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 What is a Depression?

Use Chapter 24 Section 1 #1

Chapter 24 Section 1

The Depression

Uneasy Peace    Treaty of Versailles   Ended WWI Created disputes League of Nations    Ineffective No military force U.S. never joined Germany couldn’t pay reparations  $33 billion

Uneasy Peace Con’t    France controlled Ruhr

Valley

 Germany’s main industrial area German workers went on

strike

Germany printed more money 

inflation

   1914: 4.2 marks= 1 USD 11/1/23: 130 bil marks= 1 USD 11/30/23: 4.2 trl marks= 1 USD

Uneasy Peace Con’t  

Dawes Plan

    1924 Reduced reparations Germany couldn’t afford to pay Loan $200 million  Opened door to American investments 1926- Germany joined League of Nations

Germany finished paying reparations on Oct. 3, 2010!

The Great Depression   1929- Great

Depression

 Depression- period of low economic activity/high unemployment Reasons:   Economies went down in late 20’s

US Stock market

crashed on Oct. 29, 1929  Black Tuesday

Effects of Great Depression    Gov’ts became more involved Communism became popular   Classless Society Everyone is equal Many followed dictators

Democratic States after the War    Most women had gained right to vote Germany -Weimar Republic   No strong political leaders Economic problems  Inflation  Great Depression  People began to follow extremist parties France - Popular Front gov’t  Collective bargaining- workers right to negotiate  Min. wage, 2-wk vacation, 40 hr workweek

Con’t   Great Britain  John Maynard Keynes- British economist  Low demand increases unemployment    demand would increase if people went back to work gov’t should finance projects Deficit Spending- gov’t spending $ so citizens can make $ U.S.- production fell by 50 %   1933- 12 million people were out of work 1932- Franklin Delano Roosevelt elected president

FDR’s policies  

New Deal-

  Gov’t created jobs by funding projects WPA- built roads/bridges  Work Progress Administration

Social Security Act

  Old age pensions Unemployment

Organize yourself!!!

Causes of Great Depression (2)

Great Depression

(What was going on in the world?) Effects of Great Depression (3)

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 What is a Totalitarian State?

Use Chapter 24 Section 2 #2

Chapter 24 Section 2

The Rise of Dictators

The Rise of Dictators   1939- only France & Britain were democratic Totalitarian State gov’t controls all aspects of the citizen’s lives    Strong central authority Used propaganda & mass communication One leader, one party

Japan  

Militarist

  Military control Left League of Nations Hideki Tojo – Military Leader

Italy  

Fascist

   Extreme nationalism Country above individual Anticommunist Benito Mussolini – dictator

Germany  

Nazism

   Extreme nationalism Unite German speakers Anticommunist Adolf Hitler dictator

Soviet Union   Communist    No citizen rights Gov’t suppresses opposition “workers” rule Joseph Stalin – dictator

Spain Francisco Franco     1936- Led military revolt Brutal and bloody civil war Italy and Germany helped Franco Captured Madrid (capital 1939)

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 What is political party did the National Socialist German Worker’s Party eventually become known as?

Use Chapter 24 Section 3!

#3

Chapter 24 Section 3

Hitler and Nazi Germany

Adolf Hitler & His Views   Born in Austria in 1889 Core Ideology   Racism Anti-Semitism  Hatred of Jews  Extreme Nationalist

Hitler’s Views Con’t  1919- joined extremist group in Munich (German city)   Took control of group & renamed it

National Socialist German Worker’s Party



Nazi Party

Hitler’s Views Con’t   1923- staged an uprising in Munich  Failed- Put in jail Wrote Mein Kampf, “My Struggle”  Links nationalism, anti-Semitism, and anticommunist beliefs to Social Darwinism

Rise of Nazism   Hitler needed to take control legally   Not by revolt Nazi Party must compete with other political parties 1932 Nazi Party  largest in German Parliament

Victory of Nazism    1933- Hitler became the head of the government

Enabling Act-

    Mar. 23, 1933 Gov’t could ignore the constitution 4 years Deal with nation’s problems Hitler became a dictator  Nazis ruled all aspects of life

Victory of Nazism Con’t   Nazis and Hitler blamed the Jews for the economic troubles Placed in

concentration

camps (prison camps)

The Nazi State, 1933-1939 Wants:   Develop an Aryan state  

Aryan- speakers of Indo-European languages Nazi Aryan- Greeks/Romans and Germans/Scandinavians

New empire- Third Reich   1 st - Holy Roman Empire 2 nd - German Empire (1871)

