Transcript Experimental Aircraft FAR’s

Experimental Aircraft FAR’s
An Overview of Various Federal
Aviation Regulations Regarding
Experimental, Amateur-Built Aircraft
MAJOR PORTIONS OF THIS PRESENTATION ARE BASED ON RON ALEXANDER'S
ARTICLE IN 5/97 SPORT AVIATION AND A PHONE INTERVIEW WITH RHUNO
NELSON OF THE SCOTTSDALE FSDO OFFICE ON 6/25/01
David E. Wilcox
480-892-7189
June 26, 2001
1
INITIAL BUILDING
FAR
DESCRIPTION
21.175
21.191
45
91.205
AC 20-27D
AC 20-139
CLASSIFICATION OF AIRWORTHINESS
BASIC DEFINITION OF AMATEUR- BUILT
MARKINGS
INSTRUMENT & EQUIPMENT RQMNTS
CERTIFICATION & OPERATION
COMMERCIAL ASSISTANCE
2
21.175 CLASS OF AIRWORTHINESS
• (b) SPECIAL AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATES ARE
RESTRICTED, LIMITED, AND PROVISIONAL
AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATES, SPECIAL FLIGHT
PERMITS AND EXPERIMENTAL CERTIFICATES.
3
21.191 EXPERIMENTAL CERT
EXPERIMENTAL CERTIFICATES ARE ISSUED FOR THE
FOLLOWING PURPOSES:
• (a) RESEARCH, (b) SHOWING COMPLIANCE, (c) CREW
TRAINING, (d) EXHIBITION, (e) RACING, (f) MARKET
SURVEYS AND...
• (g) OPERATING AMATEUR-BUILT AIRCRAFT. OPERATING AN
AIRCRAFT, THE MAJOR PORTION OF WHICH HAS BEEN
FABRICATED AND ASSEMBLED BY PERSONS WHO
UNDERTOOK THE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT SOLELY FOR
THEIR OWN EDUCATION OR RECREATION.
• NOT SUBJECT TO FAR PART 23 AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS
FOR NORMAL, UTILITY, AEROBATIC…
• THIS IS THE ORIGIN OF THE “51%” RULE
• (h) PRIMARY CATEGORY
4
43 AIRCRAFT MARKINGS
• 43.23 (b) … ON EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT… THE
OPERATOR SHALL ALSO DISPLAY… ...NEAR EACH
ENTRANCE TO THE CABIN OR COCKPIT, IN
LETTERS NOT LESS THAN 2 INCHES NOR MORE
THAN 6 INCHES IN HEIGHT THE WORD
“EXPERIMENTAL”…
• 45.29 (b) HEIGHT (1) FIXED WING (iii) MARKS AT
LEAST 3 INCHES HIGH MAY BE DISPLAYED ON AN
AIRCRAFT FOR WHICH AN EXPERIMENTAL
CERTIFICATE HAS BEEN ISSUED UNDER
21.191(G)… (<180 KTS)
5
• 91.9 PLACARD AND MANUALS
91.205 INSTRUMENTS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
AIRSPEED INDICATOR
ALTIMETER
MAGNETIC DIRECTION INDICATOR
TACHOMETER
OIL PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE OIL OR WATER
MANIFOLD PRESSURE IF CHARGED
FUEL GAUGE FOR EACH TANK
LANDING GEAR POSITION INDICATOR
POST 1978, SHOULDER HARNESS
6
AC 20-27D CERT & OPS
• THIS IS THE BIBLE OF THE AMATEUR BUILT CERTIFICATION
PROCESS AND SUBSEQUENT FLIGHT OPERATIONS.
• STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOR ALL OF THE REGULATIONS,
DOCUMENTATION, INSPECTIONS, FAA FORMS
• THE AC OFFERS THIS WORD OF CAUTION:
“Purchasers of partially completed kits should obtain all fabrication
and assembly records from the previous owner(s). This may enable the
builder who completes the aircraft to be eligible for amateur-built
certification.“
7
AC 20-139 COM ASSIST
• COMMERCIAL ASSISTANCE HAS DIFFERENT
CONSIDERATIONS FOR PLANS BUILT, NON
EVALUATED KITS, AND 51% EVALUATED KITS
• KIT BUILDER MUST ADHERE TO WORK SPLIT OF
KIT EVALUATION TO MAINTAIN ELIGIBILITY
• PLANS BUILT AND NON-EVALUATED KIT
BUILDERS MUST BE EVALUATED BY FAA, PRIOR
APPROVAL IS POSSIBLE
• CHECKLIST 8000-38 IS USED BY INSPECTOR TO
EVALUATE BUILDER CONTRIBUTION
8
FLIGHT TESTING
FAR
DESCRIPTION
91.305
91.319
AC 90-89
FLIGHT TESTING AREA
OPERATING LIMITATIONS
A/B AIRCRAFT FLIGHT TESTING H/B
9
91.305 FLIGHT TESTING
• NO PERSON MAY FLIGHT TEST AN AIRCRAFT
EXCEPT OVER OPEN WATER OR SPARSELY
POPULATED AREAS, HAVING LIGHT AIR TRAFFIC.
