Transcript World Geography

Chapter 23, Section
World Geography
Chapter 23
The Countries of
Southwest Asia
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Chapter 23, Section
World Geography
Chapter 23: The Countries of Southwest Asia
Section 1: Creating the Modern Middle East
Section 2: Israel
Section 3: Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq
Section 4: Arabian Peninsula
Section 5: Turkey, Iran, and Cyprus
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Chapter 23, Section 1
Creating the Modern Middle East
• How successful were the Ottoman Turks
in uniting the diverse peoples of the
Middle East?
• Why did several European powers take
control of the nations of Southwest Asia
after World War I?
• How did the creation of Israel affect
relations between Arabs and Jews?
Chapter 23, Section 1
Diverse Peoples
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After being conquered by the followers of Muhammad, most of
the peoples of the region adopted Islam and the Arabic
language, but some continued to practice other religions and
maintain their cultural identities.
For over 150 years Islam governed these peoples as one
political region, but beginning in the tenth century, the empire
began to fall apart.
Turks, led by the Seljuks, conquered almost all of the Middle
East, adopting Islam and ruling for more than four hundred
years before being replaced by the Ottoman Turks.
The Ottomans did not impose Islamic law on non-Muslims.
Beginning in the late 1700s, discontent and ethnic and
religious rivalry caused Ottoman power to deteriorate.
European nations, eager to exert political influence in the
Middle East and gain new markets for their products, called
the Ottoman Empire “the sick man of Europe.”
Chapter 23, Section 1
World War I
Chapter 23, Section 1
World War I
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After the outbreak of war, the Allies
secretly negotiated how to divide the
Ottoman Empire upon its defeat.
Britain convinced the Arabs to revolt
against the Ottomans, and the Arabs
believed they would receive a
homeland in return.
Britain and France secretly worked
out an agreement to divide the
Ottoman Empire.
After the war, the Ottoman Empire
was reduced to Turkey, and the
independent Arab state was limited
to Arabia and Yemen.
France took Syria and Lebanon as a
mandate, while Britain took
Palestine, Trans-Jordan, and Iraq as
three separate mandates.
Chapter 23, Section 1
Arabs and Jews
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Two groups claimed Palestine as their homeland—the
Arabs and the Jews
Amid the flow of Jews emigrating to Palestine in the face
of persecution where they lived, Zionists believed the
solution to oppression was to create their own country.
Britain issued the Balfour Declaration, a statement of
support for the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine,
which caused an uproar among Arabs.
As Nazi Germany began to persecute Jews, thousands
fled to Palestine.
The United Nations recommended that Palestine be
partitioned, which infuriated the Arabs because most of
the best land went to the Jews.
In 1948, Israel declared its independence and within hours
was attacked by neighboring Arab countries, which
resulted in Israeli control of three fourths of Palestine.
Chapter 23, Section 1
Section 1 Review
Which religion did most peoples of the region adopt after the Arab
conquests of the 600s?
a) Christianity
b) Islam
c) Judaism
d) Zoroastrianism
What was Husayn ibn ‘Ali promised in return for revolting against
the Ottoman Empire?
a) control over the Ottoman Empire
b) an independent Jewish homeland
c) governorship of Arabia under British control
d) an independent Arab homeland
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Chapter 23, Section 1
Section 1 Review
Which religion did most peoples of the region adopt after the Arab
conquests of the 600s?
a) Christianity
b) Islam
c) Judaism
d) Zoroastrianism
What was Husayn ibn ‘Ali promised in return for revolting against
the Ottoman Empire?
a) control over the Ottoman Empire
b) an independent Jewish homeland
c) governorship of Arabia under British control
d) an independent Arab homeland
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Chapter 23, Section 2
Israel
• How has Israel changed its environment
in order to make its land more productive
and to increase prosperity?
• Who are the major cultural groups in
Israel, and what roles have they played in
the nation’s history?
• What cooperative steps have Israel and
its Arab neighbors taken to try to prevent
conflicts from erupting?
Chapter 23, Section 2
Environmental Change
Chapter 23, Section 2
Environmental Change
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Israelis have transformed stretches
of desert into tracts of fertile land,
and have developed the process of
drip irrigation.
Agricultural success has strained
Israel’s limited supplies of water.
Israelis have built processing plants
to extract potash, salt, and other
minerals from the Dead Sea.