The State and Terror   Used terror SS   

Schutzstaffel

[shoots-shtah-fuhl] (Guard Squadrons) Secret and regular police Gestapo

Economic Policies Steps to end the Great Depression:  Hitler put people back to work   Rearmed the country Unemployment decreased by 5.5 million people

Spectacles and Organizations    Schools and churches under Nazi control Youth organization taught Nazi ideals 

Nazi Youth

Used Mass demonstrations (rallies)

Anti-Semitic Policies 

Nuremberg Laws

  Sept. 1935 Jews could not:  Be German citizens  Marry German citizens   Hold public office Attend public school  Jews had to wear the Star of David

Anti-Semitic Policies Con’t   Nov. 9, 1938- Kristallnacht    “Night of Broken Glass” Destroyed synagogues & burned businesses 30,000 men sent to concentration camps After Kristallnacht:    Barred from schools, hospitals, public transportation Could not work in retail Encouraged to emigrate

How did the Nazis take-over?

Step 4 Step 3 Step 2 Step 1

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 What is appeasement?

Use Chapter 26 Section 1!

#4

Chapter 26 Section 1

Paths to War

The German Path to War    Adolf Hitler- German Dictator Aryan race is supreme   Wanted to take over the Soviet Union Wanted to use Slavic people as slaves Hitler did not like the Treaty of Versailles  Increasing arms was a violation

Germany’s 1 st Steps to War   March 1935   New Air Force New draft  100 K to 550 K soldiers 1936  Sent troops to the

Rhineland

  Neutral area between Germany and France

Demilitarized

 No weapons/military

Germany’s 1 st Steps to War   France had the right to use force against Germany but wouldn’t act without Great Britain’s support France and G.B. used

appeasement

  Making unhappy countries content Giving in to small, easy demands

New German Allies    Italy- Benito Mussolini   Wanted new Roman Empire Invaded Ethiopia (Africa)

Rome-Berlin Axis

  Germany and Italy Common political and economic interests

Anti-Comintern Pact

  Germany and Japan Against communism

German Union with Austria  Hitler put Nazis in charge   “Invited” German troops March 13, 1938 Hitler annexed (took over) Austria

German Demands and Appeasement   September 1938   Hitler wanted Czechoslovakia Demanded Sudetenland  Area in NW Czech.

 Inhabited mostly by Germans Munich Agreement    G.B, France, Germany, Italy Appeasement Give Hitler Sudetenland and he wouldn’t want anything else

GB and France React to Germany    Hitler claimed he wouldn’t start a war   Convinced the western countries France, G.B., etc Annexed all of Czech.

France and G.B. asked the Soviet Union for help

Hitler and the Soviets  Hitler was afraid of West and Soviet Union alignment So…   Hitler made a deal with Joseph Stalin August 23 1939 

Nonaggression pact

 Won’t attack each other  Divided Poland

Hitler and the Soviets    Germany invaded Poland World was SHOCKED!!!

Sept. 3, 1939  Great Britain and France declared war on Germany

Japanese Path to War    Sept. 1931- Japan took Manchuria (from China)   Had natural resources Made it look like China started the disagreement Japan withdrew from the League of Nations Went into northern China

Japanese War with China   China’s leader

Chiang Kai-shek

  Tried to avoid war with Japan Soviet Union was a bigger issue  Communists Allowed Japan to rule north China 

Appeasement

Japanese War with China     Japanese rule spread to the south Dec. 1936  China declared war with Japan July 1937  China & Japan clashed in Beijing Dec. 1937   Japan seized China’s capital Kai-shek refused to surrender

New Asian Order   Japan wanted new order in East Asia  Seize Siberia for resources Japan wanted to attack Soviet Union  Divide resources between them & Germany

New Asian Order   But… non-aggression pact   Germany and Soviet Union Japan couldn’t defeat Soviets alone Decided to get materials from SE Asia  U.S. would use sanctions   Restrictions intended to enforce international law Threatened to stop trading oil and iron to Japan

New Asian Order    Japan needed oil and iron from U.S.

Dilemma:  To get raw material from SE Asia, Japan would have to risk losing raw material from U.S. Dec. 1941- Japan launched a surprise attack on SE Asia and the United States

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 What was significant about D-Day?

Use Chapter 26 Section 2!

#5

Chapter 26 Section 2

The Course of World War II

Europe at War    Germany attacked Poland Blitzkrieg “Lightning War”  Airplanes, tanks, troops Sept. 28, 1939  Germany and Soviet Union split Poland (Nonaggression Pact)

Europe- Hitler’s Early Victories Apr. 9, 1940  Denmark & Norway May 10, 1940  The Netherlands, Belgium, and France June 22, 1940  France signed an armistice (cease fire)

Europe- Hitler’s Early Victories   G.B. asked for U.S. help

Pres. Roosevelt-

   Isolationism- U.S. didn’t take sides or become involved in European wars Citizens wanted to stay out Later- U.S. supplied food, ships, planes, and weapons to G.B.

Europe- The Battle of Britain Aug. 1940   Germany attacked G.B. via air Naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and war factories

Europe- Attack on the Soviet Union April 1941  Hitler controlled Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, and Yugoslavia June 22, 1941  Hitler attacked USSR   1,800 mile front 2 mil. Soviets captured Dec. 1941  Nazis stopped b/c of weather

Japan at War Dec. 7, 1941  Japanese attacked U.S. Naval Base

Pearl Harbor

(Hawaii) Dec. 6-8  Attack dozens of Pacific Islands

Japan at War Spring 1942  Japan controlled Southeast Asia and western Pacific  Needed resources for war

The Allies Advance December 1941     U.S. enters war

Allied Powers

 G.B., U.S., S.U.

Axis Powers

 Germany, Italy, Japan Allies agreed to fight until the unconditional surrender of Axis

The Allies Advance  

Big Three

   Winston Churchill Great Britain Franklin D. Roosevelt- United States Joseph Stalin Soviet Union Met often to plan strategy during the war

Allies- European Theater Summer 1942  Afrika Korps   German Forces

General Erwin Rommel

 Defeated by British Nov. 1942- May 1943  G.B. and U.S. invaded French North Africa  Forced out German and Italian troops

Allies- European Theater Nov. 1942- Feb. 2, 1943     Battle of Stalingrad  Soviet Union Soviets stopped Germans Germany surrendered Major victory for Allies

Allies- Asian Theater May 7-8, 1942   Battle of the Coral Sea U.S. navy stopped Japan  Saved Australia June 4, 1942  Battle of Midway Island   U.S. air forced bombed Japanese navy Major turning point in war

Allies- Asian Theater Fall 1942 

1.

Two operations

Gen. Douglas

MacArthur Philippines 2.

 U.S. Army, Marine, and Navy attacked Japanese controlled islands 

Island Hopping

Wore Japan down

Last Years of War- Europe Theater 

Winston Churchill

 G.B. Prime Minister Sept. 1943  Allies invaded Italy   Captured Sicily Mussolini arrested June 4, 1944  Italy fell to Allies

Last Years of War- European Theater June 6, 1944  

D-Day

Operation Overlord  

Gen. Dwight D.

Eisenhower (U.S.) Allied forces landed on the beaches of

Normandy

 France

D-Day         Underwater Mines Barbed Wire Machine Gun Fire German resistance 3 Months 2 mil. Allied forces  French resistance fought Germans in Paris August 1944  Allies liberated Paris March 1945 ½ mil. Vehicles  Allies broke through German lines  Allies marched into Germany Joined the Soviets

Last Years of War- Europe Theater  US, GB, and Soviet troops marched into Germany Dec. 16, 1944  Battle of the Bulge  Last German offensive January 1945  Hitler went into an underground bunker April 30  killed himself VE Day- Victory in Europe Day

Last Years of War- Asian Theater 1945  President Harry Truman decided to drop atomic bombs on Japan  Prevent invasion and loss of American lives August 6  1 st bomb dropped on Hiroshima August 9  2nd on Nagasaki August 14  Japanese surrendered VJ Day- Victory in Japan Day

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 What is genocide?

Use Chapter 26 Section 3!

#6

Chapter 26 Section 3

Holocaust and New World Order

The New Order in Europe    1942- Nazis controlled from Moscow to English Channel Controlled due to annexation or by civilian officials cooperating with Nazis

Heinrich Himmler

plans [hahyn R i KH him-ler] - leader of the SS, in charge of German resettlement  Moved Slavs out and replaced them with Germans

The New Order in Europe   Labor shortages caused need for foreign workers   Summer of 1944- 7 million workers in Germany Another 7 million were working in their own country for Nazis Led to people resisting Nazis

The Holocaust   Hitler felt that the Jews were the greatest threat to the Aryans

Final Solution

   Kill all Jews Genocide- physical extermination Reinhard Heydrich- head of SS’s Security Services, supposed to administer Final Solution  Created special forces (field crews) to complete the Final Solution

The Holocaust   Poland- Ordered all Jews put in ghettos Started to build death camps     6 in Poland Largest was Auschwitz 30% of arrivals would work Mass gas chambers

