Transcript Dalla sostenibilita dei territori alla certificazione
Massimiliano Mazzanti
DALLA SOSTENIBILITA DEI TERRITORI ALLA CERTIFICAZIONE AMBIENTALE
INDICE
Sostenibilità: definizioni ed aspetti globali e locali Sostenibilità ed Innovazione Innovazione tecnologica, organizzativa e ambientale Eco certificazione Cambiamento climatico e gestione dei rifiuti Performance ambientali del settore dei servizi e PA
SOSTENIBILITA’
Most of the recent EU strategic policy documents contain commitments or set objectives aimed at promoting a “green economy”, without, however, defining the concept. Europe 2020 strategy is generally seen as a milestone with this regard. The European Union’s ten-year growth strategy is about delivering growth that is: smart, through more effective investments in education, research and innovation; sustainable, thanks to a decisive move towards a low-carbon economy; and inclusive, with a strong emphasis on job creation and poverty reduction.
Concretely, the Union has established a set of ambitious objectives in five key areas to be reached by 2020: Employment: 75% of the population aged 20-64 should be employed. R&D: 3% of the EU's GDP should be invested in R&D. Climate change and energy sustainability: the "20/20/20" climate and energy targets should be met (including an increase to 30% of emissions reduction compared to 1990 level, if the conditions are right). Education: the share of early school leavers should be under 10% and at least 40% of the younger generation should have a tertiary degree. Fighting poverty and social exclusion: 20 million less people should be at risk of poverty.
GERD total
1,95 1,75 1,55 1,35 2,75 2,55 2,35 2,15 1,15 0,95 EU (27 countries) Germany France Italy United Kingdom
Sustainability I: Capital based economic view
SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY IS AN ‘INVESTING SOCIETY’
HOLLAND VS KENYA CAPITAL STOCKS SHARES OF WEALTH
Holland 78% Human capital + institutions Of which 36% schooling; 57% institutions, property rights 3% natural capital (of which 57% land) 19% produced man made capital Kenya 46% natural capital (1/2 crops) 13% man made 42% intangible including human capital
GHANA – DECOMPOSITION OF GENUINE SAVING Gross saving Gross + education minus depreciation minus forest depletion minus mineral depletion minus CO2 = Adj Net Saving 0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
10.0
% of GNI
SD What matters is to accumulate an increasing stock of total capital forms
Sustainability II: efficient growth
SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY IS A SOCIETY THAT ‘DE COUPLES’ ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE FROM GROWTH
CO2/GDP intensity - 42% over 1950-2000 • GDP per capita: three times higher over1950-2000
CO2 emission intensity of GDP and GDP per capita: World, 1950-2000
0,33 0,31 0,29 0,27 0,25 0,23 0,21 0,19 0,17 0,15 19 50 19 52 19 54 19 56 19 58 19 60 19 62 19 64 19 66 19 68 19 70 19 72 19 74 19 76 19 78 19 80 19 82 19 84 19 86 19 88 19 90 19 92 19 94 19 96 19 98 20 00 6.500
6.000
5.500
5.000
4.500
4.000
3.500
3.000
2.500
2.000
CO2 emission intensity of GDP GDP per capita (1990 International Geary-Khamis dollars)
ITALY 1990 High growth 1995 2000 Year CO2 SOx NOx 2005 2010
DELINKING AND KUZNETS CURVES
Environ mental pressure Turning point Policy effect?
Absolute delinking
Relative delinking (if any) Recoupling possibility (?) Economic drivers
Ecological tax reforms ECOLOGICAL TAX REFORMS AS POLICY SHOCKS TO SPUR SUSTAINABILITY AND GROWTH BY INNOVATION
Co2 trends and TIME RELATED EVENTS (OIL shocks, Policy) EU south
1960 1970 lco2pc fitted_ramp93 fitted_ramp97 1980 year fitted_step93 fitted_step97 1990 2000
North america and Oceania
1960 1970 lco2pc fitted_ramp93 fitted_ramp97 1980 year Mazzanti & Musolesi FEEM paper 2010 fitted_step93 fitted_step97 1990 2000
Co2 trends, EU North
ETR? In Scandinavia, UK, Holland..
