Transcript Unit 2 The Scientific Revolution

Unit 2: The Enlightenment
Section 1: The Scientific
Revolution
Section 1: The Scientific Revolution Objectives
1.
To list the circumstances that led to the Scientific
Revolution
2.
To summarize the development of the
heliocentric theory and explain why it led to
conflict
3.
To describe the scientific method and show how
Bacon and Descrates advanced it
4.
To explain Newton’s law of gravity
5.
To describe the importance of the scientific
method in different fields

The Renaissance and Reformation caused
people to question beliefs they held for
hundreds of years
 Few
questioned scientific ideas or the
material world, instead they accepted the
beliefs of the church or the ancient scholars.
Few European scholars observed nature for
themselves.

The geocentric model of the universe was
developed by Aristotle and supported by
Greek astronomer Ptolemy
 Place
earth in the center of the universe with
all other objects circling the earth
 View was supported by the church, which
believed God placed earth at the center

The scientific revolution began in the mid1500’s and began to questions some of
the traditionally held beliefs through
careful observation. Scientific
Revolution: New way of thinking about
the natural world
 The
Crusades had brought back with them
many ancient works from both Greece, Rome
and also Muslim scholars

The expansion of trade and discovery
forced Europeans to think outside of their
traditionally held beliefs
 The
invention of the printing press helped
spread challenging ideas among European
thinkers
 They also discovered that the ancient
philosophers often did not agree with each
other.
 European explorers researched astronomy
and mathematics in more depth due to a need
for better instruments for travel
In 5-6 sentences, describe the events that led to the Scientific
Revolution. Use the slides we have just gone over as a guide to
help you answer this question.
Things to think about:
-Renaissance
-Reformation
-Exploration

In the 1500’s, Nicolaus Copernicus began
to study an old Greek idea of a heliocentric
universe or sun centered universe
 Spent
25 years researching, but waited till’
near his death before publishing his ideas out
of fear of being criticized.
 He also knew that most scholars and clergy
would reject his theory because it
contradicted their religious views.
Tycho Brahe carefully recorded planetary
movement for years collecting mass
amounts of accurate data
 His assistant Johannes Kepler expanded
on Brahe and Copernicus’ work and
looked at the orbital ellipses (not perfect
circles) that planets make around the sun.
He demonstrated mathematically that
planets revolve around the sun.

In 3-4 Sentences explain the developments of the
Heliocentric theory. How was it different than the
Geocentric Theory? Why was it controversial? How
was it finally proven?

Galileo Galilei published new theories in
science
 No
matter their weight, objects fall at a fixed
and predictable rate
 The law of pendulum states that an object
swings at the same rate as it approaches its
stopping point
 Used a telescope to closely examine
planetary surfaces, spots on the sun, moons
rough surface
 Galileo was sentenced to house arrest for
contradicting the ideas of the church

The scientific method resulted from this
new approach to science: gathering and
testing ideas
 First
it begins with a problem or question
 Then a hypothesis as to what is believed will
happen
 Then a test to analyze the hypothesis
 Then analyses and interpret data to reach a
new conclusion. This will either confirm or
disprove the hypothesis.

Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes were
two thinkers who rejected old assumptions
and teachings. They stressed the belief in
logic and reason is scientific theory.
 Descartes:
everything should be doubted until
proved by reason, believed that medieval scholars
were too vague, but that instead of
experimentation, one should use mathematics and
logic to reach conclusions
 Bacon: Criticized medieval scholars for using
vague theories to explain conclusions, believed
that through experimentation a more accurate
conclusion is reached
In 3-4 sentences explain the Scientific Method and
how Descartes and Bacon helped to advance it.

In 1687, Newton published his book on
the laws of universal gravitation, every
object in the universe attracts every other
objects, the degree of attraction depends
on the objects size and distance between
other objects
In 3 sentences explain Newton’s Law of Universal
Gravitation.

In 1590, Dutch lens maker, Zacharias
Janssen invented the first microscope
used to:
 Observe
bacteria swimming in teeth.
 See red blood cells.
 They were also able to prove the creation of
life for insects like grubs and maggots
In 1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit developed the
first thermometer to use mercury in glass.
(water freezes 32)
 In 1742, Anders Celsius created another
scale for the mercury thermometer. (water
freezes at 0 degrees)


New scientific discoveries resulted from
experiments in anatomy
 Andreas
Vesalius published a book with
detailed drawings of human organs, bones,
and muscles
 Edward Jenner produced the first vaccine for
smallpox
How did the Scientific Method change the fields of
Science, anatomy, and medicine? Explain in 3-4
sentences.