The Holocaust    Final Solution had priority over the military for trains 3 million Jews killed in death camps  Overall, 6.5 million Jews killed Nazis also killed 9-10 million non-Jews    Killed 400,000 Roma gypsies Killed 3-4 million Soviet POW’s Killed 4 million Poles, & Ukrainians

The Holocaust     Mass slaughter of Europeans = Holocaust Many people not believe stories about death camps Only after war did people fully understand what had happened Children:     1.2 million Jewish kids were killed 1945- 13 million orphaned kids in Europe Hitler Youth (14-15 years old) fought on frontlines Soviets as young as 13 acted as spies

The New Order in Asia    Greater East-Asia Co-prosperity Sphere   Economic community Provide mutual benefits to Japanese occupied areas Anti-colonialists  Provide local governments under Japanese influence  Burma, Dutch East Indies, Vietnam, and Philippines  Real power was with Japanese authorities Resources were used to benefit Japanese war efforts  Caused food and other shortages in Asian nations

The New Order in Asia    Most Asian nations initially supported Japan but due to harsh treatment, the nations eventually turned against them  Example: 1943- Burma declared war on Allies, later turned against Japan Japanese ignored local customs Little respect for people’s lives   China, 1937- Japanese spent several days killing, raping, and looting towns Korea- 800,000 people were sent to Japan as slave labor

The New Order in Asia   Used POWs and slave labor for construction projects  Burma-Thailand railway, 1943  61,000 Australian, British, and Dutch POWs   300,000 slave laborers from Burma, Malaya, Thailand, and Dutch East Indies 12,000 Allied POWs and 90,000 workers died because of climate and famine Nations resented Japanese takeover and all colonial powers  Will eventually lead to Communist revolutions, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War

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 What is mobilization? Use Chapter 26 Section 4!

#7

Chapter 26 Section 4

The Home Front and the Aftermath of the War

Mobilization- US    World War 2 was a total war  Widespread and covered most of the world Mobilization- assembling and preparing for war  Men, women, manufacturing, etc Home Front- effort of preparing and supporting a war in a country that is fighting

Mobilization- US  15 million men drafted or volunteered 1942 

Women’s Army Corps (WAC)

  Noncombat Nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, pilots

Mobilization- US 1942 – Factories   Cars  tanks, planes, boats Pencils parts  bomb    Bedspread  mosquito netting Soda  shell explosives Ship yards = double time!

Mobilization- US Women  1944   6 mil. workers Welding, factories, etc African Americans     A. Philip Randolph Called 100,000 to protest Equal jobs and combat FDR – Yes!



“Without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin.”

Mobilization- US     Increased taxes

War Production Board (WPB)

 Scrap drives (iron, tin, paper, rags, etc) War bonds   “loans” to gov’t Repaid with interest later

Rationing

 Fixed allotments of goods   Sugar, meat, shoes, coffee, gas Ration books (coupons)  Must have to buy good

Minorities during War    African Americans in battle  Tuskegee Airmen – fighter pilots Native Americans  

“code talkers”

Navajo language Japanese Americans 

442 nd

– most decorated in history

Frontline Civilians- Bombing of Cities Britain  Sept. 1940    German air force bombed London nightly for months The “blitz” Hitler believed if he bombed cities, GB would quit  Wrong

Frontline Civilians- Bombing of Cities Germany  1942    Major British air raids on German cities 1,000 bombers attacked a single city German people refused to surrender

Frontline Civilians- Bombing of Cities Japan   Japanese air force was destroyed  Made them more vulnerable to air attacks Atomic Bomb   Hiroshima/Nagasaki 1945

Peace and a New War  World War 2 was followed by political tensions  Cold War  US and USSR  1945-1991

Peace and a New War  The Tehran Conference      Stalin, FDR, & Churchill (Big Three) Nov. 1943 Planned the D-Day attack for June 6, 1944 USSR and GB/US troops would meet in Germany Agreed to divide Germany after their surrender

Peace and a New War  The Yalta Conference  Big Three        Feb. 1945 Eastern and Western powers were suspicious of each other FDR wanted self-determination (liberate Euro countries and set up governments) Soviets agreed to help US vs. Japan  USSR didn’t know about the atomic bombs United Nations- international organization of countries Division of Germany- divide into 4 zones (French, US, GB, Soviet) FDR called for free elections in Eastern Euro countries  Stalin agreed but did not follow through

Peace and a New War  The Potsdam Conference    July 1945 Harry S. Truman replaced FDR due to his death in April Truman demanded free elections  Stalin refused    Soviets lost the most people in WW2 and wanted complete security Established the Nuremberg Trials for Nazi leaders  Crimes against humanity and war crimes War crimes trials in Japan and Italy