Transcript Powerpoint Presentations to Accompany 1st ed.
Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding
1/e Scott O. Lilienfeld Steven Jay Lynn Laura Namy Nancy J. Woolf Prepared by Jennifer Sage This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Chapter 5: Consciousness
Expanding the Boundaries of Psychological Inquiry
Lecture Preview
Understand different types of sleep and sleep disorders Discuss theories regarding dreaming and dream analysis Explore scientific explanations for alterations of consciousness Distinguish different types of drugs which alter consciousness Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Biology of Sleep
Consciousness
- our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives
Circadian rhythm
- cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hr basis in many biological processes (e.g., hormone release, body temperature) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Biology of Sleep
Biological clock
- the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) of the hypothalamus, triggers our sense of fatigue (via increasing melatonin) Disruptions: • Jet lag • Night shifts Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
True or False?
Extreme sleep deprivation can be fatal. (For example, if you deprive yourself of sleep for two weeks, you’re risking your life.)
FALSE
. Although the lack of sleep could lead to brief hallucinations, depression, difficulty concentrating, and other symptoms, the deprivation itself would not be fatal.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Stages of Sleep and Dreaming
Measuring sleep - EEG, EOG, EMG
Stages (cycle through every 90 min.)
Non-REM (no eye movements, less dreaming) • Stage 1 - light sleep, may contain hypnagogic imagery, hypnic myoclonia • • Stage 2 - sleep spindles, K-complexes, theta waves Stages 3 and 4 - deeper sleep, delta waves REM (paradoxical sleep) - stage 5, eye movements, vivid dreaming • • REM rebound Muscle paralysis (lack of = REM behavior disorder) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
EEG Waves During Different Sleep Stages Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Stages of Sleep and Dreaming
REM dreams
More dreams occur during REM than non REM Emotional, illogical, prone to plot shifts
Non-REM dreams
Shorter dreams More thought-like, repetitive, and concerned with daily tasks
Lucid dreaming -
experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Disorders of Sleep
Insomnia
asleep - difficulty falling and staying Higher rates in those with depression, pain, medical conditions Restless leg syndrome urge to move one’s legs or other body parts while attempting to sleep Sleeping pills and rebound insomnia Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Disorders of Sleep
Narcolepsy
rapid and unexpected onset of sleep Cataplexy Role of orexin
Sleep apnea
blockage of airway during sleep Fatigue next day Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Disorders of Sleep
Night Terrors
during Stages 3 and 4, sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion followed by a return to a deep sleep Most common in children
Sleepwalking
usually occurs during non REM sleep (not dreaming) May include complex behaviors (e.g., climbing out windows, driving) Most common in children Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Bell ringer for Dec. 6, 2010
Reflect in a written format in your notebook on your dreams: What is your most memorable dream?
What has been your worst nightmare?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Theory and Psychology of Dreams
Freud’s wish fulfillment and dream protection theory
dreams transform our sexual and aggressive instincts into symbols that represent wish fulfillment and require interpretation Evidence against this: • most dreams have negative content (not wish fulfillment) • • sexual dreams are rare many are straightforward details of everyday activities (not disguised) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Theory and Psychology of Dreams
Activation-synthesis theory
- dreams reflect brain activation originating in the pons, followed by efforts of the forebrain to weave these inputs into a story However, damage to the forebrain can eliminate dreaming, even when the pons is intact Dreams are fairly consistent over time (not random) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
So, what can we really say about dreaming?
1.
2.
3.
Dreams are often concerned with everyday preoccupations, and they recur Acetylcholine turns on REM sleep The forebrain plays an important role in dreaming • And why do we dream? Although we still don’t know, there are many theories concerning the establishment of memories Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Apply Your Thinking
Thinking generally, what are some issues with the idea that dreaming may be important for the establishment of memories?
Dreams are often filled with fantasy, not just daily occurrences.