1960 1970 lco2pc fitted_ramp93 fitted_ramp97 1980 year fitted_step93 fitted_step97 1990 2000 After 1995, env policy in the EU did not hamper exports, often there is a + correlation… Costantini & Mazzanti, 2011, Research Policy
POLITICA ED INNOVAZIONE
Energy intensity
110 105 100 80 75 70 95 90 85
GHG
110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 EU (27 countries) Germany France Italy United Kingdom
The case for ETR in Italy
EU (27 countries) Germany France Italy United Kingdom
GERD total
1,95 1,75 1,55 1,35 2,75 2,55 2,35 2,15 1,15 0,95 EU (27 countries) Germany France Italy United Kingdom
TWO OPTIONS
Labour /social security tax cuts Increase labor demand of unskilled, women and young Short run aggregate demand impacts Not a long run growth fact Innovation oriented reycling. Energy efficiency stimulus Through creation of trusts and funds that finance innovation General technological innovation (recyling on the basis of energy use..) or ex ante defining the type (tender on specific issues)?
•Total environmental and energy taxes (% GDP); source: Eurostat
•Share of GDP, total Energy taxes •Share of GDP, environmental & resource taxes
ETR: NATIONAL AND DECENTRALISED LEVELS National levels of taxation (CO2) Regional and local levels Landfill taxes, Sox, Nox, PM10 taxes, water extraction charges, resource taxes on minerals, aggregates… Es. They could abate IRAP, the ‘hated’ regional tax on economic activity, around 30 billions Issue of ‘Resource taxation reform’ RTR
ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES STILL AT THE HEART OF ETR RATIONALE Muller, Mendelshon, Nordhaus (2011), Environmental Accounting for Pollution in the US economy, AER, 1649-75.
Gross external damage of US economy 182 billions $ Transport, energy, agriculture, much more pollution intensive than manufacturing (very low in E/VA: 0.01 vs 0.1 transport) Transport and manufacturing both account 10% of total Intuitive figure for Italy: 20-25 Billions €.
EEA REPORT 2011 ON AIR POLLUTION COSTS IN THE EU
‘Revealing the costs of air pollution from industrial facilities in Europe’
10000 facilities generate between 102 169 billions € of damages (health and environment)
50% caused by 191 sites out of 10000 (easier policy making)
www.eea.europa.eu
Applying ETR in local contexts
RESOURCE TAXATION (WASTE, MINERALS, AGGREGATES)
A POLITICAL ECONOMY VIEW ON RESOURCE TAXATION The specificity of RT is that they deal with… Externalities Revenue recycling (weak) sustainability objectives resource efficiency .. In strict interrelation and complementarity with Rents management + Regional planning (this is the decentralised issue of environmental federalism)
VERY SOON COMING OUT!
ETC/SCP (2012), Mineral /resource taxation and resource efficiency, wp paper for the EEA http://scp.eionet.europa.eu
New waste tariff diffusion Recycling per capita Some risks of decentralised settings………………..
(unintended?) Induced effects of ETR: Porter and beyond…
ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATIONS
MEI (MEASURING ECO-INNOVATION) RESEARCH PROJECT ECO INNOVATION IS DEFINED AS “
the production, assimilation or exploitation of a product, production process, service or management or business method that is novel to the organisation (developing or adopting it) and which results, throughout its life-cycle, in a reduction of environmental risks, pollution and other negative impacts of resources use (including energy use) compared to relevant alternatives
”.
PRODUCT AND PROCESS EI ADOPTION 2006 2008 INDUSTRY IN ITALY (CIS)
TOT Industry
NO NE CE SUD ISOLE N=6483
Energy efficiency 18% (9-32%)
18% 19% 15% 15% 14%
Abatement of CO2 14% (9-25%)
14% 15% 13% 15% 16% Comparable data for Germany present 30-40% shares
Kyoto?
