15 SOUTH-SOUTH

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SOUTH-SOUTH COPERATION

• • WHY SOUTH-SOUTH

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ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY/ AFRICAN UNION

• •

A) INTRODUCTION

• 1. Pan Africanism • 2. Neo colonialism • B) Nkrumah of Ghana introduced the concept of unity

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• A) Conflict arose: • 1. Casablanca- the radicals- Ghana, Mali, Egypt, Algeria, morocco- advocated for immediate unity of Africa • 2. Monrovia-conservative group, consisting of 26 countries among them Nigeria, Liberia, Senegal and ivory coast- advocated for a gradual approach- non political and functionalist approach. Why? State sovereignty. Issues of low politics

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• Because the second group was the majority their views carried the day following the diplomatic efforts of Katema YIFRU, Ethiopian foreign minister of bringing them together.

• E. the division seem to have continued and had had a negative influence on the process of the development of the organization. Anglophone vs. Francophone with strong ties with France (assimilando, mulatto factor).

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• Resultant charter had inherent weakness: • 1. Decisions have no legally binding force • 2. Carries few commitments to member states • 3. Legal obligations are general • 4. Legal enforcement mechanism is absent • 5. Clause on non interference on the internal affairs of member states(genocide in Rwanda, coups, dictatorships, civil wars)

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• G. Membership.

• 1. is automatic once you are a member you remain a member • I. Success: • 1.it presided over decolonisation of a number African countries as well the as the dismantling of apartheid in SA, mainly through the efforts of frontline states.

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• boundary conflicts • 3. defense of member states sovereignty, 1960 Congo, Nigerian civil war, Republic of Egypt whose parts of territory were occupied by Israel in 1967.Guienea recongest by Portugal failed OAU offer financial and military aid.4. Struggle against apartheid .

5. Promotion of African culture . 6. Economic social development, transport and communication.7. Action in favor of refugees.

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• PROBLEMS • 1. Take note. NB The OAU HAS BEEN OPERATING UNDER CERTAIN CONSTRAINTS LIKE LACK OF ADQUATE FINANCIAL RESOURCES.2.The charter has no mechanism or sanctions against member states that violate on their obligation.Wallern 1993 “OAU budgetary predicaments amounts to a fee rider situation” and this is a result of the lack of hegemonic leadership in the continent.

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• Jakkie Cilliers, OAU cannot address the modern day needs of Africa.

• 1. decolonisation is over • 2.end of cold war brought- more diplomatic players added • 3. Africa marginalized • 4. Globalizations

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• Review of objectives: • 1. Defend sovereignty, and territorial intergrity, independence • 2. Eradicate all forms of colonialism from Africa • 3. Promote international cooperation.

• 4. Harmonize their policies regarding political, diplomatic, economic, educational and cultural, health, sanitation, and institutional, scientific, technical cooperation

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• • •

HENCE AFICAN UNION A.

To address the afore said limitations and challenges.

B.

Leading country Libya under Gaddaffi playing a critical role.

C.

The creation of the AU followed the adoption of the constitutive Act on 11 July 2000 where all 53 member states had signed the act but only 21 had ratified it. Came into force on 26 May 2001 when 2/3 majority of member states had ratified it.

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A.

AU Charter marked improvements: • Article 1 revolves article on eradication of colonialism and add on , article. g, promotion of democratic principle and institutions, popular participation and good governance, article h protecting human and political rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human AND People’s rights AND OTHER RELEVANT HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUEMENT.

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• 1. Article, d, promote and defend common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its people. On sustainable development, coordinate and harmonize policies between Regional Economic communities.

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• Participation of African peoples. Article d. establishment of a defense policy for the African continent, promotion of self reliance within union, promotion of gender equality, respect for democratic principles, human rights, the rule of law, promotion of social justice to ensure balanced economic development,

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• 1. condemnation and rejection of unconstitutional change of government, prohibition of the use of force or threat to use force among members, the rights of the union to intervene in cases of war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity, intervention from the AU to restore peace and security.

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• 1. Added provisions: • a) The Africa- pan African parliament, the court of justice.

• b) Financial institutions, the economic and social and cultural council • c) Imposition of sanctions on members that fail to comply with the decision and policies on the Union

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• a) Suspension, governments, which come to power through unconstitutional means, shall be allowed to participate in the activities of the union.

• • 4. Who should provide lead the Union? Gadaffi and other dictators?

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NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

• A) NAM appeared at that time as genuine alternative to the division of the world into two opposing blocks despite the risk of setting up bloc between East and west.

• B) The creation of the movement dates back to the first conference on Non Aligned Heads of states or government representing 25 countries held in 1961 Belgrade.

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• A) The purpose of the conference was to articulate and promote their collective political and economic interests and enhance their bargaining power in international forum.

• B) General aims: • 1. Independent policy based on co existence of states with different political and social … • 2. Consistent support for national liberation movements.

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• 1. Non-membership of a multilateral military alliance “ concluded in the context of great power conflicts • 2. Bilateral military agreements were allowed if conceived outside context of great powers conflicts • 3. Under pressure of a number of socialist developing countries the movement sided with USSR and its allies instead of adopting a balanced and truly non-aligned stance.

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• A) OBJECTIVES • 1. CREATION OF A WORLD ORDER BASED ON FREEDOM EQUALITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE.2.

The elimination of disparities in the level of global development • 3. The attainment of independence for all peoples living under colonial alien domination and foreign occupation • 4. The achievement of sustainable and environmentally sound development.

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• Activities • 1. Various conferences Cairo 1964, Lusaka 1970, Harare 1986, Durban 1998.

• 2. Have condemned western colonialism and retention of foreign military installations in developing countries • 3. With the completion of decolonisation process led the movement to pay increased attention to economic issues

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• •

1.

With the completion of decolonisition process led the movement to pay increased attention to economic issues focusing on issues of Debt Relief and Aid – 19 83 New Delhi . 2.

In the 1990s with the end of Cold War concentration has been calling for the democratization of international Relations.

3.

The 11 th summit held in 1995 dealt with issues of open trade, denouncing human rights abuses in Bosnia and Palestinian territories, nuclear testing responsibilities in drug trafficking and terrorism, proposals for reform of the UN and other international institutions

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• • 1. 1998 Durban Summit denounced the unpredictability of the process of globalize in the world economy as well as inequitable returns between industrial and developing countries, utility of strategy and purpose among members to old and new threats such as AIDS, transnational crime, famine, terrorism and environmental degradation.

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ARAB LEAGUE

• A)

Is a regional international governmental organization made up of Arab states in North Africa and the Middle East.

B) It was formed in March 1945 with a formal agreement being reached by Egypt, Iraq, Trans – Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen. Some joined later Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Kuwait and Libya, Mauritania, morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Somalia, Sudan Tunisia, and United Arab Emirates.

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• A) With Egypt being suspended in 1979 and restored in 1989 with HQ being moved back to Cairo • B) The league is merely a consultative body with no intentions of multilatalism.

• C) The league is a multi purpose organization it is best known as the instrument for collaborative and coordination of policy on the Arab- Israeli conflict.

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• A) Structure: • 1. Comprised of the council assisted by a number of committees and the General Secretariat • 2. The member countries participate in the specialized agencies, which constitute integral part of the league and are designed to develop specific aspects of cooperation or deal with special technical matters of common interests to Arab states. These include:

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• a) BADEA- Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa • b) ARADO- Arab Administrative Dev Organization • • c) ALECSO- Arab League, Educational, Cultural and scientific Org • d) AOAD- Arab org for Agric Dev • e) ALO- Arab Labor Organization • f) AIDMO- Arab industrial development and Mining organization.

• g) ASBU- Arab Broadcasting Union…etc.

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• Activities:1. Maintained a general unity on the Palestinian issue and the non recognition of Israel until president Sadat’s visit to that country in 1977; camp David agreements • 2. It has been dealing with inter Arab disputes over boundaries and with the recurring crisis in Lebanon • 3. On economic plane- a boycott has been carried out against Israel and public and private establishment dealing with Israel

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• • •

Effort to bring about negotiated settlement of the Iran- Iraq conflict were undertaken in 1984 unanimous support for Iraq in the defense of its legitimate rights against Iran was experienced in 1987.

5. 1990 conference criticized emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel and the efforts of western governments to prevent Iraq from acquiring advanced weapon technology 6. I990 summit held to discuss Iraq invasion of Kuwait. 12 members approved a resolution condemning Iraq and requesting its withdrawal.

