Transcript Title of Your Presentation

Computer-Mediated
Communication
How is it actually being used
in the classroom?
Randall Sadler
Why is this important?
• Some might argue that an increased
use of CMC might lead to greater
communicative competence, thus
avoiding things like this……..
• Clearly, a respectable hotel!
• But what about people who WANT to
leave their values in the car?????
CALL versus CMC
• CALL  self-contained, programmed applications (e.g., tutorials, drill,
simulations, instructional games, standardized tests, such as TOEFL,
TSE) [e.g. Rosetta Stone]
• CMC  a different kind of CALL
– computers connected in local or global networks
– human-to-human communication is the focus (K&W:1)
• computer as tutor computer as tool (Crook, 1994)
Why use CMC?
• Experiential & Social Learning
(Dewey, 1916), (Kilpatrick , 1918)
•
•
•
•
Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky, 1934)
Constructivist Theory (Piaget, 1967)
Interaction Hypothesis (Long & Robinson,1998)
Negotiation Model (Doughty, 2000)
Also...
• extends interaction possibilities beyond
classroom walls; time constraints; and the usual
limited type of interlocutors of classroom pair and
group work
(Belcher,99)
• Allows learners to engage in “playful”
interaction (Belz & Reinhardt, 2004)
• enhances opportunities and motivation for
authentic interaction and meaning negotiation
(Kern, 1995)
And don’t forget…
• reduces anxiety and produces more talk (Fanderclai,
1995; Harris, 1995; Kern, 1992; Reid, 1994, Smith 2003)
• improves linguistic proficiency and increases
self-confidence (Beauvois & Eledge, 1996; Gebhard &
Nagamine, 2005).
• Simulations... [allow] students to be immersed and
actively involved in an environment that is not
otherwise accessible (González-Lloret, 2003, citing 3 others)
CMC is….
•
•
•
•
•
“Cutting edge technology”
“New”
“Groundbreaking”
“…will change the world.”
OF THE 1970s!
• (yes, I made up the quotes—but I’m
sure somebody said that!)
• PLATO Notes, 1973, one of the 1st online message
boards.
• By 1976, included:
–
–
–
–
–
Personal Notes (e-mail),
Talkomatic (chat rooms),
Term-Talk (instant messaging),
monitor mode (remote screen sharing)
and emoticons.
• Online (interterminal) games70s & 80s,
– Empire (multiplayer Star Trek game),
– Airfight (“just” like Microsoft Flight Simulator),
– dnd and Rogue. Moria, Dry Gulch.
– Avatar (one of the first MUDs).
The point is…
•
•
•
•
This is NOT new technology.
It has matured for decades,
has great potential,
but…are teachers really using it?
Research Questions:
to put it simply
• What CMC tools are teachers using at
home?
• What CMC tools are they using in their
teaching?
• How are they having their students use
CMC for language learning?
Data Collection
•
•
•
•
•
Stratified Sample of TESOL membership
Survey mailed to 400 current members
50% U.S.
50% International
Data collection ongoing…..and ongoing
Results: Respondents (N=95)
37
39%
58
61%
US
International
Angola
Bangladesh
Brazil
UK
Cameroon
Canada
China
Costa Rica
Denmark
Dominican Rep
Egypt
Philippines
Hungary
Iceland
India
Italy
Japan
Korea
Macedonia
Malasia
Mali
Morocco
Panama
Peru
Russia
Singapore
South Africa
Sweden
Taiwan
Thailand
Cyprus
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Vietnam
International Participants
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Age (mean=32.8, Median=40, mode=37)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 56 57 58 60 61 62 63 70
Males vs. Females: A breakdown
N=31
33%
N=64
67%
Male
Female
Highest Degree Earned
H.S.
1%
2-year
1%
PhD
14%
MA
54%
BA
30%
Years of Teaching Experience
Mean=12.3
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 32 35 40 42
Current Teaching Level
total = 142??
17
Other
25
Adult Ed
62
Col/Univ
7
Jr Col
13
HS
8
Mid/Jr
7
Elem
3
Pre School
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Computer Access
• Home
– Computer & Equipment
– Internet Access
• Work
– Computer & Equipment
– Internet Access
Home computers
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
54
75
Laptop
58
Headphones
62
Headset
Webcam
100
95
Computer?
Desktop
90
53
Home Internet
None
6%
not sure
3%
Cable
31%
Dial up
3%
other
8%
DSL
49%
Self Ratings: Home Tech (by %)
52
60
I pay a hefty monthly fee to have a high speed internet
50
connection. Where
50 I live, the only high speed choice is through
34
40
cable.