The government has tried to attract
workers to live in and develop the
desert.
Israel has looked to high technology
industries to help its economy.
Service industries have developed to
support the growing population.
Chapter 23, Section 2
Diverse Cultures
Israel’s Jews
• Differences between
Ashkenazi Jews and Sephardic
Jews formed a sharp division
in Israeli society.
• Sephardic Jews came from
Southwest Asia, North Africa,
and Asia, and were poorer and
less educated than Ashkenazi
Jews, who came from Europe.
• Most recent immigrants to
Israel come from Ethiopia and
the former Soviet Union.
• There are wide political
divisions in Israeli
government, which ranges
from the very religious groups
to the nonreligious groups.
Israel’s Arabs
• Almost 20 percent of the
population is Arab.
• The Arabs are a diverse
group, with a population
that includes Muslims,
Christians, and Druzes.
• Israeli Arabs are citizens of
Israel, with full political
rights.
• Nevertheless, Israeli Arabs
believe they have been
discriminated against in
education, employment,
and other areas.
Chapter 23, Section 2
Cooperation and Conflict
• During and after the Israeli war of independence
in 1948, as many as 500,000 Palestinian refugees
fled to neighboring Arab countries. Some
Palestinian refugees found jobs and housing, but
others remained in crowded refugee camps.
• In the mid-1960s, many of these camps became
bases for the Palestinian Liberation Organization,
which demanded that Palestine be liberated, and
attacked and killed Israeli civilians.
• More and more Israelis settled in the occupied
territories, which caused Palestinian support for
the PLO in the West Bank and Gaza to grow.
• Palestinians began uprisings, called intifadas, in
1987 and again in 2000, after peace talks with
Israel stalled.
Chapter 23, Section 2
Section 2 Review
How has Israel provided water to the dry Negev Desert?
a) a long irrigation canal from the Jordan River
b) a system of canals, pipelines, and tunnels from the Sea of
Galilee
c) a desalinization plant and canals and pipelines from the
Red Sea
d) underground aquifers are tapped
What group became refugees after the 1948 war of independence?
a) Sephardic Jews
b) Ashkenazi Jews
c) Druzes
d) Palestinians
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Chapter 23, Section 2
Section 2 Review
How has Israel provided water to the dry Negev Desert?
a) a long irrigation canal from the Jordan River
b) a system of canals, pipelines, and tunnels from the Sea of
Galilee
c) a desalinization plant and canals and pipelines from the
Red Sea
d) underground aquifers are tapped
What group became refugees after the 1948 war of independence?
a) Sephardic Jews
b) Ashkenazi Jews
c) Druzes
d) Palestinians
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Chapter 23, Section 3
Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq
• How have political conditions changed
society in Jordan?
• How has Lebanon recovered from civil
war?
• What geographic factors and economic
activities make Syria a prosperous land?
• Why has there been a series of conflicts
in Iraq?
Chapter 23, Section 3
Jordan
Chapter 23, Section 3
Jordan
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After the 1948 war between the Arab countries and Israel, Jordan
annexed the West Bank, which increased Jordan’s productivity.
After attacking Israel with Egypt and Syria in 1967, Jordan lost the
West Bank to Israel, suffering economically as a result.
As the Arab-Israeli wars sent many refugees to Jordan, Palestinian
Arabs became a significant part of Jordan’s population and are
now a strong political force there.
Jordan’s economy has been improving since the early 1990s, and
it continues to unite an Islamic heritage with modern political
freedoms.
Chapter 23, Section 3
Lebanon: Civil War and Recovery
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Since independence from France in 1943, power has been
divided between Maronite Christians, Sunni Muslims, Shiite
Muslims, Orthodox Christians, and Druze based on the sizes of
their populations.
The Maronites had the highest population and held the most
power, but population growth among Muslims and growing
economic inequalities between groups created more tensions.
Civil war broke out in 1958 and again in 1975, and in 1982,
Israel invaded to drive out the PLO.
An international peacekeeping force was sent in to maintain
order, but after several hundred United States Marines were
killed, all American troops were withdrawn and the country slid
into anarchy, or lawlessness.
The militias, or citizen armies of each faction of Lebanese
society, stopped fighting each other in the early 1990s when a
new power-sharing agreement was created.
Lebanon has begun to rebuild its infrastructure and economy,
and Israel withdrew its troops in 2000.
