Transcript CDC Presentation

Disaster Risk Reduction:
The global paradigm shift
Mark Keim, MD
Associate Director for Science
National Center for Environmental Health
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
An Evolution in Approaches
Risk
Management
Preparedness
Response
What is
Disaster Risk Management?
Definition
– “The systematic process of
using administrative
directives, organizations,
and operational skills and
capacities to implement
strategies, policies and
improved coping capacities
in order to lessen the
adverse impacts of hazards
and the possibility of
disaster”.
Components
–
–
–
–
–
Risk assessment
Risk avoidance
Risk reduction
Risk transfer
Risk retention
UNISDR 2009, http://www.unisdr.org/eng/terminology/terminology-2009-eng.html
Disaster risk management and the
emergency management cycle
Risk reduction
measures are
Delivered pre-impact
Most cost-effective
Community based
Sustainable
Preimpact
Post impact
Risk retention
measures are
Delivered post-impact
Least cost-effective
Nationally and
internationally based
Non-sustainable
From: Keim M. Building human resilience. Am J Prev Med 2008;35(5):508-516
Prevention and disaster risk management
From: Keim M. Disaster Risk Management for Health. In Ed., David S. Textbook of Emergency Medicine. Lippincott) New Dehli 201
How Do We Estimate Disaster Risk?
D = H x V, where V = E x S
R
D = Risk of disaster
H = Hazard
V = Vulnerability of population
E = Exposure to the hazard
S = Susceptibility to the hazard
R = Resilience
What is a hazard?
• Definition of a hazard
– “A dangerous
phenomenon,
substance, human
activity or condition that
may cause loss of life,
injury or other health
impacts, property
damage, loss of
livelihoods and services,
social and economic
disruption, or
environmental damage”
UNISDR 2009, http://www.unisdr.org/eng/terminology/terminology-2009-eng.html
Examples of hazards
Earthquakes
Floods
Radiation
Typhoons
Outbreaks
Tornadoes
What is vulnerability?
“The characteristics
and circumstances of
a community, system
or asset that make it
susceptible to the
damaging effect of a
hazard” UNISDR 2009
Or simply put…
Likely to incur physical or
emotional illness or injury
UNISDR 2009, http://www.unisdr.org/eng/terminology/terminology-2009-eng.html
Public health vulnerability
• Certain populations
are more vulnerable
to disaster-related
morbidity and
mortality
Vulnerability = (E x S) / R
• Factors affecting
vulnerability:
– Exposure
– Susceptibility
– Resilience
What is exposure?
• Exposure
– “People, property,
systems, or other
elements present in
hazard zones that are
thereby subject to
potential losses”
• Example of exposure
– Living in an area that
floods
UNISDR 2009, http://www.unisdr.org/eng/terminology/terminology-2009-eng.html
What is susceptibility?
• Susceptibility
– “The state of being
at risk, if exposed
to a hazard”
• Example of
susceptibility
– Not being able to
swim
UNISDR 2009, http://www.unisdr.org/eng/terminology/terminology-2009-eng.html
What is resilience?
• Resilience
– “The ability of a system, community or society
exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate
to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely
and efficient manner, including through the
preservation and restoration of its essential basic
structures and functions”.
• Example of resilience
– Living among people that can help you
UNISDR 2009, http://www.unisdr.org/eng/terminology/terminology-2009-eng.html
Mapping human vulnerability
How can we reduce
our vulnerability to disasters?
• Disaster reduction occurs
at the community level †
• Community health
sectors can play an active
role in reducing human
vulnerability
– Reducing susceptibility
• “Health people” ††
– Reducing exposure
• “Healthy homes” ††
– Increasing resilience
• “Healthy communities” ††
†
Schipper L, Pelling M 2006, Disaster risk, climate change and international development. Disasters, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 19-38.
†† Srinivasan S, Creating healthy communities, healthy homes and healthy people. Am J Public Health 2003;93:1446-50.
Vulnerability reduction:
reducing exposures
• Floodplain
management
– Dams, levees, weirs
• Population protection
measures
– Evacuation
– Mass care
• Land use planning and
regulation
• PPE, sanitation/hygiene
Vulnerability reduction:
reducing susceptibility
•
•
•
•
•
Health promotion
Health care
Poverty reduction
Healthy lifestyles
Immunization
Human resilience as a means for
vulnerability reduction
• Resilience
• Human behaviors that
increase disaster
– The ability to cope with
and recover from
resilience
disasters
• Resilience is
comprised of:
– Adaptive capability
– Response capacity
– Recovery capacity
– Preparedness
– Response
– Recovery
Our milestones for
international DRR
• August 2011
– NCEH inducted as a
member of the AsiaPacific Disaster Risk
and Resilience
consortium
• November 2012
– TA to WHO/HQ for
development of a
Global DRR
Framework for Health
• Feb 2013
– Hosting regional
workshop for proposalwriting, “Reducing
Disaster Risk for a
Healthy Pacific”
To learn more about international DRR:
http://www.unisdr.org/
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/
Thank You
[email protected]
National Center for Environmental Health
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry