Transcript Chapter 24 Section 1 - District Five Schools of
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What is a Depression?
Use Chapter 24 Section 1 #1
Chapter 24 Section 1
The Depression
Uneasy Peace Treaty of Versailles Ended WWI Created disputes League of Nations Ineffective No military force U.S. never joined Germany couldn’t pay reparations $33 billion
Uneasy Peace Con’t France controlled Ruhr
Valley
Germany’s main industrial area German workers went on
strike
Germany printed more money
inflation
1914: 4.2 marks= 1 USD 11/1/23: 130 bil marks= 1 USD 11/30/23: 4.2 trl marks= 1 USD
Uneasy Peace Con’t
Dawes Plan
1924 Reduced reparations Germany couldn’t afford to pay Loan $200 million Opened door to American investments 1926- Germany joined League of Nations
Germany finished paying reparations on Oct. 3, 2010!
The Great Depression 1929- Great
Depression
Depression- period of low economic activity/high unemployment Reasons: Economies went down in late 20’s
US Stock market
crashed on Oct. 29, 1929 Black Tuesday
Effects of Great Depression Gov’ts became more involved Communism became popular Classless Society Everyone is equal Many followed dictators
Democratic States after the War Most women had gained right to vote Germany -Weimar Republic No strong political leaders Economic problems Inflation Great Depression People began to follow extremist parties France - Popular Front gov’t Collective bargaining- workers right to negotiate Min. wage, 2-wk vacation, 40 hr workweek
Con’t Great Britain John Maynard Keynes- British economist Low demand increases unemployment demand would increase if people went back to work gov’t should finance projects Deficit Spending- gov’t spending $ so citizens can make $ U.S.- production fell by 50 % 1933- 12 million people were out of work 1932- Franklin Delano Roosevelt elected president
FDR’s policies
New Deal-
Gov’t created jobs by funding projects WPA- built roads/bridges Work Progress Administration
Social Security Act
Old age pensions Unemployment
Organize yourself!!!
Causes of Great Depression (2)
Great Depression
(What was going on in the world?) Effects of Great Depression (3)
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What is a Totalitarian State?
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Chapter 24 Section 2
The Rise of Dictators
The Rise of Dictators 1939- only France & Britain were democratic Totalitarian State gov’t controls all aspects of the citizen’s lives Strong central authority Used propaganda & mass communication One leader, one party
Japan
Militarist
Military control Left League of Nations Hideki Tojo – Military Leader
Italy
Fascist
Extreme nationalism Country above individual Anticommunist Benito Mussolini – dictator
Germany
Nazism
Extreme nationalism Unite German speakers Anticommunist Adolf Hitler dictator
Soviet Union Communist No citizen rights Gov’t suppresses opposition “workers” rule Joseph Stalin – dictator
Spain Francisco Franco 1936- Led military revolt Brutal and bloody civil war Italy and Germany helped Franco Captured Madrid (capital 1939)
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What is political party did the National Socialist German Worker’s Party eventually become known as?
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#3
Chapter 24 Section 3
Hitler and Nazi Germany
Adolf Hitler & His Views Born in Austria in 1889 Core Ideology Racism Anti-Semitism Hatred of Jews Extreme Nationalist
Hitler’s Views Con’t 1919- joined extremist group in Munich (German city) Took control of group & renamed it
National Socialist German Worker’s Party
Nazi Party
Hitler’s Views Con’t 1923- staged an uprising in Munich Failed- Put in jail Wrote Mein Kampf, “My Struggle” Links nationalism, anti-Semitism, and anticommunist beliefs to Social Darwinism
Rise of Nazism Hitler needed to take control legally Not by revolt Nazi Party must compete with other political parties 1932 Nazi Party largest in German Parliament
Victory of Nazism 1933- Hitler became the head of the government
Enabling Act-
Mar. 23, 1933 Gov’t could ignore the constitution 4 years Deal with nation’s problems Hitler became a dictator Nazis ruled all aspects of life
Victory of Nazism Con’t Nazis and Hitler blamed the Jews for the economic troubles Placed in
concentration
camps (prison camps)
The Nazi State, 1933-1939 Wants: Develop an Aryan state
Aryan- speakers of Indo-European languages Nazi Aryan- Greeks/Romans and Germans/Scandinavians
New empire- Third Reich 1 st - Holy Roman Empire 2 nd - German Empire (1871)
The State and Terror Used terror SS
Schutzstaffel
[shoots-shtah-fuhl] (Guard Squadrons) Secret and regular police Gestapo
Economic Policies Steps to end the Great Depression: Hitler put people back to work Rearmed the country Unemployment decreased by 5.5 million people
Spectacles and Organizations Schools and churches under Nazi control Youth organization taught Nazi ideals
Nazi Youth
Used Mass demonstrations (rallies)
Anti-Semitic Policies
Nuremberg Laws
Sept. 1935 Jews could not: Be German citizens Marry German citizens Hold public office Attend public school Jews had to wear the Star of David
Anti-Semitic Policies Con’t Nov. 9, 1938- Kristallnacht “Night of Broken Glass” Destroyed synagogues & burned businesses 30,000 men sent to concentration camps After Kristallnacht: Barred from schools, hospitals, public transportation Could not work in retail Encouraged to emigrate
How did the Nazis take-over?