Chapter 23, Section 3
Syria: Challenges and Reforms
• The location of Syria has made cities like
Damascus and Aleppo busy centers of trade.
• Although Syria has rich farmland, farming
methods are out of date, and only one third of the
fields are irrigated.
• Turkey has built dams upstream along the
Euphrates, which has resulted in Syrian claims
that less water is available for agriculture and
electricity production.
• General Hafez al-Assad took power in Syria,
making all economic decisions and allowing little
political freedom.
• Bashar Assad succeeded his father in 2000, and
began to turn Syria’s economy into a market
economy while freeing political prisoners.
Chapter 23, Section 3
Iraq: A Series of Conflicts
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Iraq lies on the fertile plain between the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers, and after oil was discovered in the
1920s, Iraq spent billions of dollars of oil money to
develop the country.
In 1980, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein took advantage of
turmoil in Iran to seize a disputed border area, but after
years of inconclusive conflict, both sides accepted a UN
cease-fire in 1988.
War broker out when Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in
1990, and armed forces led by the United States attacked
and liberated Kuwait.
Hussein remained in power, but refused to follow the
terms of a UN cease-fire, so the UN imposed an embargo.
In 1988 and again after the Persian Gulf War, Iraq crushed
Kurdish uprisings, forcing many Kurds to flee to
neighboring countries.
Chapter 23, Section 3
Section 3 Review
How did the Arab-Israeli wars affect the economy of Jordan?
a) Jordan gained resource-rich lands from Israel.
b) Jordan lost the economically vital West Bank to Israel.
c) Jordan was forced to pay crushing reparations to Israel.
d) Jordan’s economy was stimulated by the wars.
In what way is Syrian agriculture at a disadvantage?
a) The soil in Syria is very poor.
b) The country has little water for irrigation.
c) Syrian farming uses outdated methods and lacks
irrigation.
d) The climate is inhospitable for farming.
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Chapter 23, Section 3
Section 3 Review
How did the Arab-Israeli wars affect the economy of Jordan?
a) Jordan gained resource-rich lands from Israel.
b) Jordan lost the economically vital West Bank to Israel.
c) Jordan was forced to pay crushing reparations to Israel.
d) Jordan’s economy was stimulated by the wars.
In what way is Syrian agriculture at a disadvantage?
a) The soil in Syria is very poor.
b) The country has little water for irrigation.
c) Syrian farming uses outdated methods and lacks
irrigation.
d) The climate is inhospitable for farming.
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Chapter 23, Section 4
Arabian Peninsula
• In what ways did the discovery of oil
change the Arabian Peninsula?
• How has Saudi Arabia tried to balance
modern-day changes and economic
growth with respect for tradition?
• Why are Oman and Yemen considered the
least developed countries in the region?
Chapter 23, Section 4
Oil Changes a Region
Chapter 23, Section 4
Oil Changes a Region
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The discovery of oil in the 1930s brought the region enormous wealth,
which was used to pay for hospitals, schools, roads, airports,
apartment buildings, modern health care, and desalination plants.
In 1960, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries was
formed to decide how much oil to produce and at what price to sell it.
Between 1970 and 1980, high demand for oil caused prices to soar,
which had an immense impact on the world economy.
Because oil wells will one day run dry, the countries of the region are
investing large sums of money to develop other industries.
Chapter 23, Section 4
Saudi Arabia
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Since the 1960s, Saudi Arabia has spent billions of dollars to
build the country’s infrastructure, or basic support facilities.
Two giant industrial centers on the coasts of Saudi Arabia are
home to petrochemical factories that collect, process, and
ship oil and natural gas.
Saudi Arabia has also built desalination plants and built up
irrigation, so it would not have to rely on other countries for
food.
The family is the most important social unit in Saudi Arabia,
and women have an honored position in Saudi society but
limited freedoms.
Saudi Arabia has tried to create a balance between change and
tradition, which can be seen in Saudi Arabia’s role as guardian
of Islam’s most sacred cities, Mecca and Medina.
Each year, approximately two million Muslims from all over the
world visit Saudi Arabia for the hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca.
Chapter 23, Section 4
Oman and Yemen
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In Oman and Yemen, life for most people has changed
little since ancient times.