• PHASE 1 LIMITATIONS, NORMALLY 40 HOURS
INSIDE A 25 MILE RADIUS, HAVE A DURATION OF
ONE YEAR.
10
91.319 OP LIMITATIONS
• NO PERSON MAY OPERATE AN AIRCRAFT THAT HAS
AN EXPERIMENTAL CERTIFICATE
– FOR A PURPOSE OTHER THAN ISSUED
– CARRYING PERSONS OR PROPERTY FOR HIRE
• NO OPERATIONS OUTSIDE ASSIGNED AREA UNTIL
– THE AIRCRAFT IS SHOWN TO BE CONTROLLABLE
– AIRCRAFT HAS NO HAZARDOUS OPERATING FEATURES
11
AC 90-89
• AMATEUR-BUILT AIRCRAFT AND ULTRALIGHT
FLIGHT TESTING HANDBOOK
– PREPARATION
• AIRPORT SELECTION
• EMERGENCY PLANS AND EQUIPMENT
– TAXI TESTS
– FIRST FLIGHT
– EXPANDING THE ENVELOPE
• CLIMB AIRSPEED AND ALTITUDE GRAPH
• BEST RATE OF CLIMB GRAPH
• STABILITY
– ULTRALIGHT INSPECTION AND TEST
12
NORMAL OPERATIONS
FAR
DESCRIPTION
21.181
91.207
91.215
91.319
DURATION OF AIRWORTHINESS
ELT REQUIREMENTS
TRANSPONDER REQUIREMENTS
OPERATION LIMITATIONS
13
21.181 DURATION OF
AIRWORTHINESS
• EXPERIMENTAL CERTIFICATES FOR RESEARCH,
SHOWING COMPLIANCE, CREW TRAINING,
MARKET SURVEYS ARE EFFECTIVE FOR ONE
YEAR
• AMATEUR-BUILT CERTIFICATES ARE NORMALLY
UNLIMITED
– CHANGED FROM ONE YEAR LIMITATION IN 1979
14
91.207 ELT REQUIREMENTS
• REQUIREMENT EXCEPTIONS
–
–
–
–
–
FERRY OF A NEWLY ACQUIRED AIRCRAFT, NO PAX
FERRY INOP ELT FOR REPAIRS, NO PAX
TRAINING WITHIN 50 MILES
SINGLE SEAT AIRCRAFT
REMOVED FOR MAINTENANCE FOR UP TO 90 DAYS
15
91.215 TRANSPONDER RQMT
• MODE C ALTITUDE REPORTING TRANSPONDER
REQUIRED TO ENTER
– CLASS A, B, OR C AIRSPACE
– WITHIN 30 MILE VEIL OF AIRPORT WITH CLASS B
AIRSPACE UNLESS…
• AIRCRAFT WAS NOT ORIGINALLY CERTIFICATED WITH AN
ENGINE-DRIVEN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM OR WHICH HAS NOT
SUBSEQUENTLY BEEN CERTIFIED WITH SUCH A SYSTEM
INSTALLED
• BALLOONS
• GLIDERS
16
91.319 OP LIMITATIONS
• NO OPERATIONS OVER DENSELY POPULATED
AREAS
– PER 2/15/01 8130.2D, UNLESS SUFFICIENT ALTITUDE IS
MAINTAINED TO EFFECT A SAFE EMERGENCY LANDING
IN THE EVENT OF A POWER UNIT FAILURE...
