Transcript Essentials of TCM - Acupuncture and Massage College

Essentials of TCM
ACR Class 1
Yin Yang
FOUR ASPECTS OF
YIN-YANG RELATIONSHIP
• The main aspects of the Yin-Yang
relationship can be summarized into four.
• 1) Opposition of Yin and Yang
• 2) Interdependence of Yin and Yang
• 3) Mutual consumption of Yin and Yang
• 4) Inter-transformation of Yin and Yang
YIN-YANG AND THE BODY
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Yang........................................Yin
Superior...................................Inferior
Exterior...................................Interior
Posterior-lateral......................Anterior-medial
Back.........................................Front
• Qi..........................................Blood-Body Fluids
• Basic Yin-Yang qualities used in clinical
practice:
• Yang...................................Yin
• Fire...................................Water
• Hot...................................Cold
• Restless.............................Quiet
• Dry...................................Wet
• Clinical signs associated with Yang and Yin:
• Yang..........................................Yin
• Acute disease.....................Chronic disease
• Rapid onset.........................Gradual onset
• Rapid disease changes..........Lingering disease
• Heat.......................................Cold
• Yang........................................Yin
• Restlessness, insomnia.....Sleepiness,
listlessness
• Throws off bedclothes..........Likes to be
covered
• Likes to lie stretched..............Likes to curl up
• Hot limbs and body................Cold limbs and
body
The Five Elements
• The Generating Sequence
• Wood generates Fire, Fire generates
Earth, Earth generates Metal, Metal
generates Water and Water generates
Wood.
• The Controlling Sequence
• Wood controls Earth, Earth controls
Water, Water controls Fire, Fire controls
Metal and Metal controls Wood. For
example, Wood controls Earth, but is
controlled by Metal.
Generating (Sheng) Sequence
Controlling (Ke) Sequence
• The Over-acting Sequence
• This follows the same sequence as the
Controlling one, but in it, each Element "overcontrols" another, so that it causes it to
decrease.
• The Insulting Sequence
• This sequence is literally called "insulting" in
Chinese. It takes place in the reverse order
than the Controlling sequence.
• Wood insults Metal, Metal insults Fire, Fire
insults Water, Water insults Earth, Earth
insults Wood.
• Colors
• Wood - Green
• Fire - Red
• Earth - Yellow
• Metal - White
• Water - Black
• Tastes
• Wood - Sour
• Fire - Bitter
• Earth - Sweet
• Metal - Pungent (Acrid, Spicy)
• Water - Salty
• Climates
• Wood - Wind
• Fire - Heat
• Earth - Dampness
• Metal - Dryness
• Water - Cold
• Yin organs
• Wood - Liver
• Fire - Heart
• Earth - Spleen
• Metal - Lungs
• Water - Kidneys
• Yang organs
• Wood - Gallbladder
• Fire - Small Intestine
• Earth - Stomach
• Metal - Large Intestine
• Water - Bladder
• Sense organs (Orifices)
• Wood - Eyes
• Fire - Tongue
• Earth - Mouth
• Metal - Nose
• Water - Ears
• Tissues
• Wood - Sinews
• Fire - Vessels
• Earth - Muscles (Flesh)
• Metal - Skin
• Water - Bones
• Emotions
• Wood - Anger
• Fire - Joy
• Earth - Pensiveness
• Metal - Sadness
• Water - Fear
• Sounds
• Wood - Shouting
• Fire - Laughing
• Earth - Singing
• Metal - Crying
• Water - Groaning
Vital Substances
• The Vital Substances are:
• Qi
• Blood
• Essence (Jing)
• Body Fluids
• Some sources include Mind or Spirit (Shen)
ESSENCE 精
• "JING" is usually translated as "Essence".
• used in three different contexts with
slightly different meanings:
• "Pre-Heaven (or Pre-Natal) Essence"
• "Post-Heaven (or Post-Natal) Essence"
• The Essence (or Kidney-Essence).
• Pre-Heaven Essence
• determines each person's basic
constitutional make-up, strength and
vitality; can be influenced only with
difficulty in the course of adult life.
• Post-Heaven Essence
• a general term to indicate the essences
produced by the Stomach and Spleen
after birth, as opposed to the PreHeaven Essence which is formed before
birth.
• The Essence (aka Kidney-Essence)
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derives from both the Pre-Heaven and
Post-Heaven Essence.
interacts with the Post-Heaven Essence
and is replenished by it
determines growth, reproduction,
development, sexual maturation,
conception and pregnancy.
Functions of Essence
• 1. basis for growth, reproduction and
development.
• controls the growth of bones in children, teeth,
hair, normal brain development and sexual
maturation.