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• H. However Arab countries remain divided over a number of issues concerning the relationship with the Jewish state especially in consideration of the lack of progress in peace negotiations.

• I. Unpaid arrears by several members have put the leagues under a severe financial strain.

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• • • • • • •

SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY A. Introduction 1.

Frontline states (ANGOLA,BOTSWANA, MOZAMBIQUE, TANZANIA, and Zambia) 2.

SADCC B. Established in 1992 by the then 10 member countries C. General Aim: 1.

Promotion of economic cooperation and integration among countries in Southern Africa

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• A. Objective: • 1. Reduce the region’s economic dependence on Apartheid South Africa • 2. With attainment of majority rule the state translated itself into a community • B. The SADCC had originated inn July 1979 when the first SADCC took place in Arusha Tanzania with the participation of the Frontline states (FLS)

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• Formal regionalism in Southern Africa has its roots in the creation of South African aphathied era relic customs union in 1889 and transformed into SACU in 1969. Leading to FSL.

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A. Of importance in attendance were governments of industrialized countries and international agencies that had been promoting closer cooperation among majority ruled states in the region.B. The heads of states of FLS joined by Lesotho, Malawi, Swaziland and Zimbabwe, meeting in April 1980 signed the Lusaka Declaration on Economic Liberation and formally brought Sadcc into existence. Namibia upon attaining independence became the 10 th member to join in 1990.

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• A. All the SADDCC members were eligible for membership of the Preferential Trade Area a body that replaced in December 1994 by COMESA Common Market For Eastern and Southern Africa.

• The overlapping of membership has always represented a highly controversial issue with recurring proposals or for clearly defined division of labor between then.

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• A. General purpose: • 1. Deepen economic c-operation and integration • 2. Goal of establishing a regional common market • To strengthen regional solidarity, peace and sec

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• A. Structure • 1. Summit meeting of the heads of state/government which takes place annually • 2. The council of ministers to approve projects for inclusion in the community’s programme of action.

• 3. The committee of officials who screen projects prepared sectoral coordinators working in specialized units of government departments

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• • • •

1.

Secretariat headed by an executive secretary with administrative duties.

H. Meetings and consultations are held with donor governments and international agencies to review projects and financing issues.I.

Specialized regional institutions include:1.

Southern African centre for Co operation in Agricultural Research (SACCAR) 2.

Southern African Transport and Communications commission (SATCC) 3.

Southern Africa Telecommunications Regional Authority (SATRA)

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• H. Activities • 1. Achieving close economic co-operation and eventual establishment of a common market along with increased political and security coordination.

• 2. Joint Infrastructuaral development.

• 3. Establishment of regional production policies • 4. Coordination of investment procedures.

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• 1. Each member responsible for coordination of regional policies and programmes in designated areas acting on behalf of the community as a whole • H. The entry of South Africa has inevitably changed the balance of power of the organization

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• H. The conflict in DRC, the civil war in Lesotho and continued hostility in Angola were among factors having a negative impact on the region ‘s security and stability.

• I.

Military intervention on behalf of the community has remained controversial.

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• H. Programmes have been adopted and implemented at varying degrees in transport, communication sector, in food, agricultural and natural resources in management of water resources and water sources systems and in energy industry and mining.

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• H. Major obstacles to the community have been failure of a member country to pay in full their contributions to the budget.

• I.

The community has worked closely with several organization EC, African Development Bank • J. On the whole the EC member countries bilaterally and collectively through Lome convention, succeeded by the Contonou Agreement

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• TRADE RELTIONS • Relations are complex. There are huge disparities in trade • 1. Tarrif barriers • 2. Delays at border post • 3. Customs procedures • 4. Transport costs have remained high.

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• The informal sector is thriving. SADC PROTOCOL ON TRADE-calls for elimination of barriers to intra SADC trade.-Article 3 calls for elimination of all barriers to inter-SADC trade provides for for the granting for those countries that maybe affected negatively by the removal of tariffs. Article 4 elimination of all import duties • Article 7 phasing out of quantitative restrictions on imports and exports. 12-15 rules of origin,22 30 trade with third world countries.