Step 4 Step 3 Step 2 Step 1
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What is appeasement?
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Chapter 26 Section 1
Paths to War
The German Path to War Adolf Hitler- German Dictator Aryan race is supreme Wanted to take over the Soviet Union Wanted to use Slavic people as slaves Hitler did not like the Treaty of Versailles Increasing arms was a violation
Germany’s 1 st Steps to War March 1935 New Air Force New draft 100 K to 550 K soldiers 1936 Sent troops to the
Rhineland
Neutral area between Germany and France
Demilitarized
No weapons/military
Germany’s 1 st Steps to War France had the right to use force against Germany but wouldn’t act without Great Britain’s support France and G.B. used
appeasement
Making unhappy countries content Giving in to small, easy demands
New German Allies Italy- Benito Mussolini Wanted new Roman Empire Invaded Ethiopia (Africa)
Rome-Berlin Axis
Germany and Italy Common political and economic interests
Anti-Comintern Pact
Germany and Japan Against communism
German Union with Austria Hitler put Nazis in charge “Invited” German troops March 13, 1938 Hitler annexed (took over) Austria
German Demands and Appeasement September 1938 Hitler wanted Czechoslovakia Demanded Sudetenland Area in NW Czech.
Inhabited mostly by Germans Munich Agreement G.B, France, Germany, Italy Appeasement Give Hitler Sudetenland and he wouldn’t want anything else
GB and France React to Germany Hitler claimed he wouldn’t start a war Convinced the western countries France, G.B., etc Annexed all of Czech.
France and G.B. asked the Soviet Union for help
Hitler and the Soviets Hitler was afraid of West and Soviet Union alignment So… Hitler made a deal with Joseph Stalin August 23 1939
Nonaggression pact
Won’t attack each other Divided Poland
Hitler and the Soviets Germany invaded Poland World was SHOCKED!!!
Sept. 3, 1939 Great Britain and France declared war on Germany
Japanese Path to War Sept. 1931- Japan took Manchuria (from China) Had natural resources Made it look like China started the disagreement Japan withdrew from the League of Nations Went into northern China
Japanese War with China China’s leader
Chiang Kai-shek
Tried to avoid war with Japan Soviet Union was a bigger issue Communists Allowed Japan to rule north China
Appeasement
Japanese War with China Japanese rule spread to the south Dec. 1936 China declared war with Japan July 1937 China & Japan clashed in Beijing Dec. 1937 Japan seized China’s capital Kai-shek refused to surrender
New Asian Order Japan wanted new order in East Asia Seize Siberia for resources Japan wanted to attack Soviet Union Divide resources between them & Germany
New Asian Order But… non-aggression pact Germany and Soviet Union Japan couldn’t defeat Soviets alone Decided to get materials from SE Asia U.S. would use sanctions Restrictions intended to enforce international law Threatened to stop trading oil and iron to Japan
New Asian Order Japan needed oil and iron from U.S.
Dilemma: To get raw material from SE Asia, Japan would have to risk losing raw material from U.S. Dec. 1941- Japan launched a surprise attack on SE Asia and the United States
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What was significant about D-Day?
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Chapter 26 Section 2
The Course of World War II
Europe at War Germany attacked Poland Blitzkrieg “Lightning War” Airplanes, tanks, troops Sept. 28, 1939 Germany and Soviet Union split Poland (Nonaggression Pact)
Europe- Hitler’s Early Victories Apr. 9, 1940 Denmark & Norway May 10, 1940 The Netherlands, Belgium, and France June 22, 1940 France signed an armistice (cease fire)
Europe- Hitler’s Early Victories G.B. asked for U.S. help
Pres. Roosevelt-
Isolationism- U.S. didn’t take sides or become involved in European wars Citizens wanted to stay out Later- U.S. supplied food, ships, planes, and weapons to G.B.