• 2. basis of Kidney-Qi
• 3. produces Marrow
• 4. basis of constitutional strength
QI 氣
• Review the various forms of Qi:
• Original Qi (Yuan Qi, Source Qi) 原氣
• 1. Motive force - arouses and moves the
functional activity of all the organs.
• 2. Basis of Kidney-Qi - closely related to
the Gate of Vitality and shares in
providing heat necessary to the body's
functional activities
• 3. Facilitates the transformation of Qi
• 4. Facilitates the transformation of Blood
• 5. Comes out at the Source points
• Food-Qi 谷氣 (aka "Gu Qi")
• first stage in transformation of food into
Qi.
• Spleen extracts Food-qi and sends it up
to the Lung where it may transform into
various other kinds of qi (e.g.: Zong Qi)
or blood.
• Gathering (or Ancestral, or Pectoral)
Qi 宗氣 (aka "Zong Qi")
• 1. nourishes Heart and Lungs
• 2. promotes Lung function of controlling
Qi and respiration, and Heart function of
governing Blood and blood vessels
• 3. controls speech and strength of voice
• 4. promotes blood circulation to
extremities.
• True Qi (Zhen Qi)真氣
• final stage of Qi transformation
• circulates in channels and nourishes
organs.
• originates from the Lungs
• assumes two different forms: Nutritive Qi
(Ying Qi) and Defensive Qi (Wei Qi)
• Nutritive (or Construction) Qi (Ying Qi)
营氣
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nourishes internal organs and the whole
body
closely related to Blood and flows in the
blood vessels & channels.
is activated whenever a needle is inserted
in an acupuncture point
• Defensive Qi (Wei Qi) 衛氣 （卫气）
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coarser form of Qi than Ying Qi
flows on the outer layers of the body
protects the body from attack of exterior
pathogenic factors
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warms, moistens and partially nourishes
skin and muscles
adjusts the opening and closing of the
pores (and therefore regulates sweating)
regulates the body temperature (chiefly by
regulating sweating)
under the control of the Lungs.
• CENTRAL QI (Zhong Qi)中气.
• refers to the Qi of Stomach and Spleen.
• also used in cases of deficiency of SpleenQi which result in prolapse of an organ
• UPRIGHT (or Correct) QI (Zheng Qi)正气
• usually only used in relation and contrast to
PATHOGENIC FACTOR (Xie Qi), and
indicates the body's resistance to exterior
diseases.
Basic Functions of Qi
• Transforming
• Transporting
• Holding
• Raising
• Protecting
• Warming
BLOOD (Xue) 血
• Function
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nourishes the body
moistens the body tissues
provides the material foundation for the
Mind
Blood-Qi relationship
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very close relationship between Qi and
Blood.
Qi is Yang compared to Blood, Blood is Yin
compared to Qi.
Qi and Blood are inseparable: the Nutritive
Qi circulates with Blood in the blood
vessels.
"Qi is the commander of Blood; Blood is the
mother of Qi".
• There are four aspects to the Blood-Qi
relationship.
• Qi generates Blood
• Qi moves Blood
• Qi holds the Blood
• Blood nourishes Qi
BODY FLUIDS (JIN-YE) 津液
• originate from our food and drink.
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transformed and separated by the Spleen:
a "clean" (Clear) part goes up from the
Spleen to the Lungs, which spreads part of
them to the skin and sends part of them
down to the Kidneys.
A "dirty" (Turbid) part goes down to the
Small Intestine where again it is separated
into a pure and impure part.
• The pure part of this second separation goes
to the Bladder and the impure part goes to
the Large Intestine, where some water is reabsorbed.
• The Bladder further transforms and
separates the fluids it receives into a pure
and impure part.
• The pure part flows upwards and goes to the
Exterior of the body where it forms sweat.
• The impure part flows downwards and is
transformed into urine.
Types of Body Fluids
• There are two types of body fluids:
• Fluids in Chinese called JIN 津
• Liquids in Chinese called YE 液
(Wiseman Translates this as “Humors”)
• Fluids (JIN)
• clear, light and thin-watery; move relatively
quickly, circulate with Wei Qi on the Exterior.
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under the control of the Lungs, which
spreads them to the skin all over the body.
• moisten and partially to nourish skin and
muscles; manifest as sweat, tears, saliva
and mucus.
• Also become a component of the fluid part of
Blood.
• Liquids (YE)
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turbid, heavy and dense; circulate with
Nutritive Qi in the Interior.
They move relatively slowly.
moisten the joints, spine, brain and bone
marrow and lubricate the orifices of the
sense organs, i.e. eyes, ears, nose and
mouth.
