Transcript Slide 1
Energy Policy Act 2005 H.R. 1640
Final Briefing Elizabeth Sands, Sara Roy, J.P. Osornio, Alla Sobel Team: J.P. Osornio, Sara Roy, Alex Amerman, Mike Carim, Carolina Jaramillo, Ross MacWhinney, Adam Raphaely, Catrina Rorke, Elizabeth Sands, Alla Sobel, Geeta Uhl
Legislation
H.R. 1640: “… To provide secure, affordable, and reliable energy”
Problems
SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies
Problems
Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) Mercury (Hg) Nitrogen oxides (NO X )
Solutions
Coal Gasification Ethanol Energy Star
Legislation Controversies
ACID RAIN POISONING Problems
SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies
SMOG GLOBAL WARMING
Energy Consumption
Problems
SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies
Total Energy Consumption (1980-2030)
•
US energy consumption increasing at 2% per year
140 120 100 80 60 1980 1995
Year
2010 2025 •
Electricity demand in NYC has increased 20% in the previous 10 years
www.eia.gov
Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2
Solutions
Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies
H.R. 1640
SOLUTIONS
Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2
Solutions
Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies
Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
Sulfur and Mercury Filters
Source: www.criepi.denken.or.jp
Solution: Coal Gasification
Reduction
Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2
Solutions
Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation
Pollutant SO 2
(lb/10 6 Btu)
Traditional IGCC
31.25
<.15
Hg
(lb/10 9 Btu) 21.4
1.5
Controversies Source: An Environmental Assessment of IGCC Power Systems
99% 93%
Solution: Ethanol
Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2
Solutions
Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/mswaste/msw.html
Controversies
Both source and sink for CO 2 Fuel made from starches, sugars and cellulosic material
www.mutuaofamericalcom
Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2
Solutions
Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies
Solution: Ethanol
Source: Novozymes & BBI International
Ethanol Production: Process
Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2
Solutions
Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies Organic Plant and Waste Matter (Cellulose) Glucose
Distillation Fermentation
Ethanol www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/03/08/000044.3-lg.jpg
Problem: Energy Consumption
Americans constitute 5% of the world's population but consume 24% of the world's energy
Solution: Reduction of Energy Consumption
Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2
Solutions
Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies
Energy Star Program
• Product Labeling • Consumer Education • Product Must: – Provide economic gains for consumers – Demonstrate energy savings of at least 10-50% compared to standard appliance – Cut Air Pollution
Effectiveness of Energy Star Program
Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2
Solutions
Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies www.energystar.gov
H.R. 1640
Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star
Legislation
Controversies
LEGISLATION
Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star
Legislation
Controversies
Legislation
Clean Coal:
•Promote coal-based gasification technologies •Establish loan program •Invest in pollution control equipment
Ethanol:
•Establish a renewable fuel program •Provide credits for: •Refining, Blending, and Importing •Credits may be used or transferred
Energy Efficiency:
•Promote Energy Star Label
H.R. 1640
Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation
Controversies
CONTROVERSIES
Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation
Controversies
Coal Pros
• •
Cheap Abundant
–
US has 27% of world’s total coal reserves
–
Estimated to last 250 years
•
Coal Gasification
Coal Pros
Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation
Controversies Electricity source forecasts (billion kilowatt hours)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Coal Oil Natural gas Nuclear Hydroelectric/other Nonutility sales to grid Net imports www.iea.doe.gov
2015 2030
Coal Cons
Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation
Controversies Mining
• 1,379 coal mines in US • Two categories: – Surface and Mountaintop – Underground • Waterway acidification – Biodiversity loss • Terrestrial areas degraded Stream affected by mine drainage in southwestern Pennsylvania.
U.S. Geological survey
Coal Cons
Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation
Controversies Funding Priorities
COAL $1.08 billion $500 million www.crimevictimservices.org/images/scale.jpg
RENEWABLES $10 million
Ethanol Pros and Cons
Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation
Controversies
NO x emissions disagreements • DOE concluded • EPA concluded
Corn Cellulosic
Energy return balance: energy in vs energy out
DOE
33-66% 162%
Pimentel and Patzek
29% 45%
Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies
Conclusions
• • • There are many environmental problems associated with current energy sources Despite controversies, technology exists to lessen these negative impacts The Energy Policy Act of 2005 encourages development of these new technologies
Thank you
Special thanks to: • The Energy Group : Mike Carim, Carolina Jaramillo, Ross MacWhinney, Adam Raphaely, Catrina Rorke, Geeta Uhl, Alex Amerman, JP Osornio, Alla Sobel, Sara Roy • Andrea Schmitz