No competition stinks!
41(US)
30
In Cameroon only the rich can afford home internet. However
20
those
facilities
are found in business places and we do use them.
9
4
A
few city schools have multimedia centers 1with these facilities.
10
2
7
0
0
super
powered
excellent
Adequate
Computer
Poor
Internet
Horrible
Office Computers (total = 95)
12
Webcam
30
Headset
32
Headphones
80
Computer?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Office Internet
other
1%
None
3%
not sure
21%
Cable
47%
Dial up
3%
DSL
25%
Ratings: Office Tech (by %)
•We've recently been given 'tablets‘ and wireless connection
(UK)
•Teachers
do not have offices
48 but a staffroom for all where we
50
can have45 a break between classes;
so that room is not designed
50
40
for any kind
of work. There is however a multimedia room, with
35
33
20 computers
but no 36
internet connection. The material is used to
30
25
initiate students
to16computers. Most of the times, there are about
20
3 or 4 on15the same computer. Our school principal is the only
10
one to access
to
9 the internet connection. (Mali)
5
7
0
5
0
0
superblocked because they are web chat. Would love
•Many sites are
excellent
powered
Adequate
to have access to whole internet
(US) Poor
Horrible
Computer
Internet
CMC Use
1. Teacher Personal Use
2. Teacher use for Teaching
3. How teachers have their students
use CMC
Teacher Personal Use (%)
Word processing
Surf Net
Research
E-mail
Daily Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
Never
???
72
91
66
95
4
2
4
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
23
6
29
3
Teacher Classroom Use (%)
Word processing
PowerPoint
Surf Net
Research
E-mail
Daily
Weekly
Monthly Rarely Never ?
59
12
47
40
54
27
19
31
30
23
8
34
12
12
11
2
23
7
6
8
4
14
3
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
Teacher Classroom Use (%)
Daily
Word processing
PowerPoint
Surf Net
Research
E-mail
59
12
47
40
54
Weekly Monthly
↓13% 27
19
↓44% 31
↓26% 30
↓43% 23
8
34
12
12
11
Rarely
Never
???
2
23
7
6
8
4
14
3
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
Personal Use part 2 (%)
Text Chat
Audio Chat
Video Chat
Forums
MOOs, etc.
Blogs
Wikis
Soc Networking
Vitual Worlds
Use in a lang class
Use to improve L2
Daily
Weekly
Monthly Rarely
Never
???
27
12
9
5
0
10
14
14
3
21
21
17
20
9
16
1
10
24
12
1
30
20
12
10
11
26
1
17
20
18
7
12
25
19
32
44
25
38
41
19
30
55
14
16
0
3
4
1
52
6
3
8
27
0
0
25
22
23
28
7
15
19
19
7
22
17
Classroom Use, part 2 (%)
Text Chat
Audio Chat
Video Chat
Forums
MOOs, etc.
Blogs
Wikis
Soc Networking
Virtual Worlds
Use in a lang class
Use to improve L2
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
Never
???
3
2
1
2
0
1
8
1
0
28
16
7
2
2
6
1
6
20
3
2
32
23
10
7
8
17
4
13
17
5
1
16
16
17
16
10
25
5
12
13
12
12
8
18
60
69
75
46
44
62
38
72
68
16
27
2
30
3
3
46
6
4
7
17
0
0
Teacher Classroom Use, part 2
There ARE some positives!
Monthly
Rarely INever
•Some students would Daily
contactWeekly
me in the
facebook…and
think this is a ??
good
60 ↑41% 2
3 writing
7 messages….
10 (Taiwan)
17
Textfor
Chat
way
them to practice
69 ↑37% 30
2
2
7
16
•I use it mainly for research
in2the classroom.
(US)
75 ↑31% 3
1
8
10
Video Chat
46 ↑21% 3
2
6
17
25
•IForums
plan to use blogs in the future. (Italy)
44 ↑3% 46
0
1
4
5
MOOs, etc.