The Functions of
the Zang-Fu
The Functions of the
Heart
The functions of the Heart
• It governs Blood
• It controls the blood vessels
• It manifests in the complexion
• It houses the Mind
• It opens into the tongue
• It controls sweat.
• "THE HEART LOATHES HEAT"
• "THE HEART CONTROLS SPEECH"
The Functions of the
Liver
• The functions of the Liver are:
• It stores Blood
• It ensures the smooth flow of Qi
• It controls the sinews
• It manifests in the nails
• It opens into the eyes
• It houses the Ethereal Soul
• Liver stores Blood
• regulates Blood volume according to
physical activity
• It regulates menstruation.
• moistens eyes and tendons
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Liver ensures the smooth flow of Qi
normal direction of movement of Liver-Qi is
upwards and outwards in all directions to
ensure the smooth and unimpeded flow of Qi
everywhere
• Influences emotional state
• Influences digestion
• Influences secretion of bile.
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"THE LIVER IS A RESOLUTE ORGAN"
"THE LIVER INFLUENCES RISING AND
GROWTH"
"THE LIVER CONTROLS PLANNING"
“The General”
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"THE LIVER IS A REGULATING AND
HARMONIZING ORGAN"
"THE LIVER LOATHES WIND"
"THE LIVER CAN CAUSE CONVULSIONS"
"THE LIVER ARISES FROM THE LEFT
SIDE"
The Functions of the
Lungs
• The functions of the Lungs are:
• govern Qi and respiration
• control channels and blood vessels
• control dispersing and descending
• They regulate Water passages
• They control skin and hair
• They open into the nose
• They house the Corporeal Soul
• "THE LUNGS GOVERN THE 100
VESSELS"
• "THE LUNGS LOATHE COLD"
• "THE LUNGS GOVERN THE VOICE"
• “The Canopy”
• “The Tender Organ”
The Functions of the
Spleen
• The functions of the Spleen are:
• It governs transformation and
transportation
• It controls the Blood
• It controls the muscles and the four limbs
• It opens into the mouth and manifests in
the lips
• It controls the "raising Qi"
• It houses Thought.
• "THE SPLEEN GOVERNS THE FOUR LIMBS"
•"THE SPLEEN TRANSFORMS FLUIDS FOR
THE STOMACH"
•"THE SPLEEN IS THE ROOT OF
POST‐HEAVEN QI"
•"THE SPLEEN RAISES THE CLEAR (YANG)
UPWARDS"
• "THE SPLEEN LOATHES DAMPNESS"
• “Wet/Damp organ, likes Dryness”
• "Granary official from whom the five
tastes are derived".
The Functions of the
Kidneys
• "Root of Life" or the "Root of the Pre‐ Heaven
Qi".
• foundation of the Yin and Yang for all the other
organs.
• Kidney-Yin and Kidney-Yang are also called
"Primary Yin" and "Primary Yang" respectively
• the source of Fire in the body which is called
the "Fire of the Gate of Vitality"
• The functions of the Kidneys are:
• They store Essence and govern birth,
growth, reproduction and development
• They produce Marrow, fill up the brain
and control bones
• They govern Water
• They control the reception of Qi
• They open into the ears
• They manifest in the hair
• They control the two lower orifices
• They house Will Power
THE GATE OF VITALITY
("MING MEN")
• A) IT IS THE ROOT OF THE ORIGINAL
QI
• B) IT IS THE SOURCE OF FIRE FOR
ALL THE INTERNAL ORGANS provides heat for all our bodily functions
• C) IT WARMS THE LOWER BURNER
AND BLADDER
• D) IT WARMS THE STOMACH AND
SPLEEN TO AID DIGESTION
• E) IT HARMONIZES SEXUAL
FUNCTION AND WARMS THE
ESSENCE AND UTERUS
• F) IT ASSISTS THE KIDNEY
FUNCTION OF RECEPTION OF QI
• G) IT ASSISTS THE HEART FUNCTION
OF HOUSING THE MIND
• "THE KIDNEYS CONTROL OPENING
AND CLOSING"
• "THE KIDNEYS CONTROL STRENGTH
AND SKILL"
• "THE KIDNEYS ARE THE ROOT OF
PRE‐HEAVEN QI"
• "THE KIDNEYS LOATHE DRYNESS"
The Functions of the
Pericardium
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functions as an external covering of the
Heart, protecting it from attacks by exterior
pathogenic factors.
"Simple Questions" chapter 8: "The
Pericardium is the ambassador and from it
joy and happiness derive".
The Pericardium is of secondary
importance to the Heart and it displays
many of the same functions.
