Transcript No Slide Title

Seven Dynamic Forces
for War and Peace
•
The history of the world is marked
by explosion and degeneration
separated by varying periods of
history of more or less peace and
human progress. Boundary lines
between these periods of history,
however, are not always clear cut.
•
If we were to examine the history
of modern Western Civilization for
instance, that is the period since the
Renaissance, we would see three
great periods of new ideas and rising
forces, each of which culminated in
long wars, tumults, and world
disorder.
•
•
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The first was the Thirty Years
war which was ended by the Peace
of Westphalia in 1648
The second was the forty years
of war that followed in the wake of
the American and French
Revolutions, and that ended with
the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
•
The third, the world wide conflicts
beginning with the first world war, and
which by the way we are still dealing
with at this moment.
The forces that make for war and
peace are
• Ideologies - This includes religious faith,
social, economic, political, artistic, and
scientific ideas.
• Economic Forces - Economic determinism,
while not an absolute in history, does have an
impact. People need food to live. They want,
what most of us I think, want, to live above
the bare subsistence level- this creates
economic forces and pressures.
The forces that make for war and
peace are
• Nationalism - It grows out of language,
religion, folklore, traditions, literature, art,
music, beliefs, habits, modes of
expression, hates, fears, ideals, and
loyalties. It expresses itself in patriotism
which is itself built from the fundamentals
of love of family, love of country, pride in
racial accomplishments. Look - we fight
for hearth and home - we fight for the
flag.
The forces that make for war and
peace are
•
Militarism - Man is a combative
animal, that is most of us are - by this I
mean competitive aggressive. We love
to compete, and we learn to hate quite
easily. Humans are also egoistic and
in the mass we become even more
egoistic. Our beliefs in superiority are
quickly transformed into arrogance.
And it is this arrogance which is one of
the stimulants of aggression.
The forces that make for war and
peace are
•
Imperialism - One of the larger
moving forces in all history is
imperialism and means nothing less
than the movement of races over
their racial borders. It is part cause
and part effect. It comes from
excessive nationalism, militarism,
thirst for power, and economic
pressures. They all feed on one
another.
Imperialism
•
Imperialism can be placed in to three
categories. The first - is the variety where
expansion, settlement and development takes
place in sparsely populated areas; The second
- into areas of what the conquering nation terms
uncivilized races incapable of self-government;
The third - sheer conquest of civilized people.
The last two embody one purpose - and that is
to secure superior living conditions by exploiting
other people and their resources.
The forces that make for war and
peace are
•
Extreme Nationalism threatens
peace - it contains ambition for power
and glory. The quest for dignity, honor
and aggrandizement. To gain a place
in the sun is an inspiring call. Indeed,
Nationalism can easily expand into
dangerous
forms
greed
in
exploitation of the resources and
foreign trade of other peoples and in
aggression which quickly turns into
imperialism.
The forces that make for war and
peace are
•
Fear, Hate, Revenge - These play a
large part in the causes of war. The greatest
of these is fear. Hate and revenge more
often than not spring from Fear. Fear of
invasion, starvation, blockade in war,
economic disadvantage; age old hates from
wrong. from rivalries, from oppression;
yearnings for revenge for past injustices,
past defeats all of these press towards
violence. These lie deep in the recesses of
the racial consciousness. Wrongs often live
on for centuries in the minds of a people.
There are traditional age old hates which are
The forces that make for war and
peace are
•
The Will to Peace - Against all of the
forces which we have listed stands the
Will to Peace. War kills or maims the
best of the race. It brings the deepest of
all grieves to every home. It brings
poverty and moral degeneration. It
brings these to victor and vanquished
alike.
The forces that make for war and
peace are
•
Imperialism - One of the larger
moving forces in all history is
imperialism and means nothing less
than the movement of races over
their racial borders. It is part cause
and part effect. It comes from
excessive nationalism, militarism,
thirst for power, and economic
pressures. They all feed on one
another.
Imperialism
•
Imperialism can be placed in to three
categories. The first - is the variety where
expansion, settlement and development
takes place in sparsely populated areas; The
second - into areas of what the conquering
nation terms uncivilized races incapable of
self-government; The third - sheer conquest
of civilized people. The last two embody one
purpose - and that is to secure superior living
conditions by exploiting other people and
their resources.
The forces that make for war and
peace are
•
Extreme Nationalism threatens
peace - it contains ambition for power
and glory. The quest for dignity, honor
and aggrandizement. To gain a place
in the sun is an inspiring call. Indeed,
Nationalism can easily expand into
dangerous
forms
greed
in
exploitation of the resources and
foreign trade of other peoples and in
aggression which quickly turns into
imperialism.