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EAST AFRICAN COMMON MARKET

• A) The idea of creating an economic and political unit span over 100years.

• B) Is an outcome of 1776 Adam Smith’s idea that size of the market will always provide the ultimate check upon economic development. “ if there is large number of people in a community who are wealthy, they create a considerable demand for goods and services.”

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A) By itself each country is weak as a purchasing power to support morden industrial plants. Increase in countries is increase in purchasing and supply. B) Stages:1.

Lowest level- free trade area- free flow but with each country choosing certain restrictions .

2.

Customs union- free trade agreement .

3.

Common market-free flow of goods, capital and labor .

4.

Economic union bring economic policies of countries together have a common system of taxation, common budgetary policy

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• 1. Finally political and economic unity could result in single central government to formulate and implement policy • E. Question can a central market exist in a society where east African economies were dependent on their metropolitan centre.

• F. East African exports to the developed world consist mostly of primary products, while she imports mainly finished products of western world industries.

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• • • • •

With the growth of Europe ‘s agric sector the third world share of total world exports of primary produce has been declining over the years.

H. The development of trade between East African territories has provided one vital important outlet from the international bottleneck.

I. Problems exist: 1. Many industries that have benefited from expanded market are branches of the international companies.

2. There has been strong tendency of these countries to cluster around Nairobi to which Uganda an Tanzania have objected.

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• Historical development: • 1. First attempt was made in 1876-7 under the directorship of King Leopold 111 who wanted an international organization to open a block of land between Zanzibar to the mouth of the Congo River. But failed, as the concerned business people did not seek the British government support.

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• The second attempt was the agreement between British East Africa, Uganda and German East Africa the Congo basin treaties were passed laying down the rule that there should be uniform trading policies in the region. It was agreed that there should be no discrimination by one country against the imports of another and that a maximum tariff of not more than 10% could be imposed on imports.

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• 3. In 1917 a customs Union was established between British East Africa AND Uganda, which involved free movement of all goods between the two countries and a common tariff policy.

• 4. The East African Closer Union idea surfaced between 1923 and 1931 with the need to integrate the British territories from South Africa.

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• Causes of failure: • 1. Political controversy- the realization by other that the Kenyan settlers wanted to dominate the system and were willing to support the federation only if they were assured of majority seats. Uganda who not economically advanced feared domination. Indians also feared a white dominated federation so do the Kabaka of Buganda government (loss of privileges), the blacks Kikuyu Central Association.

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• • The economic controversy-Kenya economy more developed than Uganda. Kenya raised its tariff on imports 10 to 20% in 1922 and by 1924 she was charging an import duty on between 30 to 50% on sugar, timber, wheat, butter, cheese, ghee, ham and bacon. Uganda’s problem was that she was dependent on Kenya for the actual collection of customs duties.

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COMMON MARKET FOR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA (COMESA)

• A. An organization grouping of 21 countries of Eastern and southern Africa • B. Origins and development: • 1. The proposal to establish an international organization aimed a fostering economic cooperation among the concerns of Eastern and southern Africa had been originally launched by UN Economic Commission for Africa in the 1970s and subsequently endorsed by the OAU in 1980 Lagos Plan of Action

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• 1. The PTA was eventually established by treaty concluded at Lusaka, Zambia on 21 December 1981, which entered into force on 30 Sept 1982.

• 2. At the meeting of the Heads of state of the member countries in January 1992 the proposal was put forward for the merger of PTA whose results had been far from satisfactory with SADC.

• 3. Since the proposed merger with SADC proved impossible, the treaty establishing COMESA was signed in 1993

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• 1. Djibouti, Seychelles, Somalia, Zimbabwe did not participate in the establishment. However Zimbabwe signed it in the following year • 2. Comesa was finally established on the 8 th December 1994, DRC joined in 1994. Lesotho and Mozambique terminated their membership on the grounds that compatible with participation in SADC.

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• A. Objectives • 1. Main purpose of COMESA are to improve commercial, financial and economic cooperation with the region and facilitate the establishment of community within which goods, services, capital and labor are free to move across national boundary.

• 2. Time plan was to establish free trade area by 2000, customs union with a common tariff by 2004 and a monetary Union accompanied by free movement of people by 2025 .