The Functions of the
Yang Organs
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE STOMACH
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE
STOMACH
• The Stomach is the most important of all
the Yang organs.
• Together with the Spleen, it is known as
the "Root of Post-Heaven Qi".
• The functions of the Stomach are:
• It controls the "rotting and ripening" of
food
• It controls the transportation of food
essences
• It controls the descending of Qi.
• It is the origin of fluids.
THE FUNCTIONS OF
THE Small Intestine
• controls receiving and transforming
• separates fluids.
• “Separates Clear from Turbid”
• From a psychological point of view, the
Small Intestine has an influence on
mental clarity and judgement.
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE
LARGE INTESTINE
• The main function of the Large Intestine
is to receive food and drink from the
Small Intestine.
• Having re-absorbed some of the fluids, it
excretes the stools.
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE
GALL BLADDER
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only Yang organ that does not deal with
food, drink and their waste products, but
stores bile which is a refined product.
Is one of the Extraordinary Fu
• functions of the Gall Bladder:
• It stores and excretes bile
• It controls judgement / decisions
• It controls sinews.
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE
BLADDER
• stores and excretes urine, and
participates in the transformation of fluids
necessary for the production of urine.
• The function of the Bladder is:
• It removes water by Qi transformation.
THE FUNCTIONS OF
THE TRIPLE
BURNER (San Jiao)
• "The Triple Burner is the official in charge of
irrigation and it controls the water passages".
• “Name but No Form”
• "avenue for the Original Qi"
• "avenue for the Original Qi"
• "Classic of Difficulties": Original Qi
resides in the lower abdomen, between
the two Kidneys, it spreads to the 5 Yin
and 6 Yang organs via the Triple Burner,
it then enters the 12 channels and
emerges at the Source (Yuan) points.
THE TRIPLE BURNER AS THE
THREE DIVISIONS OF THE BODY
• The three-fold division of the body is as
follows:
• from the diaphragm upwards is the
Upper Burner,
• between the diaphragm and the
umbilicus is the Middle Burner,
• below the umbilicus is the Lower Burner.
• As far as organs and anatomical parts
are concerned, the Upper Burner
includes Heart, Lungs, Pericardium,
throat and head;
• the Middle Burner includes Stomach,
Spleen and Gall Bladder;
• the Lower Burner includes Liver,
Kidneys, Intestines and Bladder.
• a) The Upper Burner is like a mist
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The main physiological process of the
Upper Burner is that of distribution of fluids
all over the body by the Lungs in the form of
fine vapor.
This is an aspect of the Lung dispersing
function. For this reason the Upper Burner
is compared to a "mist".
• b) The Middle Burner is like a
maceration chamber
• The main physiological processes in the
Middle Burner are those of digestion and
transportation of food and drink
(described as "rotting and ripening") and
the transportation of the nourishment
extracted from food to all parts of the
body.
• c) The Lower Burner is like a ditch
• The main physiological process in the
Lower Burner is that of separation of the
essences of food into a clean and dirty
part, with the excretion of the dirty part.
The Functions of the
Six Extraordinary Yang
Organs
The Functions of the Six
Extraordinary Yang Organs
• The "Extraordinary Yang Organs"
function like a Yin organ (i.e. storing Yin
essence and not excreting), but have the
shape of a Yang organ (i.e. hollow).
• They are: Uterus, Brain, Bones, Marrow,
Gall-Bladder and Blood Vessels.
THE UTERUS
• has the function of regulating
menstruation, conception and
pregnancy.
• It is closely related to the Kidneys, the
Directing Vessel (Ren Mai) and the
Penetrating Vessel (Chong Mai)
extraordinary vessels.
THE BRAIN
• The Brain is also called the "Sea of
Marrow".
• In Chinese Medicine, the Brain controls
memory, concentration, sight, hearing,
touch and smell.
• Kidney-Essence produces Marrow which
gathers to fill the Brain and spinal cord.
• Since Marrow originates from the
Kidneys, the Brain is functionally related
to this Yin organ.
MARROW
• "Marrow", the common matrix of Bonemarrow and Brain, is produced by the
Kidney-Essence, it fills the Brain and
spinal cord and forms Bone marrow.
• In Chinese Medicine, the function of
Marrow is to nourish the Brain and spinal
cord and to form Bone-Marrow.
The other Extraordinary Fu
• The Bones are related to the Kidneys.
They are considered one of the
Extraordinary Yang Organs because
they store Bone-Marrow.
• Blood vessels are considered one of
the Extraordinary Yang Organs because
they contain Blood.
• The Gall Bladder is considered one of
the Extraordinary Yang Organs because,
unlike other Yang organs, it stores bile,
which is a "pure" fluid.