Glachant et al (2011), Review of environmental economics and policy
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Table 3 – CO 2 and SO X emission intensity (kg x 1M € of value added, increasing order)
Region Trentino Alto Adige Campania Valle d’Aosta Piedmonte Lazio Marche Lombardy Abruzzo Veneto Emilia Romagna Tuscany
ITALY
Calabria Umbria Friuli Venezia Giulia Basilicata Liguria Sicily Molise Sardinia Puglia CO 2 136 141 153 185 204 206 209 258 267 270 278 301 307 342 353 430 472 547 689 824 971 Region Trentino Alto Adige Valle d’Aosta Abruzzo Campania Lombardy Lazio Marche Piedmonte Calabria Basilicata Emilia Romagna Molise Veneto
ITALY
Tuscany Umbria Friuli Venezia Giulia Puglia Liguria Sicily Sardinia SO X 39 45 69 78 99 101 108 108 123 224 226 276 300 315 349 373 539 859 886 1,347 1,530
V.Costantini, M.Mazzanti, A.Montini - Environmental Performance and Regional Innovation Spillovers
40 SHIFT-SHARE: PRODUCTIVE SPECIALIZATION (INDUSTRY MIX) COMPONENT 0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
CO2 SOx NOx NMVOC PM10 Note: Below zero values indicate positive performances
V.Costantini, M.Mazzanti, A.Montini - Environmental Performance and Regional Innovation Spillovers
1.1
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
-0.1
-0.3
SHIFT-SHARE: EFFICIENCY COMPONENT CO2 SOx NOx NMVOC PM10 41 Note: Below zero values indicate positive performances
V.Costantini, M.Mazzanti, A.Montini - Environmental Performance and Regional Innovation Spillovers
INNOVAZIONE E STRATEGIE
PRODUTTIVITÀ PER OCCUPATO, 1997-2008, EU27 = 100 (EUROSTAT, 2009) MdL
Figure 1 - GHG trends (1990 =100), source EUROSTAT
100 80 60 40 180 160 140 120 20 0 19 90 19 92 19 94 19 96 19 98 20 00 20 02 20 04 20 06 20 08 20 10 EU (27 countries) Germany Spain Italy United Kingdom
DA DB DC DD DE DF DG 1990 DH DI 2007 DJ DK DL DM DN Figure 9: CO 2 emissions of manufacturing sectors
ECO-INNOVATION
Products, processes and systems that are more environmentally benign than relevant alternatives (on a life cycle basis) The environmental benefit may be the
primary goal
or an
unintended
side-effect
A market estimate Source:
Market studies, expert interviews, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants, 2006
ECO-INNOVATION EFFECTS
Less pollution Costs of pollution abatement & prevention Lower resource costs and waste mgt costs Increased sales Quality of life benefits
Environmental policy is not so bad Eco innovation is a key factor to offset regulatory costs
THE PORTER PARADIGM
WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE WEIGHT OF ECO INNOVATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATIONS ADOPTION IN INDUSTRIAL FIRMS
Organisational change Internationalisation training Techn. innovation Envir. Innov.
INNOVATION AND ECO CERTIFICATION
MICHAEL PORTER E ROBERT PUTNAM
Eco innovations Economic performances
EI are not separated elements, economic effects are stronger when jointness is considered
Tech-org innovations
Within municipality sector independent marshallian effect
Agglomeration economies (eco inno) / spatial factors Environmental /innovation policy Accumulated local capital..
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FURTHER STEPS
Constructing and using other measures of agglomeration for sensitivity tests: geographical distance (we know the location differently from CIS) Local labour systems Economic performance effects are even extended … Extending the period over which accounting variables are measured 2011 – similar results….
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PUTNAM AND MUNICIPALITIES
He comments on the 'roots of civic community' and civic legacies of medieval Italy. He stresses that 'although regional governments were established in 1970 [...] the regions themselves had far deeper historical roots. Italy had been since the fall of the Roman world and especially after the dark ages a 'geographical expression, a congeries of small city-states' (p. 121).
If on the one hand fragmentation leads to economic backwardness, Putnam argues that this has not always been the case: innovative political structures also emerged over those centuries.
In the towns of Northern Italy, unprecedented forms of self-government emerged over 1000-1500 a.c. The new form of political and social organisation of life even in economic terms was the 'commune', that is the municipality.
In the words of Putnam (1993, p.124),
'by the twelfth century communes has been established in Florence, Venice, Bologna, Genua, Milan and virtually all the other major towns of northern and central Italy, rotted historically in these primordial social contracts'. As communal life evolved, craftsmen and tradesmen were of key importance for the development of those areas. Mostly relevant 'to provide self-help and mutual assistance of social as well as for strictly occupational purposes
' (p.125).
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