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• A. Structure: • 1. The authority of the Heads of state and government is the supreme decision making body responsible for policy directions and control of performance of the organization • 2. The council of minister takes policy decisions on the programmes and activities of the organization, including monetary reviewing financial and administrative matter

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• 1. A committee of governors of Central Banks manages the COMESA clearing House and ensures implementation of programmes in the sectors of monetary and financial co operation. • 2. The international committee consisting of permanent secretaries from member countries is in charge of the development and management of programmes and action plans in all sectors except those falling within competence of Governors

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• 1. The Secretariat, headed by secretary General performs technical and administrative and budgetary matters.

• 2. A consultative committee provides a link between COMESA and the business community and other interests groups.

• 3. A Court of justice, whose judges were first appointed in 1998 ensures the proper interpretation of the founding treaty and settles disputes which may arise among member countries.

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• A. The treaty establishing Comesa covers a large number of sectors and activities but the more mandate goal is the promotion of regional integration through the development of trade and investment flows.

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• A. Current Programmes: • 1. trade liberalization • 2. transport and communication facilitation • 3. financial and monetary harmonization • 4. production and investment promotion • 5. improvement of quality standards • 6. gradual elimination of controls on free movement of persons.

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• A. Tariff barriers are reduced albeit by a limited number of member countries while non tariff barriers have largely been eliminated.

• B. Common regulations are being introduced to facilitate the movement of goods and services with partial liberalization of air traffic lights and co-odinator of maritime transport policies.

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• A. However, division continue to exist among member countries as regards relations with other regional grouping as SADC, intergovernmental Authority on Dev (IGAD), and Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) • B. Failure by a number of countries to pay their membership contributions has also had a negative impact on organization’s role and programmes.

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ECOWAS (Economic community of West Africa State)

• A. It was established by a treaty of Lagos in 1975 was amended by the treaty of Countonou in 1993 • B. Objectives:1. To promote inter country trade • 2. Promote economic co-operation and self reliance leading to the establishmenent of economic union in west Africa.it has its headquarters in Abuja Nigeria members include Benin, Burkina Faso carpe verde, Cote d’Voire, Gambia, Ghana , Guinea, Gunneau Bissau, Liberia, Mali, mauritinania, Senegal, sierra Leone and Togo.

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• A. The principal organs: • 1. The conference or authority of heads of state and government. This organ comprises members of all states, highest authority of ECOWAS AND MEET ONCE A YEAR.

• 2. Council of ministers of two representatives from each country and this is responsible for running the community • 3.

The Tribunal / Court of justice • 4. Executive Secretariat

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• 1. Specialized commission.

• a.

trade, customs, immigration and monetary payment • b. industry, agriculture and natural resources • c.

transport, communication and energy • d. societal and cultural affairs • e. administration and finance • f.

information.

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• lack of success due to:1. existence of numerous other competing intergovernmental organisation in the region e.g Mano River Union made up of Francophone west africa.

• 2. Lack of governments lack of commitment as shown by their reluctance to implement policies at the national level.

• 3.failure to provide the agreed financial resources and absence of national link with the secretariat.

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• Successes: • 1.1991 Abuja a special committee to review ECOWAS issued a declaration of political principles in which members reaffirmed their commitment to refrain from aggression and respect for human rights, fundamental freedoms and to promote political pluralism • • 2. summit in July 1992 outlined a programme aimed at removing tariff barriers

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• 1. Elimination of tariffs and other abstractions to trade among member states and the establishment of a common external tariff where planned over a transitional period of 15 years • 2. Improvement of internal and inter state telecommunications.

• 3. A programme for development of interstate road net work

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• the 4 767 km Tran coastal highway from Lagos to Nuackchott in Mauritania • the 4 633 km Transsahalian highway from Daka to Ndjamena- Chad • 1. ECO Bank was created • 2. Industry forum is sponsored by ECOINVS- TO PROMOTE REGIONAL INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT.

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• I.

Problems have continued in other sectors eg expulsion of foreign nationals and occasion closure of boundaries.

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ECOMOG (ECOWAS Monitoring Group)

A.

areas of controlling and preventing conflicts in west Africa economic has been set up • B.

A protocol on non Aggression was signed, a mutual defense pact was agreed upon by 13 members • C.