• PILOT SHALL
– INFORM PAXS AND ATC OF EXPERIMENTAL NATURE
– DAY VFR ONLY UNLESS OTHERWISE AUTHORIZED
17
DOCUMENTS
• REQUIRED ON BOARD THE AIRCRAFT
–
–
–
–
AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE
OPERATING LIMITATIONS
REGISTRATION
WEIGHT AND BALANCE
18
MAINTENANCE
FAR
DESCRIPTION
AC 65-23A CERTIFICATION OF REPAIRMEN
43 APDX D CONDITION CHECK
21.93
MAJOR & MINOR ALTERATIONS
19
AC 65-23A REPAIRMEN
• THE MANUFACTURE (BUILDER) OF AN AMATEURBUILT IS ELIGIBLE TO RECEIVE AN FAA
REPAIRMEN CERTIFICATE
• THE CERTIFICATE ALLOWS THE HOLDER TO
PERFORM THE ANNUAL CONDITION INSPECTIONS
REQUIRED IN THE OPERATING LIMITATIONS
• THE CERTIFICATE IS LIMITED TO A SINGLE
AIRCRAFT SERIAL NUMBER
• THE HOLDER MAY CONTINUE TO PERFORM
CONDITION INSPECTIONS AFTER SALE OF THE
AIRCRAFT
20
43 APDX D CONDITION CHECK
• 43 MAINTENANCE, REBUILDING, ALTERATIONS
– .1(b) THIS PART DOES NOT APPLY TO ANY AIRCRAFT FOR
WHICH AN EXPERIMENTAL AIRWORTHINESS
CERTIFICATE HAS BEEN ISSUED…
• ANYONE CAN PERFORM MAINTENANCE ON AN
EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT
• EXPERIMENTAL OPERATING LIMITATIONS
NORMALLY REQUIRE ANNUAL CONDITION
INSPECTIONS PER PART 43 APPENDIX D
• THE HOLDER OF AN APPROPRIATE REPAIRMEN
CERTIFICATE OR A&P LICENSE MAY PERFORM
CONDITION INSPECTIONS, AN INSPECTION
AUTHORIZATION RATING IS NOT REQUIRED
21
21.93 MAJOR & MINOR
• A MINOR ALTERATION IS ONE THAT HAS NO
APPRECIABLE EFFECT ON THE WEIGHT,
BALANCE, STRUCTURAL STRENGTH,
RELIABILITY, OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS,
OR OTHER CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING THE
AIRWORTHINESS OF THE PRODUCT.
• MAJOR CHANGES AFFECT THESE ITEMS AND
INVALIDATES THE PHASE ONE FLIGHT TEST PER
FAR 91.319 AND THE SPECIAL AIRWORTHINESS
CERTIFICATE LIMITATIONS UNLESS ISSUED SINCE
2/15/00, MAYBE
22
RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF
A/W COMPLIANCE
• OPERATION LIMITATIONS ISSUED SINCE 2/15/00
MAY ALLOW MAJOR CHANGES WITHOUT REINSPECTION
• AFTER INCORPORATING A MAJOR CHANGE THE
AIRCRAFT ENTERS A “PHASE 1” TEST PERIOD OF
NOT LESS THAN 5 HOURS.
• A NEW AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE MUST BE
OBTAINED, WHICH INCLUDES THE NEW
LIMITATION, TO ENABLE THIS OPTION
• THERE IS NO WAY TO AMEND AN EXISTING SET
OF OPERATING LIMITATIONS WITH THIS OPTION
23
AIRCRAFT SALE
FAR
DESCRIPTION
21.179
AC 20-27D
AIRWORTHINESS
CERTIFICATION AND OPERATION OF
AMATEUR-BUILT AIRCRAFT
24
21.179 AIRWORTHINESS
• AN AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE IS
TRANSFERRED WITH THE AIRCRAFT
• NEITHER THE REPAIRMEN CERTIFICATE, NOR
ELIGIBILITY FOR A REPAIRMEN CERTIFICATE , IS
TRANSFERRED WITH THE SALE OF AN AIRCRAFT
25
FAA ORDER 8130.2C
• GUIDANCE MATERIAL ASSOCIATED WITH
AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATION AND THE
ISSUANCE OF FAA FORM 8130-7, SPECIAL
AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE
• CONTAINS RECOMMENDED EXPERIMENTAL
OPERATING LIMITATIONS FOR PHASES 1 & 2
26
PART QUALITY
• AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVES (AD NOTES) DO
NOT APPLY TO EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT
UNLESS THE PRECISE AIRCRAFT IS NAMED IN
THE DIRECTIVE
• ONCE AN “APPROVED” PART, INCLUDING AN
ENGINE, IS USED ON AN EXPERIMENTAL
AIRCRAFT, IT IS NO LONGER CONSIDERED
APPROVED FOR AN AIRCRAFT OF STANDARD
CERTIFICATION (ALEXANDER)
27
KIT LIST
• LISTING OF ELIGIBLE AMATEUR-BUILT AIRCRAFT
KITS
• MEET MAJOR PORTION OR 51% RULE
• NO OTHER ENDORSEMENT OF SAFETY,
RELIABILITY, NOR SUITABILITY IS MADE BY THE
FAA
• HAVING COMMERCIAL ASSISTANCE ON
“BUILDER” ITEMS IN THESE KITS MAY
INVALIDATE THE ELIGIBILITY
28
103 ULTRALIGHTS
• AIRCRAFT QUALIFIES SINCE 1982 IF:
–
–
–
–
SINGLE OCCUPANCY
SPORT OR RECREATIONAL PURPOSE
NO AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE
WEIGHT, MAX EMPTY
• UN-POWERED 155 POUNDS
• POWERED 254 POUNDS
– MAX FUEL CAPACITY OF 5 GALLONS
– 55 KNOTS MAX WIDE OPEN THROTTLE
– 24 KNOTS MAX POWER OFF STALL
• AIRCRAFT MEETING THESE CONDITIONS DO NOT
REQUIRE AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATES,
REGISTRATION, NOR LICENSED PILOTS
29