Words
The vowel performs a connecting function.
If second WR begins with a consonant:
leuk / o cyt / o = white
erythr / o cyt / o = red
If the second WR begins with a vowel, the
“O” is sometimes retained:
gastr / o / enter / o = stomach and intestine
In others, a combining vowel is not added:
hem / angio = blood vessel
Suffixes
A suffix is a word element placed at the end of a
word or stem to form a new word.
Suffixes beginning with vowels:
WR
Word
gastr
gastr
gastr
+
Suffix
= Medical
+
+
+
itis (inflammation) = gastritis
algia (pain)
= gastralgia
ectomy (excision) = gastrectomy
Suffixes
Suffixes beginning with consonants:
Combining Form + Suffix
WR + O
= Medical Word
col
+
O
+ tomy (incision) = colotomy
col
+
O
+ scopy (examination) = coloscopy
col
+
O
+ rrhaphy (suture) = colorrhaphy
Summary of Rules
Build medical words by the following rules:
RULE 1.
Add suffixes that begin with an initial vowel
directly to the word root.
RULE 2.
Add a connecting vowel “O” to the word root
when the suffix begins with a consonant.
Surgical Procedure Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
Example
-ectomy
excision
-o/centesis
puncture
append/ectomy
appendix
arthr/o/centesis
joint
col/o/stomy
colon
phleb/o/tomy
vein
-o/stomy
-o/tomy
mouth, forming
an opening
incision to cut
into
Surgical Procedures Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
Example
-desis
binding,
stabilization
suture
fixation,
suspension
formation,
plastic repair
arthr/o/desis
joint
neur/o/rrhaphy
gastr/o/pexy
stomach
rhin/o/plasty
nose
-o/rrhaphy
-o/pexy
-o/plasty
Surgical Procedure Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
Example
-o/clasis
to break down,
refracture
loosen, free
from adhesions,
destruction
to crush
oste/o/clasis
bone
enter/o/lysis
small intestine
-o/lysis
-o/tripsy
lith/o/tripsy
stone
Diagnostic and Symptomatic Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
-algia
pain
-o/dynia
-o/cele
-ectasis
-o/gen
Example
cephal/algia
head
pain
cephal/o/dynia
head
hernia, swelling hepato/cele
liver
dilatation
bronchi/ectasis
bronchus
beginning,
carcin/o/gen
origin
cancer
Diagnostic and Symptomatic Suffixes
Suffix
-iasis
-itis
Meaning
condition,
formation of
Inflammation
-o/logy
study of
-o/malacia
softening
-o/megaly
enlargement
Example
chole/lith/iasis
gall stone
gastr/itis
stomach
bio/logy
life
oste/o/malacia
bone
hepat/o/megaly
liver
Diagnostic and Symptomatic Suffixes
Suffix
-oid
Meaning
resemble
-oma
tumor
-osis
abnormal
condition
disease
-o/pathy
-o/penia
decrease,
deficiency
Example
lip/oid
lipid
aden/oma
gland
dermat/osis
skin
nephr/o/pathy
kidney
leuk/o/penia
white (cell)
Diagnostic and Symptomatic Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
-phagia
eating
-phasia
-plegia
-phobia
-o/ptosis
Example
dys/phagia
difficult
speech
a/phasia
without
paralysis
hemi/plegia
half
fear
acro/phobia
extremities
prolapse, falling hyster/o/ptosis
uterus
Diagnostic and Symptomatic Suffixes
Suffix
-o/rrhage
-o/rrhea
-o/rrhexis
-o/sclerosis
-o/scopy
Meaning
hemorrhage
Example
hem/o/rrhage
blood
discharge, flow men/o/rrhea
menses
rupture
angi/o/rrhexis
blood vessel
hardening
arteri/o/sclerosis
artery
examination
ot/o/scopy
ear
General Review-Suffixes
For building a medical term
The CF is used when a suffix begins with
a consonant:
gastr/o/pexy
leuk/o/cyte
nephr/o/pexy
oste/o/cyte
The WR is directly joined to the suffix when
the suffix begins with a vowel:
gastr/algia
dermat/osis
nephr/oma
mast/ectomy
Suffixes: Adjective Endings
Adjective Ending
Example
-ac
-al
-ary
-ic
-ical
-ous
-tic
cardi/ac (heart)
neur/al (nerve)
saliv/ary (saliva)
hypo/derm/ic (under skin)
med/ical (medicine)
sub/cutane/ous (under skin)
paraly/tic (paralysis)
Suffixes: Noun Endings
Noun Ending Meaning
Example
-iac
Hemo/o/phil/iac
(Blood love)
Pneumon/ia
Cut/is (skin)
Alcohol/ism
Uro/log/ist
Myo/path/y
(muscle disease)
-ia
-is
-ism
-ist
-y
Indicates person
afflicted with disease
Forms noun from root
Abnormal condition
One who specializes
Condition or process
Suffixes: Diminutive Endings
Diminutive Ending Meaning
Example
-ole
minute
-icle
small
-ule
little
arteri/ole
artery
part/icle
piece
pust/ule
pimple
Plural Endings
Singular
a
ax
en
ix
sis
on
um
us
y
ma
Plural Form
ae
aces
ina
ices
ses
a
a
i
ies
mata
Singular
pleura
thorax
lumen
appendix
diagnosis
ganglion
bacterium
digitus
deformity
carcinoma
Plural
pleurae
thoraces
lumina
appendices
diagnoses
ganglia
bacteria
digiti
deformities
carcinomata
Prefixes
- Prefixes are derived from Greek or Latin
language and used to build a medical
vocabulary.
- Prefixes are always located at the beginning
of a word.
- A prefix is always used in conjunction of
combining form or a combining form and a
suffix.
Prefixes of Position
Prefix
ambi-
Meaning
both, both sides
amphi-
on both sides
ante-
before, in front of
prepro-
Example
ambi/lateral
side
amphi/crania
skull
ante/febrile
fever
pre/operative
operation
pro/otic
ear
Prefixes of Position
Prefix
Meaning
Example
dextr/o-
to the right of
sinistr/odors/o-
to the left of
back
epi-
upon
inter-
between
dextr/o/cardia
heart
sinistr/o/cardia
dors/algia
pain
epi/gastrium
stomach
inter/costal
ribs
Prefixes of Position
Prefix
Meaning
hypoinfra- or Submes/omediretr/o-
under, below,
beneath
in the middle
postero-
Example
hypo/dermic
skin
mes/o/sternum
chest plate
after, backward retro/cervical
located behind
neck
postero/lateral
to the side
Prefixes of color
Prefix
Meaning
Example
albalbumin/oleuk/ochlor/o-
white
albumin/oid
resemble
green
glauc/opoliocirrh/oxanth/o-
gray
chlor/emia
blood
glauc/oma
Polio/myel/itis
cirrh/osis
abnormal condition
yellow
Prefixes of Color
Prefix
cyan/o-
Meaning
blue
melan/o-
black
erythr/orube/o-
red
purpur/o-
purple
Example
cyan/o/derma
skin
melan/oma
tumor
erythr/o/cyte
cell
purpur/ic
pertaining to
Prefixes of Number and Measurement
Prefix
primi-
Meaning
first
unimonobidihemi-
one
two
half
Example
primi/para
to bear offspring
mono/nucleus
kernel
bi/lateral
side
di/plegia
paralysis
hemi/plegia
paralysis
Prefixes of Number and Measurement
Prefix
hyperhypomultipolytriquadrimacromicro-
Meaning
Example
over, excessive hyper/tension
under, below
hypo/tension
strain
many
multi/para
to bear offspring
three
tri/cephalus
four
quadri/plegia
paralysis
large
macro/cephaly
small
micro/gastria
Prefixes of Negation
Prefix
Meaning
Example
a- (used before without, not,
a consonant)
lack of
an- (used before
a vowel)
ar-
a/phasia
speech
an/encephaly
head
ar/rhythmia
rhythm
imin-
im/mature
in/complete
not
Prefixes of Direction
Prefix
Meaning
ab-
from, away from ab/normal
regular, usual
to, toward, near ad/sternal
around
circum/renal
peri/renal
out from
ec/topia
place
through, across dia/rrhea
flow
trans/thorax
adcircumperiecexdiapertrans-
Example
Prefix of Direction
Prefix
ectoexoextraendointraparparasupersupraultra-
Meaning
outside
in, within
near, beside,
beyond
above
Example
ecto/derm
exo/phthalmia
extra/bronchial
endo/cranial
intra/muscular
para/colon
super/lactation
supra/pubic
beyond, excess ultra/sonic
Miscellaneous Prefixes
Prefix
Meaning
Example
anticontrabradytachydys-
against
euheterohomo-
good, easy
different
same
anti/bacterial
contra/indicated
brady/cardia
tachy/cardia
dys/pepsia
digestion
eu/pnea
hetero/cellular
homo/sexual
slow
rapid
bad, difficult
Miscellaneous Prefixes
Prefix
Meaning
Example
hidr/ohydr/omalmetapanpseudoscler/osymsyn-
sweat
water
ill, bad, poor
after, beyond
all
false
hard
union
hidr/osis
hydro/phobia
mal/nutrition
meta/carpal
pan/hyster/ectomy
pseudo/mening/itis
scler/osis
sym/podia
syn/chilia