The forces that make for war and
peace are
•
Fear, Hate, Revenge - These play a
large part in the causes of war. The greatest
of these is fear. Hate and revenge more
often than not spring from Fear. Fear of
invasion, starvation, blockade in war,
economic disadvantage; age old hates from
wrong. from rivalries, from oppression;
yearnings for revenge for past injustices,
past defeats all of these press towards
violence. These lie deep in the recesses of
the racial consciousness. Wrongs often live
on for centuries in the minds of a people.
There are traditional age old hates which are
The forces that make for war and
peace are
•
The Will to Peace - Against all of the
forces which we have listed stands the
Will to Peace. War kills or maims the
best of the race. It brings the deepest of
all grieves to every home. It brings
poverty and moral degeneration. It
brings these to victor and vanquished
alike.
HISTORY OF US AIR POWER
Historical Applications
WWI, WWII, the Cold War,
Korean War, Vietnam, and the
Gulf War
Theory, Doctrine, Objective, Strategy
Objective
Doctrine
Theory
Strategy
History
Simulations
& Exercises
Conflict
Overview
• World War I
•World War II
• Early Cold War
•Korean War
•Vietnam
•Gulf War
Theory
• City busting
people … break their will
Who• Bomb
werethethe
prominent
• Morale is a center of gravity
airpower
theorists?
• Need air superiority
Douhet
• Independent Air Force
• Industrial web -- bomb means of war
• Air power commanded by Airmen
• First Expeditionary Air Force – St. Mihiel
• Need air superiority
Mitchell
• Independent Air Force
American military leaders learned
from British combat experience
1914-1917
Billy Mitchell
“From his friend General Hugh
Trenchard, Commander of the
British Royal Flying Corps, he
learned to think of the airplane
as an offensive weapon, best
used in giant fleets of bombers
striking against the enemy’s
homeland”
In September 1918 Mitchell commanded allied
group of nearly 1500 airplanes in the first mass
use of aircraft for bombing attacks
♦ on enemy supply routes
♦ and in support of ground
troops.
Doctrine
What role did ACTS and AWPD-1 play in
forming our initial airpower doctrine?
• Hi-Alt Precision Day Bombing
• Strategic bombardment
• Industrial/Economic systems
• Bomber will always get through
• The Germany Plan
• 6,860 bombers
• 2,160,000 personnel
• 6 months = victory
Objective
What were US objectives in Europe?
• Grand Allied Strategy
– Unconditional surrender
– Germany first
– Start in North Africa
– Strategic bombing
– Limit Pacific activities
– Channel invasion
Strategy
• Combined
Bomber
What was the
initialOffensive
European Theater
• Americans
by daystrategy?
airpower
• British by night
How well did this initial concept work?
Doctrine
• AWPD-42
• Change in doctrinal thinking
• Bomber does not always get through
• Air Superiority is key
Doctrine
How did airpower doctrine in the
Pacific differ from Europe?
Objective
Objectives in the Pacific?
• Grand Allied Strategy
– Germany first, then Japan
– Unconditional surrender
Strategy
What airpower strategy was employed?
• Island hopping campaign
• Area bombing
• Strategic interdiction of Japan
• Centralized control
• Atomic bomb
06 Aug 45
We have grasped the mystery of the
atom . . . . The world has achieved
brilliance without wisdom, power
without conscience. Ours is a world of
nuclear giants and ethical infants. We
know more about war than we know
about peace, more about killing than
we know about living.
09 Aug 45
General Omar Bradley
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended
across the continent.”
Theory
• Iron Curtain -- bi-polar worldview
• US vs USSR
• Democracy vs Communism
• WW III
• Would be fought in Europe
• Use of nuclear weapons inevitable
Doctrine
• FM 100-20: Command/Employment of Airpower
• Based on experiences in North Africa
• AF’s declaration of independence
• Land and air coequal and interdependent
• Departure from FM 31-35
• Air superiority first requirement
• Airpower must be commanded
by Airmen
Objective
What were US post-WWII objectives?
• Truman Doctrine - Soviet containment
• NSC-68 - Paul Nitze
• Marshall Plan - Europe’s economic recovery
• Keep the Cold War Cold - prevent WWIII
Strategy
• Berlin Airlift, Jun 48-Sep 49
• Saved Berlin
• Demonstrated resolve
• Specific air routes avoided escalation
By July 1, 1948, the Soviet Union
had blocked all land and water
routes into West Berlin. This is
called a blockade. The people of
West Berlin could not survive long
without food, coal, or other
supplies. They would be forced to
become part of Communist East
Germany.
C-47 planes of the airlift task force at
the Wiesbaden air base being loaded
with food and supplies for the people of
the Russian-blockaded city of Berlin.
Strategy
• Reconnaissance/Surveillance
• Cost = 78 Airmen and 10 aircraft
• Develop nuclear bomber and ICBM force
• Forward basing
• Long logistical lines
• Lack of heavy airlift
• NATO v. Warsaw Pact
• 1,400 bases/31 countries
Theory
What were the prevailing theories
influencing Korean War doctrine?
• Conflict = escalation to World War III
– Aggression must be checked (credibility)
• Europe would be the main theater
– Korea as possible diversion
– Limited resources
Doctrine
• Guiding doctrine was FM 100-20
• Force and organization design
• SAC and strategic bombardment
• Jet age
Objective
What were the US objectives?
• Jun 50: Status Quo Ante
– Repel invaders
– Restore 38th parallel
• Oct 50: Unite peninsula
– Northeast Asian security
• Jan 51: Status Quo Ante
– Chinese intervention
Strategy
• Limited war (Europe was key)
• Tactical vs strategic airpower
• Couldn’t bomb source (China)
• Limited targets
• Modern systems unused
• B-29s vs B-36
• F-51 / Twin Mustang, F-80
• F-86 comes on-line later
• Counterland
• Operation STRANGLE
• Offensive counterair
• MIG Alley
“Red China is not a powerful
nation seeking to dominate
the world. Frankly, in the
opinion of the JCS, this
strategy [Gen MacArthur’s]
would involve us in the
wrong war, at the wrong
place, at the wrong time,
with the wrong enemy.”
Summary
• World War II
• Early Cold War
• Korean War
The Vietnam War
Theory, Doctrine, Objective, Strategy
Doctrine
Theory
Objective
Strategy
History
Simulations
& Exercises
Conflict
Overview
Vietnam War
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Theory and Doctrine
Objectives
Contextual Elements
Operational Elements
Strategies
Lessons Learned
Theory
What were the prevailing airpower
theories prior to the Vietnam War?
• Airpower Combined With
Nuclear Weapons Appeared to
be the Way to Fight Wars
• Preparation for “General War”
Would Suffice to Win Any
Limited War
• Technological Superiority Will
Bend the Enemy to Our Will
Doctrine
How were the prevailing theories
translated into doctrine?
• Aircrew Training
Concentrated on Nuclear
Weapon Delivery
• No Provision For nonNuclear Strategic Bombing
Doctrine
AFM 1-1 (1964)
• Focused on Deterrence
• Nukes could deter all levels of conflict
• Introduced Flexible Response
• National leaders decide best use of forces
SAC Training Manuals
• Focused on strategic bombing and nuclear
weapons delivery
Johnson Administration Objectives
• Independent, non-Communist South
Vietnam
• Prevent Chinese and Soviet Participation
and Possible Escalation - WWIII
• Persuade North Vietnamese to Desist by
Convincing Them They Could Not Win
• Not Allow Vietnam War to Eclipse Great
Society Programs
Strategy
What airpower strategy was used to
accomplish the Johnson
Administration objectives?
Strategy
ROLLING THUNDER (Mar ’65 – Nov ’68)
• Strategic bombing and interdiction
• Railroad chokepoints, bridges, roads, ammo
depots, petroleum storage, power production
• Gradual increase in bombing intensity
• Restrictions on # of sorties, targets, and
weapons loads
Strategy
Why is ROLLING THUNDER considered
an ineffective campaign?
• Failed to Accomplish Objectives
• Conventional airpower applied in an
unconventional war
• Concentrated on severing north vietnamese
support
• Supply interruptions, destruction of fuel depots,
etc., had little impact on Viet Cong
• Mirror imaging
1968: Dramatic Year
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Siege at Khe Sahn
Tet Offensive
Cronkite’s view
LBJ Withdraws
MLK Assassinated
RFK Assassinated
Nixon Elected
Nixon Administration Objectives
Vietnamization-US Withdrawal
• US Opted for “No-Win” Situation
• “Peace With Honor”--Willing to Exit Without
a Total Victory for South Vietnam
Strategy
What strategies were used to
accomplish the Nixon Administration
objectives?