•the
internet is indispensible
to
teaching. (US)
62 ↑21% 6
1
6 me in 13
12
Blogs
38 ↑19% 4
8
20
17
13
Wikis
•The use of some of these (text chat, audio chat, forums) is typical only in
72 ↑42% 7
1
3
5
12
Soc Networking
my graduate classes, in which we use virtual classrooms like wiziq. This
↑13% 17of
1 During12
Virtual
Worlds
takes
place
once a year0(1 out 2
of 3 terms).
the term,68
the frequency
16 ↑2% 0
32
16
8
use
weekly
basis.28
(Venezuela)
Usehas
in aa lang
class
27 ↑11% 0
16 23
16
18
Use to improve L2
Audio Chat
Teacher Classroom Use, part 2
And some negatives
as well
Daily Weekly
Monthly
Rarely Never
??
•sometimes , we run our of computer because of constant beakdowns or
3
7
10
17
60 ↑41% 2
Text Chat
lack of electricity or viruses because somme sutdents in opening their
2
2
7
16
69 ↑37% 30
Audio Chat
inboxes
bring viruses… (Mali)
1
2
8
10
75 ↑31% 3
6 supposed
17 to e-mail
25 students.
46 ↑21%
•Where
(Peru)3
Forums we work, we2are not
0
1
4
5
44 ↑3% 46
MOOs, etc.
•I would love for them
it is not possible
on our
system.
1 to chat,
6 but 13
12
62
↑21%
6 (US)
Blogs
8 using
20computer
17 technologies
13
38
↑19% 4in our
Wikis are only starting
•…we
for teaching
3 computers
5
72 ↑42%
7 the
Soc Networking
country
and there is 1
very few
and12computer
labs…and
2 the universities
1
12have no
68money
↑13%to pay
17 for
connections
Virtual Worldsare very0poor and
different
Internet
28 32 (Ukraine)
16
8
16 ↑2% 0
Use in a lang
class programms…
16 23
16
18
27 ↑11% 0
Use to improve L2
Video Chat
•When more technoloies are applied, I have to memorize a lot of
usage process. Sometimes it is a challenge to me! (?)
How Ts ask Students to use (%)
Word processing
PowerPoint
Surf Net
Research
E-mail
Daily
Weekly Monthly
Rarely
Never
???
21
3
17
17
23
39
12
31
32
29
7
26
10
15
9
11
28
7
5
12
0
0
0
0
0
22
31
35
31
27
How Ts ask Students to use (%)
DailyareWeekly
Monthly Rarely
Never
•Some of these things
DEFINATELY
against our
county???
policy
for saftey reasons!
Text Chat
7
5
10
17
61
0
•IAudio
ask Chat
my students to use the Internet at home and then we
4
7
8
12
69
0
discauu
what they read or watched or studeid in class
Video Chat
4
2
15 because72it slows 0down
•We don't allow audio,
video
and7 text chat
Forums
4
10
8
18
56
5
our system too much.
MOOs, etc.
0
5 use them
6 a lot. 48
•We
have forums1on Moodle
and
I also set 40
up a
Blogs for an international exchange.
wiki
4
8
7
16
58
7
•IWikis
have students in5 some12
classes 22
use blogs
16and wikis
41 daily 7for
projects
that might6 continue
but70we also 6go for
Soc Networking
2 for 5several weeks,
11
periods
of weeks not using them at all.
Vitual Worlds
1
5
2
10
67
15
•My
students
do
many
of
these,
but
not
for
language
learning.
Use in a lang class
21
33
21
14
10
1
Use to improve L2
20
23
21
21
10
5
But what about traditional CALL?
And what exactly ARE theyDaily
using?
2%
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DynEd
Proprietary program, Efekta TOEFL Tense Buster Cambridge Exam
Weekly
prep other UK based programs
14%
eslstation.net
Connected Speech
Monthly
BABLEFISH
10%
Transparent language
Hot Potatoes Exercises
Never programms related to medical grounds
specally on biology
56%
Let's Do Business
Rarely
English DisYahooligans read.think.write.org18%
Edusoft, Connected Speech
English Discoveries; Focus on Grammar
So, what does this mean???
How important a role does CALL play
In short,
the year?
teachers who participated in
in• your
class this
this survey
placesomewhat
very lownot
Extremely
very generally
important
importance
on either
CALL
5
16
21
15 or CMC44in
their
classrooms……………
How important a role does CMC play
Afterclass
all, this
on average
in• your
year? 74% of them “rarely”
or “never”
students
use CMC
Extremely
very have their
important
somewhat
not for
10 language
18 learning!
19
17
36
• Or do they value it after all?
Conclusions
• Tools with clear practical benefits (e.g.
Wikis) are being used.
• In many locations economic challenges are
preventing the use of CMC.
• However, in other nations CMC use is still
problematic due to technical restrictions
Thanks!!!
[email protected]