Yemen has only begun processing its oil deposits, while
Oman has used oil revenues to improve life for its people,
although it did not undergo the large-scale modernization
that Saudi Arabia and Kuwait did.
Yemen was formed in 1990 from North Yemen and South
Yemen, and while Sanaa is the political capital, Aden is
the economic capital.
Most people in Yemen and Oman are farmers or herders,
and many farmers depend on an ancient system of
underground and surface canals called the falaj system
for water.
The government of Oman has used oil money to improve
the standard of living there, although it is setting up new
industries in order to lessen dependence on oil.
Chapter 23, Section 4
Section 4 Review
How has oil wealth changed life in many countries in the region?
a) New money has allowed these countries to build up their
militaries.
b) Oil wealth has allowed these nations to modernize their
economies.
c) Oil money has been squandered through corruption.
d) The money from oil has not affected life in the Arabian
Peninsula.
What is the falaj system?
a) a system to remove salt from seawater
b) a network of canals for transporting water
c) a traditional economic system
d) the pilgrimage to Mecca
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Chapter 23, Section 4
Section 4 Review
How has oil wealth changed life in many countries in the region?
a) New money has allowed these countries to build up their
militaries.
b) Oil wealth has allowed these nations to modernize their
economies.
c) Oil money has been squandered through corruption.
d) The money from oil has not affected life in the Arabian
Peninsula.
What is the falaj system?
a) a system to remove salt from seawater
b) a network of canals for transporting water
c) a traditional economic system
d) the pilgrimage to Mecca
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Chapter 23, Section 5
Turkey, Iran, and Cyprus
• How did Turkey become a modern nation
after World War I?
• What effects did an Islamic revolution
have upon the level of development of
Iran?
• What major issue divides the people of
Cyprus?
Chapter 23, Section 5
Turkey
Chapter 23, Section 5
Turkey
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After revolutionaries overthrew the
sultan and declared Turkey a
republic in 1923, Mustafa Kemal,
the first president, set about
modernizing Turkey.
Debt and inflation have troubled
Turkey since the 1960s.
In the government, secular and
Islamic parties have struggled for
power.
Struggling under government
repression, Kurds have fought for
independence and, more recently,
have been trying to peacefully win
their rights.
Turkey has one of the few freely
elected governments in the region.
Chapter 23, Section 5
Islam Changes Iran
Chapter 23, Section 5
Islam Changes Iran
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The shahs, or rulers, of Iran
modernized and Westernized
the country; but many people
still lived in poverty, and some
wanted political reform of the
dictatorship.
In 1979, after the people of Iran
revolted and the shah fled, the
Ayatollah Khomeini declared Iran an
Islamic republic.
In 1980, Iraq attacked Iran because of
Khomeini’s attempts to stir revolution
in Iraq.
Revolution and war severely affected
Iran’s economy, and radical politics
isolated it internationally.
Iran’s economy has improved, but a
power struggle continues between
reformers and Islamic leaders.
Chapter 23, Section 5
Cyprus
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Greek colonists settled Cyprus as early as 1200 B.C.
Today about four fifths of Cypriots speak Greek and are
Greek Orthodox Christians.
Cyprus was part of the Ottoman Empire from the 1570s
until the British occupied it in 1878, and one fifth of
Cypriots are Turkish and follow Islam.
In the 1960s, civil war split Cyprus between Greeks and
Turks.
Some Greeks Cypriots wanted Cyprus to become part
of Greece, and in 1974, Turkey sent troops to Cyprus to
prevent this.
Turkey declared the northeastern part of Cyprus
independent in 1983, but this state is not recognized as
a separate nation by most countries.
Chapter 23, Section 5
Section 5 Review
What does Turkey possess that few other countries in the region
have?
a) vast oil resources
b) large tracts of fertile land
c) a parliamentary government
d) a strong economy
Why did Turkey send troops to Cyprus in 1974?
a) to conquer the island
b) to put down a rebellion against Turkey
c) to act as peacekeepers
d) to prevent the island from uniting with Greece
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Chapter 23, Section 5
Section 5 Review
What does Turkey possess that few other countries in the region
have?
a) vast oil resources
b) large tracts of fertile land
c) a parliamentary government
d) a strong economy
Why did Turkey send troops to Cyprus in 1974?
a) to conquer the island
b) to put down a rebellion against Turkey
c) to act as peacekeepers
d) to prevent the island from uniting with Greece
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