Strategy
LINEBACKER I (May ’72 - Oct ’72)
• Strategic bombing and interdiction
• Mined Haiphong Harbor, bombed railroad
yards, highways, bridges, POL depots,
power plants, war-related resources
• Electro-optical and laser guided bombs
Strategy
LINEBACKER II (Dec 18-29, ’72)
• Strategic Bombing
• Struck Targets In and Around North
Vietnam’s 10 Major Cities
• Depleted N.V. Air Defenses
• SAM Sites, Rail Yards, Supply Depots,
Petroleum Storage Facilities, Power
Production Plants, Civilian Morale
Strategy
Why are the LINEBACKER operations
considered effective campaigns?
Strategy
• Accomplished objectives
• LINEBACKER I
• Stopped the 1972 Spring Offensive
• Brought North Vietnam to peace talks
• LINEBACKER II
• Returned North Vietnam to peace talks
• Paved the way for total US withdrawal
Conventional Airpower vs Conventional Forces
SUMMARY
Vietnam War
•
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Theory and Doctrine
Objectives
Contextual Elements
Operational Elements
Strategies
Lessons Learned
The Inter-War Years
The Inter-War Years
• Small regional conflicts
• Operation EAGLE CLAW
• Operation URGENT FURY
• Operation EL DORADO CANYON
• Shortfalls / failures in theory and doctrine
The Inter-War Years
Goldwater-Nichols Act (1986)
• Directed Services to fight as Joint Team
• Removed Service Chiefs from combat chainof-command
• Joint Chiefs of Staff placed in Advisor roles
• Air Force coordinates on first Joint Doctrine,
but …
Army Doctrine Took Lead in
Determining Role of Airpower
FM 100-5
Operations
Theory
What were the prevailing airpower
theories prior to the Gulf War?
Doctrine
How were these theories translated
into doctrine?
• AirLand Battle Doctrine
• Focused on fighting Soviets in Europe
• Fulda Gap
• No provisions for independent air
campaign using conventional weapons
against non-Soviet enemy
• Stuck in strategic/tactical stovepipes
Doctrine
The Fulda Gap
8th GUARDS ARMY
VII Corps
Doctrine
AFM 1-1 (1984)
• AF has primary responsibility for maintaining
US’ freedom to act throughout the aerospace
environment
• Establish one authority for air defense and
airspace control
• Missions: Strategic Aerospace
Offense/Defense, Counterair, Air Interdiction,
CAS, Special Ops, Airlift, Surveillance,
Reconnaissance, and Maritime Ops
End of the Cold War
The Gulf War
Overview
Operation DESERT STORM
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•
Contextual & Operational Elements
Objectives
Strategy
Lessons Learned
Objectives
1. Immediate, Complete, and Unconditional
Withdrawal of Iraqi Forces
From Kuwait
2. Restoration of Kuwait’s
Legitimate Government
3. Security and Stability of Saudi
Arabia and the Persian Gulf
4. Safety and Protection of
American Citizens Abroad
* Iraqi disposition of forces in Kuwait on 6 August 1990. Regular army divisions were
arriving from garrisons in Iraq, freeing Republican Guard units for further employment.
Strategy
Strategic Bombing
• Major shift from AirLand Battle Doctrine
• Target War-Making Capacity/Enemy Morale
• ‘Mitchellesque’ Warfare
• Target Centers of Gravity
• Conduct Parallel Warfare
Leadership
System
Essentials/
Processes
Infrastructure
Population
Fielded
Forces/Agents
Lessons Learned
• Doctrine Was Updated (Joint and AF)
• Integrated Strategic & Tactical Airpower
• Leveraged Technology (Stealth, PGMs, Space)
• Major Reorganization (AF Transformation)
• Airpower Emerges as “Go-To” Force
(Operation DELIBERATE FORCE and
ALLIED FORCE, Operation DESERT FOX.)
• Emergence of “Clinton Doctrine”
Summary
Operation DESERT STORM
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Inter-War Years
Pre-Gulf War Theory and Doctrine
Contextual Elements
Operational Elements
Objectives and Strategy
Lessons Learned
The Post-Gulf War World and
Airpower Development
The Rise of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
- Persistence as the new paradigm
- Autonomy vs. Accountability
The Essentiality of Precision
- The ‘CNN Effect’
- Precision makes war ‘affordable’
The Value of Stealth (?)
The Promise of Directed Energy (?)
The Post-Gulf War World and
Airpower Development (Cont’d)
Net-centric Warfare
- The creation of virtual battlespaces
- Bandwidth as King
- Intelligence as Queen
The Proliferation of Non-State Actors
The Threat of Climate Change