ECOMOG arose from attempt to mediate in the civil war in Liberia in 1990. And was sent to Liberia to • 1. Prevent further conflict • 2. Establish an interim government until elections were held

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• A.

Despite efforts of ECOMOG and increase in number of troops in peacekeeping the rebel activities continued .B.

ECOMOG HQ were moved to Sierra Leone in the face of threats to peace that were arising in that country .C.

In 1999 ECOMOG soldiers were deployed in Guinea Bissau to act as an interposition force • D.

The security situation in the sub region continues to dominate issues of peace and security , sierra Leone,Guinea Bissau, Cot d’voire

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• A.

problems still exist as to the implementation of basic economic and monetary goals of the community: • 1. Lack of commitment of member countries • 2. Failure to pay contributions • 3. Inefficiency of the executive secretary • 4. Need to adopt programmmes that are realistic.

75 Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

• It was a semi independent state in southern Africa that existed from 1953 to the end of 1963 comprising the former British colony of Southern Rhodesia and the Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland protectorates. It was also known as Central African Federation.

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• The goal was to create a middle way between the newly independent and socialist black independent state and the white dominated governments of South Africa, Angola and Mozambique.

• The semi independent Federation had five branches of government:the Federal one, the Territorial ones and the British. Africans from the three territories were totally against it. Totally dominated by southern Rhodesia.

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• Economically CAF proved to be a success story- the first year following GDP AMONTED TO AN IMPRESSIVE 350 MILLION POUNDS, two years later at 450 million and the creation of Kariba Hydroelectric power station was announced.

• The reason had been copper deposits in Northern Rhodesia.

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• CAF spelled a decade of liberalism with respect to African rights.

• The rise of the struggles for independence suddenly weakened CAF and subsequent independence of Malawi and Zambia in 1964 meant effective end of federation.

11.82 G77

• The Group of 77 (G-77) was established on 15 June 1964 by seventy seven developing countries signatories of the “Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries” issued at the end of the first session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD Charter of Algiers”, a permanent institutional structure gradually developed which led to the creation of Chapters of the Group of 77 with Liaison offices in Geneva (UNCTAD), Nairobi ) in Geneva. Beginning with the first “Ministerial Meeting of the Group of 77 in Algiers (Algeria) on 10 – 25 October 1967, which adopted the (UNEP), Paris (UNESCO), Rome (FAO/IFAD), Vienna (UNIDO), and the Group of 24 (G-24) in Washington, D.C. (IMF and World Bank). Although the members of the G-77 have increased to 130 countries, the original name was retained because of its historic significance.

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• The Group of 77 is the largest intergovernmental organization of developing states in the United Nations , which provides the means for the countries of the South to articulate and promote their collective economic interests and enhance their joint negotiating capacity on all major international economic issues within the United Nations system, and promote South-South cooperation for development

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• The Group of 77 also makes statements at various Main Committees of the General Assembly, ECOSOC and other subsidiary bodies, sponsors and negotiates resolutions and decisions at major conferences and other meetings held under the aegis of the United Nations dealing with international economic cooperation and development as well as the reform of the United Nations. • Furthermore, the Group of 77 sponsors projects on South South cooperation through funding from the Perez Guerrero Trust Fund (PGTF) and promotes South-South trade through the Global System of Trade Preferences (GSTP).

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• The South Summit is the supreme decision making body of the Group of 77. It is convened once in every five years. The First and the Second South Summit s were held in Havana, Cuba, on 10 – 14 April 2000 and in Doha, Qatar, on 12 – 16 June 2005, respectively. In accordance with the principle of geographical rotation, the Third South Summit is due to be held in Africa in 2010

11.86 OPEC

• The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent intergovernmental organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on September 10–14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela . The five Founding Members were later joined by nine other Members: Qatar (1961); Indonesia (1962); Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Emirates (1967); Algeria (1969); (1962); Nigeria United Arab (1971); Ecuador (1973) -- suspended its membership from December 1992 October 2007; Angola (2007); and Gabon (1975–1994).

11.87

• The OPEC MCs coordinate their oil production policies in order to help stabilise the oil market and to help oil producers achieve a reasonable rate of return on their investments. This policy is also designed to ensure that oil consumers continue to receive stable supplies of oil.