Europe- The Battle of Britain Aug. 1940 Germany attacked G.B. via air Naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and war factories
Europe- Attack on the Soviet Union April 1941 Hitler controlled Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, and Yugoslavia June 22, 1941 Hitler attacked USSR 1,800 mile front 2 mil. Soviets captured Dec. 1941 Nazis stopped b/c of weather
Japan at War Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese attacked U.S. Naval Base
Pearl Harbor
(Hawaii) Dec. 6-8 Attack dozens of Pacific Islands
Japan at War Spring 1942 Japan controlled Southeast Asia and western Pacific Needed resources for war
The Allies Advance December 1941 U.S. enters war
Allied Powers
G.B., U.S., S.U.
Axis Powers
Germany, Italy, Japan Allies agreed to fight until the unconditional surrender of Axis
The Allies Advance
Big Three
Winston Churchill Great Britain Franklin D. Roosevelt- United States Joseph Stalin Soviet Union Met often to plan strategy during the war
Allies- European Theater Summer 1942 Afrika Korps German Forces
General Erwin Rommel
Defeated by British Nov. 1942- May 1943 G.B. and U.S. invaded French North Africa Forced out German and Italian troops
Allies- European Theater Nov. 1942- Feb. 2, 1943 Battle of Stalingrad Soviet Union Soviets stopped Germans Germany surrendered Major victory for Allies
Allies- Asian Theater May 7-8, 1942 Battle of the Coral Sea U.S. navy stopped Japan Saved Australia June 4, 1942 Battle of Midway Island U.S. air forced bombed Japanese navy Major turning point in war
Allies- Asian Theater Fall 1942
1.
Two operations
Gen. Douglas
MacArthur Philippines 2.
U.S. Army, Marine, and Navy attacked Japanese controlled islands
Island Hopping
Wore Japan down
Last Years of War- Europe Theater
Winston Churchill
G.B. Prime Minister Sept. 1943 Allies invaded Italy Captured Sicily Mussolini arrested June 4, 1944 Italy fell to Allies
Last Years of War- European Theater June 6, 1944
D-Day
Operation Overlord
Gen. Dwight D.
Eisenhower (U.S.) Allied forces landed on the beaches of
Normandy
France
D-Day Underwater Mines Barbed Wire Machine Gun Fire German resistance 3 Months 2 mil. Allied forces French resistance fought Germans in Paris August 1944 Allies liberated Paris March 1945 ½ mil. Vehicles Allies broke through German lines Allies marched into Germany Joined the Soviets
Last Years of War- Europe Theater US, GB, and Soviet troops marched into Germany Dec. 16, 1944 Battle of the Bulge Last German offensive January 1945 Hitler went into an underground bunker April 30 killed himself VE Day- Victory in Europe Day
Last Years of War- Asian Theater 1945 President Harry Truman decided to drop atomic bombs on Japan Prevent invasion and loss of American lives August 6 1 st bomb dropped on Hiroshima August 9 2nd on Nagasaki August 14 Japanese surrendered VJ Day- Victory in Japan Day
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What is genocide?