When we are sleep- and/or dream-deprived we don’t become amnesic. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Other Alterations of Consciousness and Unusual Experiences
Out-of-body experience (OBE)
consciousness leaving one’s body sense of No scientific evidence to support May be related to ability to fantasize and to become extraordinarily absorbed in experiences
Near-death experience (NDE)
OBE reported by people who have nearly died or thought they were going to die NDE-like experiences can be triggered by stimulating the temporal lobes, lack of oxygen to the brain, and psychedelic and anesthetic drugs Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Other Alterations of Consciousness and Unusual Experiences
Déjà vu
feeling of reliving an experience that is new Theories: • • Small seizures in right temporal lobe Dual processing theory – slightly out-of-sync arrival of sensory info from separate pathways • • Prior unconscious processing of the information The present experience resembles an earlier experience
Meditation
awareness variety of practices that train attention and Wide range of positive effects (increased empathy, alertness, blood flow, immune function, etc) Correlation vs. causation? Does meditation change brain activity or do people with certain brain signaling patterns seek out meditation?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Other Alterations of Consciousness and Unusual Experiences
Hypnosis
- set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors 4) 5) 6) 7) 1) Misconceptions: Produces a trance state in which “amazing” things happen 2) 3) Hypnotic phenomena are unique Hypnosis is a sleeplike state Hypnotized people are unaware of their surroundings Hypnotized people forget what happened during hypnosis Hypnosis improves memory Hypnosis can induce past life and age regression Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Theories of Hypnosis
Sociocognitive Theory
and expectations approach to explaining hypnosis based on people’s beliefs
Dissociation model
approach to explaining hypnosis based on separation of the parts of the personality responsible for planning from the part that controls memories (dissociation from consciousness) Hidden observer vs. flexible observer Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Hypnosis in Clinical Practice: Smoking Cessation Some advertisements for the effectiveness of hypnosis in treating smoking are misleading and exaggerated. Still, hypnosis can sometimes be combined with well-established treatments as a cost-effective means of helping some people quit smoking.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Apply Your Thinking
Suppose I was hypnotized, and the hypnotist suggested I kill my landlord. I immediately leave and kill my landlord. Am I responsible for my actions? Is the hypnotist? Why or why not?
The murderer is responsible (though the hypnotist is certainly sketchy). Hypnosis doesn’t have a large impact on suggestibility, and does not induce robot-like states. People can resist and oppose hypnotic suggestions at will.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Drugs and Consciousness
Depressants
- decrease nervous system activity
Alcohol
- most widely used and abused drug • Effects vary from stimulation (low doses) to sedation (high doses) • User expectancies influence mood and social behaviors • Balanced placebo design studies • Idiosyncratic intoxication behavioral changes state in which small amounts of alcohol produce dramatic Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Influences on BAC Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Depressants: Alcohol
Tolerance
reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use, requires greater quantities to achieve the same effect
Delirium tremens (DTs)
disorientation, confusion, visual hallucinations, memory problems resulting from alcohol withdrawal, may be fatal without proper medical care
Alcohol hallucinosis
- auditory hallucinations, sometimes with paranoid beliefs, resulting from alcohol withdrawal Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Depressants: Sedative-Hypnotics
Prescribed for insomnia, anxiety 3 categories Barbiturates (e.g., Seconal) Nonbarbiturates (e.g., Quaalude) Benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Drugs and Consciousness
Stimulants
pressure Increase heart rate, respiration, blood Tobacco • - nicotine; activates acetylcholine receptors Induces feelings of stimulation, relaxation, alertness Cocaine • - one of the most powerful reinforcers Euphoria, enhanced mental/physical abilities, decrease in hunger/pain, sense of well-being Amphetamines • • Occasional use - to postpone fatigue, elevate mood Regular use - varied patterns of use A) Prescription abuse B) Street users (“speed freaks”) - speed binges and crashes Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Opiate Narcotic Drugs
Relieve pain, induce sleep Derived from opium poppy: Heroin - similar action to morphine, but much more powerful • Heroin withdrawal syndrome Morphine Codeine Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Psychedelic Drugs: Hallucinogenics
Produce alterations in perception, mood, and thought Marijuana - activates cannabinoid receptors Amotivational syndrome - correlation or causation?
Gateway drug? Rival hypothesis?
LSD - changes in sensation and perception, paranoia, panic Mystical experiences - sense of unity with world Panic, paranoia, confusion, flashbacks Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Apply Your Thinking
Crystal meth is a highly addictive stimulant, but the same drug is used to treat ADHD. Why don’t ADHD patients become addicted?
Some of them do become addicted.
The dose is much lower than an addict takes (5 – 30 mg vs. 0.5
– 2 g).
Something about ADHD makes the drugs act differently in their brains than in typical children.
The route of administration (pill) is less addictive than the way addicts take crystal (smoke or snort).
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009