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ESS
The European Spallation Source
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ESS
The European Spallation Source
? What ?
? Why ?
? How ?
? When ?
? Where ?
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ESS: What ?
The next generation neutron
scattering facility for Europe
The most powerful neutron
scattering facility in the world
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ESS: Why ?
‘What can we do with this ?’
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Why neutrons ?
Five good reasons…
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Why neutrons ? (1)
The neutron has a wavelength (Å) and an energy
(meV) comparable to typical atomic spacings and
vibrational energies so you can study both atomic structure and
dynamics (simultaneously if required)
Neutrons tell you
‘where the atoms are and
what the atoms do’
(Nobel Prize citation for
Brockhouse and Shull 1994)
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Why neutrons ? (2)
The neutron scattering cross-section varies
randomly through the periodic table and is
isotope dependent distinguish light and heavy atoms
or atoms of similar Z
enabling the technique of
isotopic substitution/contrast variation
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Why neutrons ? (3)
The neutron is a weak probe giving a direct and quantitative link with theory
and computer simulation/modelling
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F(Q)
4
2
0
0
2
4
6
Q/Å
8
10
-1
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Why neutrons ? (4)
The neutron is highly penetrating enabling studies of samples in containers and
complex sample environment
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Why neutrons ? (5)
The neutron has a magnetic moment but no
charge enabling studies of magnetic structure and
dynamics
c
a
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b
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Complexity
Why neutrons ?
Detail
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ESS: Why ?
ESS
Higher intensity enables ...
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ESS: Why ?
Kinetic studies
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ESS: Why ?
Smaller samples
More samples
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ESS: Why ?
Low concentrations
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ESS: Why ?
Bigger samples
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ESS: Why ?
Extreme conditions
e.g. high pressure
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ESS: Why ?
Extreme conditions
e.g. low T, high B
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ESS: Why ?
1800
P = 60 bar
1600
x, y, T, P, B, E ...
P = 15 bar
1200
T/K
Parametric studies
P = 35 bar
1400
1000
P = 6 bar
800
600
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
x
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ESS: Why ?
Processing conditions
e.g. shear
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ESS: Why ?
Surfaces, interfaces, thin films, membranes
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ESS: Why ?
3 good reasons (repeated) ...
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ESS: Why ?
Functional genomics
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ESS: Why ?
Life sciences need water to function
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ESS: Why ?
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ESS: Why ?
Complementarity
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ESS: Why ?
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
FN(Q)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
0
5
10
15
20
25
-1
Q/Å
3
FX(Q)
2
1
0
-1
0
2
4
6
8
-1
10
Q/Å
8
FAg(Q)
6
4
2
0
-2
2
4
6
8
10
-1
Q/Å
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ESS: Why ?
Computers
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ESS: Why ?
and much, much more ...
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ESS: How ?
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ESS: How ?
1.334 GeV protons
5 MW average beam power
1 long pulse target station
(16.6 Hz, 2 ms)
2 short pulse target stations
(10 and 50 Hz, 1s)
Liquid metal targets
...
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ESS: When ?
1977 - 1984 Study, design and construction of the national UK
spallation source ISIS
1979 - 1985 Feasibility study for a national German Spallation
Source SNQ (beam power up to 5.5 MW)
1984
British spallation source ISIS operational
1985
German SNQ project not approved
1990
Recommendation from a CEC Panel on Large Scale
Facilities: ‘Carry out studies for next generation
neutron sources’.
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ESS: When ?
1991 - 1992 Joint initiative from Jülich and ISIS. Series of
workshops held identifying the concept of a future
European spallation source
1993
Establishment of the ESS Scientific Council.
Chairman: Jurgen Kjems (Riso)
1993 - 1996 Multi-national study on the 5 MW ESS. Partly
financially supported by the EU (1994 - 1996).
Dec. 1996
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Publication of the ESS Final Report
Volume I - The European Spallation Source
Volume II - The Scientific Case
Volume III - The Technical Study
Identification of further high priority R&D work
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ESS: When ?
Jan. 1997
Establishment of ESS R&D Council
1997 - 2001 ESS R&D Phase
May 2000
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New ESS council and project organisation
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ESS: When ?
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ESS: When ?
May 2000
ESS project team formed
Oct. 2000
ESS Instrumentation Group and
Science Advisory Council formed
May 2001
Science/Instrumentation workshop
July 2001
Accelerator/Moderator/Target station specified
July 2002
Conclusion of multi-purpose facility study
(CONCERT)
July 2003
ESS design and science case complete for
presentation to governments
2004
Project approved
2010
First neutrons
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ESS: Where ?
Germany (Julich)
France
(multi-purpose facility)
UK (ISIS upgrade)
Scandinavia (ESS-S)
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