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Chapter 26 Section 3
Holocaust and New World Order
The New Order in Europe 1942- Nazis controlled from Moscow to English Channel Controlled due to annexation or by civilian officials cooperating with Nazis
Heinrich Himmler
plans [hahyn R i KH him-ler] - leader of the SS, in charge of German resettlement Moved Slavs out and replaced them with Germans
The New Order in Europe Labor shortages caused need for foreign workers Summer of 1944- 7 million workers in Germany Another 7 million were working in their own country for Nazis Led to people resisting Nazis
The Holocaust Hitler felt that the Jews were the greatest threat to the Aryans
Final Solution
Kill all Jews Genocide- physical extermination Reinhard Heydrich- head of SS’s Security Services, supposed to administer Final Solution Created special forces (field crews) to complete the Final Solution
The Holocaust Poland- Ordered all Jews put in ghettos Started to build death camps 6 in Poland Largest was Auschwitz 30% of arrivals would work Mass gas chambers
The Holocaust Final Solution had priority over the military for trains 3 million Jews killed in death camps Overall, 6.5 million Jews killed Nazis also killed 9-10 million non-Jews Killed 400,000 Roma gypsies Killed 3-4 million Soviet POW’s Killed 4 million Poles, & Ukrainians
The Holocaust Mass slaughter of Europeans = Holocaust Many people not believe stories about death camps Only after war did people fully understand what had happened Children: 1.2 million Jewish kids were killed 1945- 13 million orphaned kids in Europe Hitler Youth (14-15 years old) fought on frontlines Soviets as young as 13 acted as spies
The New Order in Asia Greater East-Asia Co-prosperity Sphere Economic community Provide mutual benefits to Japanese occupied areas Anti-colonialists Provide local governments under Japanese influence Burma, Dutch East Indies, Vietnam, and Philippines Real power was with Japanese authorities Resources were used to benefit Japanese war efforts Caused food and other shortages in Asian nations
The New Order in Asia Most Asian nations initially supported Japan but due to harsh treatment, the nations eventually turned against them Example: 1943- Burma declared war on Allies, later turned against Japan Japanese ignored local customs Little respect for people’s lives China, 1937- Japanese spent several days killing, raping, and looting towns Korea- 800,000 people were sent to Japan as slave labor
The New Order in Asia Used POWs and slave labor for construction projects Burma-Thailand railway, 1943 61,000 Australian, British, and Dutch POWs 300,000 slave laborers from Burma, Malaya, Thailand, and Dutch East Indies 12,000 Allied POWs and 90,000 workers died because of climate and famine Nations resented Japanese takeover and all colonial powers Will eventually lead to Communist revolutions, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War
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What is mobilization? Use Chapter 26 Section 4!
#7
Chapter 26 Section 4
The Home Front and the Aftermath of the War
Mobilization- US World War 2 was a total war Widespread and covered most of the world Mobilization- assembling and preparing for war Men, women, manufacturing, etc Home Front- effort of preparing and supporting a war in a country that is fighting
Mobilization- US 15 million men drafted or volunteered 1942
Women’s Army Corps (WAC)
Noncombat Nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, pilots
Mobilization- US 1942 – Factories Cars tanks, planes, boats Pencils parts bomb Bedspread mosquito netting Soda shell explosives Ship yards = double time!
Mobilization- US Women 1944 6 mil. workers Welding, factories, etc African Americans A. Philip Randolph Called 100,000 to protest Equal jobs and combat FDR – Yes!
“Without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin.”
Mobilization- US Increased taxes
War Production Board (WPB)
Scrap drives (iron, tin, paper, rags, etc) War bonds “loans” to gov’t Repaid with interest later
Rationing
Fixed allotments of goods Sugar, meat, shoes, coffee, gas Ration books (coupons) Must have to buy good
Minorities during War African Americans in battle Tuskegee Airmen – fighter pilots Native Americans
“code talkers”
Navajo language Japanese Americans
442 nd
– most decorated in history
Frontline Civilians- Bombing of Cities Britain Sept. 1940 German air force bombed London nightly for months The “blitz” Hitler believed if he bombed cities, GB would quit Wrong
Frontline Civilians- Bombing of Cities Germany 1942 Major British air raids on German cities 1,000 bombers attacked a single city German people refused to surrender
Frontline Civilians- Bombing of Cities Japan Japanese air force was destroyed Made them more vulnerable to air attacks Atomic Bomb Hiroshima/Nagasaki 1945
Peace and a New War World War 2 was followed by political tensions Cold War US and USSR 1945-1991
Peace and a New War The Tehran Conference Stalin, FDR, & Churchill (Big Three) Nov. 1943 Planned the D-Day attack for June 6, 1944 USSR and GB/US troops would meet in Germany Agreed to divide Germany after their surrender
Peace and a New War The Yalta Conference Big Three Feb. 1945 Eastern and Western powers were suspicious of each other FDR wanted self-determination (liberate Euro countries and set up governments) Soviets agreed to help US vs. Japan USSR didn’t know about the atomic bombs United Nations- international organization of countries Division of Germany- divide into 4 zones (French, US, GB, Soviet) FDR called for free elections in Eastern Euro countries Stalin agreed but did not follow through
Peace and a New War The Potsdam Conference July 1945 Harry S. Truman replaced FDR due to his death in April Truman demanded free elections Stalin refused Soviets lost the most people in WW2 and wanted complete security Established the Nuremberg Trials for Nazi leaders Crimes against humanity and war crimes War crimes trials in Japan and Italy